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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW. Everything you wanted to know and then some…. GENERAL INFORMATION. 60 Questions 10 are research questions. You must answer 34 correctly to pass. You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass. THE BREAKDOWN. Scientific Investigation- 11 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW
Everything you wanted to know and then some…..
GENERAL INFORMATION
• 60 Questions
• 10 are research questions.
• You must answer 34 correctly to pass.
• You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass
THE BREAKDOWN
• Scientific Investigation- 11
• Life at Molecular and Cellular Level- 14
• Life at Systems and Organism Level- 14
• Research questions-10
SOME STRATEGIES
• Four responses: The right one, the two really wrong ones and the distractor.
• The distractor is almost right. It is basically a trick.
More Strategies
• The incredible POE : PROCESS OF ELIMINATION
BOTTOM LINE
• ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
• GO AHEAD AND GUESS!
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
UNIT ONE
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• Observations- gathering data using your senses.
• Quantitative observations: Use numbers
• Qualitative Observations: Describe things
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• INFERENCES: gathering data based on previous knowledge
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• USING APPROPRIATE SOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• HYPOTHESIS – an educated guess Must be in IF,Then format
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- the thing that changes in an experiment
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The thing that is changed by the experiment- what will you measure?
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• CONTROL- The variables are compared to the control. For example, the sugar pill given to a group of people
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD- a way to standardize the science- 5 steps
• 1. Ask a question
• 2. Develop a hypothesis
• 3. Do the experiment
• 4. Gather data
• 5. Draw Conclusions
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
• GRAPHING- the independent variable goes on the X axis
• The dependent variable goes on the Y axis
UNIT TWO: BIOCHEMISTRY
“I thought this was Biology?”
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
• MUST HAVE CARBON IN THEM
• Exception is CO (carbon monoxide)
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• Four Types:
• PROTEINS-
• Made from amino acids
• Used for repair, building and structure
• Test: Biuret’s Solution
• Made by the Ribosome
• Examples: any meat, hair nails
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• PROTEINS-
• ENZYMES- special type of protein
• Speed up reactions
• Affected by temp. and pH
• Have an active site.
• Lock and Key theory
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• Carbohydrates:
• Two types:
• Simple- sugars like those in juice or candy
• Complex: like pasta or bagels
• 2:1 ratio of C to H
• Test with Benedicts
• Used for energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• LIPIDS:
• Fats, Waxes and Oils
• Saturated- are solid at room temp. Like butter
• Unsaturated- liquid at room temp.- olive oil
• Test: brown paper
• Used for long term storage of energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS-
• Hereditary material
• Examples: DNA, RNA
• Made up of nucleotides
THE CELL!!!
Unit 3
CELLS
• HISTORY:
• Hooke- named Cells, Cells. Observed cork.
• Leewenhook- developed the microscope
CELLS
• SCHLEIDEN- says all plants are made of cells
• SCHWANN-all animals are made of cells.
• VIRCHOW-Cells come from other cells.
CELLS
• CELL THEORY-• 1. Cells are the basic
unit of life.• 2. Cells come from
pre-existing cells
• 3.All organisms are made from one or more cells
CELLS
• TWO BASIC TYPES
• 1. Prokaryotes
• Simple
• No nucleus or organelles
• Example Bacteria :Kingdom Monera
• PRO THINK NO!!
Cells
• 2. Eukaryotes:
• Has a nucleus
• Has organelles
• More complex
• Came from prokaryotes
• Examples: Humans, protists
PLANT CELLS
• Have a cell Wall
• Have a HUGE vacuole- store water
• Have a Cell Plate in cell division
• Are usually rectangular
• Chloroplasts
Animal Cells
• Have Centrioles
• Cell Membranes
• May have Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
ORGANELLES
• Small specialized structures that have special functions within cells.
ORGANELLES
• Nucleus- brain of cell• Nucleolous- inside
nucleus- makes ribosomes
• Chromosomes- inside nucleus- made of DNA- heredity
• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
ORGANELLES
• Lysosome- cleans up the cell
• Ribosome- makes protein
• Cytoplasm- jelly like stuff inside the cell
• E.R.- smooth or rough-with ribosomes- transport
ORGANELLES
• Golgi body or apparatus- packages things
• Vacuole- storage
CELL MEMBRANE
• Fluid Mosaic Model-
• Bilayer
• Made of Phospho-lipids
• Lipids on the inside- hydrophobic
• Phosphates on the outside- hydrophillic
CELL MEMBRANE
• Purpose: Gate keeper
• Semi-Permeable- let’s some things in keeps others out
GETTING THINGS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
• Holes in the membrane let some things in and out with no problem- like O2 and water
• The Proteins help get bigger things across the membrane.
Cell Transport
• TWO TYPES
• PASSIVE- no energy required.
• Examples include Diffusion
CELL TRANSPORT
• OSMOSIS-diffusion with water- passive transport
CELL TRANSPORT
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT-requires energy
• Used to get large molecules into and out of the cell.
• Proteins act as channels/tunnels
Cell Transport
• EXOCYTOSIS- getting things OUT of the cell
CELL TRANSPORT
• ENDOCYTOSIS- getting things INTO the cell
CELL ENERGY Photosynthesis and
Respiratioin
Unit FOUR
CELL ENERGY
• CELL RESPIRATION:
• Done by all cells
• Done in the mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell.
• Method by which the cell gets energy.
• ATP- Unit of Energy
• C6H12O6 + O2-> ATP
CELL ENERGY
• Two types of Cell Respiration:
• AEROBIC-
• Uses oxygen
• Is more efficient-> 32 ATPS
• ANAEROBIC- No oxygen
• Less efficient-> 8 ATPS
ANAEROBIC vs. AEROBIC
• ANAEROBIC:
• No oxygen
• Done by yeast
• Inefficient
• Produces Alcohol or CO2
• AEROBIC:
• Oxygen
• Efficient
• Produces ATPs
Cell Respiration Steps
• Glycolysis: break sugar down into pyruvic acid.
• This happens in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Done by plants.
• Done in the chloroplast.
• CO2 + H2O with sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2
RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Take home Message
• They are called complementary or opposite reactions to each other. WHY? Because the reactants of one are the products of the other.
CELL REPRODUCTION
UNIT 5
CELL CYCLE
• INTERPHASE: longest part of cell cycle. Includes:
• G1- growth phase• S- synthesis phases-
DNA is replicated here
• G2- second growth phase
CELL CYCLE
• After interphase there is the M phase.
• M=Mitosis/ Meiosis This is when the cell actually divides.
CELL CYCLE
• MITOSIS:• Occurs in body
(somatic) cells, in bacteria or some protists
• Only one parent cell• End up with two
identical daughter cells.
CELL CYCLE
• Mitosis:
• Different Phases- these just tell you what the chromosomes are doing.
• Prophase- chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle
CELL CYCLE
• MITOSIS:
• Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of cell
• Telophase: the cell forms a cleavage furrow and begins to split.
CELL CYCLE
• MEIOSIS: Occurs in gametes- sex cells- eggs and sperm ONLY!!!
• End up 4 Haploid ( only half the number of chromosomes) cells.
• Two Divisions
CELL DIVISON
• MITOSIS
• In body cells
• End up with 2 identical diploid cells
• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Cytokinesis
• MEIOSIS
• In sex cells
• End up with 4 haploid cells
• Goes through 2 divisions
GENETICS!!
Unit 6
DNA
• The take home message!
• DNA contains all the information to create proteins.
• DNA is found in every living cell.
• DNA is in the nucleus
• DNA can be used to identify any organism
• It is amazing!!
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• Made up of nucleotides- consist of nitrogen base and sugar and phosphate
• Double stranded- double helix- twisted ladder
• Rungs are nitrogen bases (ATCG)
• Sides are sugars and phosphates
• RNA- Ribonucleic acid:
• Single stranded
• Made from nucleotides
• Bases are: AUGC
HISTORY
• Rosalind Franklin used X- Rays to held determine DNA shape
• Watson and Crick Discovered DNA
• Chargaff’s rules- A&T, C&G
DNA REPLICATION
• Only molecule in the universe to do this
• 1. The Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA unzips.
• 2. Free floating nucleotides fill in
• 3. The sides re-form• Replication happens during
the S phase of Interphase in the cell cycle.
Protein Synthesis
• DNA directs protein synthesis.
• Two parts:
• Transcription: mRNA is formed from information from DNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus.
• Codons- three bases= an amino acid
Protein Synthesis
• 2. Translation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Then tRNA brings matching anti-codons to the mRNA.
• This forms amino acids
• Groups of amino acids = protein
DNA TECHNOLOGY
• We Can’t clone Humans
• We can clone some animals
• Human Genome Project- effort to sequence human DNA
Genetics
• Mutations: errors in the DNA that can result in disease.
• Examples: PKU- can’t metabolize an amino acid
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Tay Sachs
Chromosome Structure
• DNA is tightly coiled to form a Chromosome
• Humans have 46 chromosomes.
• The chromosome has genes on it.
• Genes are packets of information.
Chromosomes
• Karyotype- the way chromosomes are organized on paper. Done by size- biggest to smallest.
• Used to determine if too many or few, and any problems
Genetics
• Traits- characteristics that are inherited
• Half of DNA comes from mom, half from dad.
• This is why you can have your moms smile and dad’s eyes.
Genetics History
• Mendel- Father of genetics• A monk who worked with
pea plants• Came up with three laws• 1. Law of Dominance- one
“gene” is dominant over another
• 2. Law of Segregation- genes separate
• 3.Law of Independent Assortment- genes are shuffled
Genetics Vocabulary
• Alleles- different forms of the same gene
• Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait
• Genotype- the genetic makeup of a trait
Genetic Vocabulary
• Homozygous- same genes for a trait. Ex. TT or tt
• Heterozygous- different genes for a trait. Ex. Tt
• P1- first generation or parent
• F1- second or filial generation - offspring
Genetics
• Punnet Square- a table used to show all possible outcomes from a mating
Genetics
• PEDIGREE-a chart used to track a trait through generations.
Genetics
• Incomplete Dominance- Blending of traits ex. Pink flowers blend with red flowers to form pink
• Co Dominance : Equal expression of two alleles ex. Blood type
Taxonomy
Unit 7
TAXONOMY
• Science of naming and classifying organisms.
• Each level of organization is called a taxon
• Linneaus- father of taxonomy
Taxonomy
• The taxa:• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species• Goes from broadest to
most specific
Taxonomy
• Binomial nomenclature: fancy way of saying two name naming system.
• We use genus species
• Homo Sapien
Taxonomy
• KINGDOMS:
• Animalia
• Plantae
• Monera- bacteria
• Protist- paramecium, amoeba
• Fungi- mushrooms
Taxonomy
• Organisms grouped by structural, biochemical, locomotive behavioral and genetic similarities.
• As you go from kingdom to species, the creatures are more similar.
Taxonomy
• Homologous structures- similar and have a common ancestor. EX. The wings of birds and bats. The actual physical structure is similar.
Taxonomy
• Analogous Structures
• Strucures that provide the same function- but DO NOT have a common ancestor.
• EX. Bird and winset wings
EVOLUTION
Unit 8
EVOLUTION
• Change over time• Gradualism- change
takes place over millions of years
• Punctuated Equilibrium- Everything stable for a long while then a sudden change then stable again
EVOLUTION
• Darwin- came up with Natural Selection- the idea that organisms gradually change by adapting to their environment so they have a better chance for survival.
• Survival of the Fittest
EVOLUTION
• Geographic Isolation- New species develops because part of the population becomes isolated and develops different features.
• Ex. Darwin’s finches
ECOLOGY
Unit 9
ECOLOGY
• Biosphere 8km above and 8km below the surface of Earh
• Ecosystem- all living and non-living parts of an area
• Community: All living parts of an area
ECOLOGY
• Population: one particular group of organisms within an area.
• Biotic: any living thing
• Abiotic: any non-living thing
• Biome: an area determined by climate ex. Desert, ocean
ECOLOGY
• Succession: replacement of one community for another
• Primary succession/ pioneer community: first organisms into an area- Ex. Mosses, lichens
ECOLOGY
• Secondary succession: a community is replaced by another one due to some natural disaster- flood, fire
ECOLGY
• Carrying Capacity:
The number of organisms an area can support
Makes an S shaped curve.
ECOLOGY
• Exponential growth: organisms growing without any limits
• Curve goes straight up.
ECOLOGY
• NICHE: the job or role an organism has in an ecosystem
• Producer: plants- anything that makes it’s own food (autotroph)
• Consumer: anything that has to get it’s own food.
ECOLOGY
• DECOMPOSERS: Take care of all the dead organic matter
• Ex. Bacteria/ fungi
ECOLOGY
• Synbiosis: a close personal relationship between two or more organisms
• 3 Types:• Mutualism: both benefit
ex. Bees and flowers• Parasitism: one harms the
other- Dog and flea• Commensalism- one
benefits the other is neither harmed nor benefitted ex. Whales and barnacles
ECOLOGY
• Predator/Prey – Lions and zebras
• Boom/Bust curve- as one increases, the other decreases.
ECOLOGY
• Food Chain- two or three organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy
• Food Web- many organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem
ECOLOGY
• Ecology Pyramids- show you biomass or energy flow.
• Plants make up the most biomass and have the most energy