SOL ReviewSOL Review

Trading Patterns - ReformationTrading Patterns - Reformation

Major Trading PatternsMajor Trading Patterns Silk Road – overland trade route that Silk Road – overland trade route that

carried goods from the Mediterranean carried goods from the Mediterranean cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, cultures across Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia to China and backand Central Asia to China and back

Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – Maritime Routes (Indian Ocean) – brought Chinese products by sea to brought Chinese products by sea to destinations around the Indian Ocean destinations around the Indian Ocean and beyondand beyond

Major Trading PatternsMajor Trading Patterns Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold Trans-Saharan Routes – trade of gold

and saltand salt Mediterranean Trade Network – linked Mediterranean Trade Network – linked

up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, up with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan Routes to and Trans-Saharan Routes to distribute products to Mediterranean distribute products to Mediterranean ports (connected Europe to North ports (connected Europe to North Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Africa, Byzantine Empire, and Muslim Empires)Empires)

RenaissanceRenaissance Definition – period of rebirth and creativityDefinition – period of rebirth and creativity Humanism - Study of classical culture & Humanism - Study of classical culture &

focused on worldly subjects rather than on focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues (differed from Middle Ages religious issues (differed from Middle Ages – focus was on salvation and the church)– focus was on salvation and the church)

Italian Renaissance - stressed education Italian Renaissance - stressed education and revival of classical themesand revival of classical themes

Northern Renaissance - stressed education Northern Renaissance - stressed education and the revival of classical themes + and the revival of classical themes + religious and moral reformreligious and moral reform

World Religions (Judaism)World Religions (Judaism) Founder – AbrahamFounder – Abraham Holy Book – TorahHoly Book – Torah Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments Main Beliefs – Ten Commandments

(moral and religious conduct)(moral and religious conduct) Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle

EastEast Location Today – North America and Location Today – North America and

IsraelIsrael

World Religions (Christianity)World Religions (Christianity) Founder – JesusFounder – Jesus Holy Book – BibleHoly Book – Bible Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God, Main Beliefs – Jesus is the Son of God,

life after death, New Testament (life of life after death, New Testament (life of Jesus)Jesus)

Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle Location in 1500 – Europe and Middle EastEast

Location Today – North America, South Location Today – North America, South America, and EuropeAmerica, and Europe

World Religions (Islam)World Religions (Islam) Founder – MuhammadFounder – Muhammad Holy Book – QuranHoly Book – Quran Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet) Main Beliefs – Muhammad (prophet)

& Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina & Five Pillars + Mecca & Medina (holy cities)(holy cities)

Location in 1500 – Southeastern Location in 1500 – Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and AsiaEurope, North Africa, and Asia

Location Today – Asia, North Africa, Location Today – Asia, North Africa, and Middle Eastand Middle East

World Religions (Hinduism)World Religions (Hinduism) Founder – N/AFounder – N/A Holy Book – Vedas and UpanishadsHoly Book – Vedas and Upanishads Main Beliefs – Caste System, Main Beliefs – Caste System,

Reincarnation, Karma, and DharmaReincarnation, Karma, and Dharma Location in 1500 – India & Southeast Location in 1500 – India & Southeast

AsiaAsia Location Today - IndiaLocation Today - India

World Religions (Buddhism)World Religions (Buddhism) Founder – Siddhartha GautamaFounder – Siddhartha Gautama Holy Book – N/AHoly Book – N/A Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths, Main Beliefs – Four Noble Truths,

Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Eightfold PathPath

Location in 1500 – East and Southeast Location in 1500 – East and Southeast AsiaAsia

Location Today – East and Southeast Location Today – East and Southeast AsiaAsia

Reformation (Four Major Reformation (Four Major Problems)Problems)

Great SchismGreat Schism Usury (supported by Usury (supported by

merchants/opposed by the Church)merchants/opposed by the Church) Italian Domination (German and Italian Domination (German and

English Nationalism)English Nationalism) Corruption (Indulgences)Corruption (Indulgences)

Martin LutherMartin Luther Major Issue – sale of indulgencesMajor Issue – sale of indulgences Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments Actions – created 95 Theses (arguments

against indulgences) and posted them on against indulgences) and posted them on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church – believed indulgences had no basis in the believed indulgences had no basis in the BibleBible

Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to Salvation – Faith Alone (only needed to believe to get to heaven)believe to get to heaven)

Views about the Bible – only source of Views about the Bible – only source of religious truth (do not need a priest to religious truth (do not need a priest to interpret it for you)interpret it for you)

Martin LutherMartin Luther Luther’s Church Luther’s Church 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not 1. Priests and church hierarchy do not have special powerhave special power 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all 2. “Priesthood of all Believers” – we all have equal access to God through have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (do not need faith and the Bible (do not need priests)priests)

John CalvinJohn Calvin Bible – only source of religious truthBible – only source of religious truth Salvation – predestination (god had long Salvation – predestination (god had long

ago determined who would gain salvation ago determined who would gain salvation – saints and sinners)– saints and sinners)

Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government Church Hierarchy – theocracy (government run by church leaders)run by church leaders)

Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, Religious Practices – hard work, discipline, honesty, morality, etc… (want people to honesty, morality, etc… (want people to believe that you are among the saints)believe that you are among the saints)

English ReformationEnglish Reformation Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith

(attacked Luther for the Catholic (attacked Luther for the Catholic Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted Church) + Broke with Rome (wanted a male heir) a male heir) Anglican Church Anglican Church (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – (Elizabeth I) + Act of Supremacy – made king or queen of England head made king or queen of England head of the Church + took land and wealth of the Church + took land and wealth from Catholic Church in Englandfrom Catholic Church in England

Impact of ReformationImpact of Reformation Peace of Augsburg – allowed German Peace of Augsburg – allowed German

princes to select religion (protestant or princes to select religion (protestant or catholic)catholic)

Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor Thirty Years’ War – Holy Roman Emperor wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism (war between Protestants and Catholics) + (war between Protestants and Catholics) + Germany remained dividedGermany remained divided

Anglican Church – Church of EnglandAnglican Church – Church of England Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for Edict of Nantes – religious freedom for

French Protestants (Huguenots)French Protestants (Huguenots)

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics Jesuits – seek out and punish heretics

+ spread Catholic Faith+ spread Catholic Faith Inquisition – enforce Catholic Inquisition – enforce Catholic

doctrine/punish hereticsdoctrine/punish heretics Successful – stopped spread of Successful – stopped spread of

Protestantism and some came back Protestantism and some came back to the Catholic Churchto the Catholic Church

Changing Cultural Values, Changing Cultural Values, Traditions, and PhilosophiesTraditions, and Philosophies

Growth of Secularism (opposite of Growth of Secularism (opposite of religious), individualism (humanism), religious), individualism (humanism), and religious toleranceand religious tolerance

No longer a unified Church in Europe No longer a unified Church in Europe (multiple Christian groups)(multiple Christian groups)

Printing PressPrinting Press Invented by GuttenbergInvented by Guttenberg Bible – first book printedBible – first book printed Books became cheaper/knowledge Books became cheaper/knowledge

increasedincreased