Upload
fieramina
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
1/36
www.ipswich.qld.gov.au
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
2/36
Ratioale for the guide
W a all ligatd d Qslad lgislati t
cdct actiitis i a a tat pts a t t
it. I paticla w a d :
Environmental Protection Act 1994
Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009
Sustainable Planning Act 2009
Soil Conservation Act 1986
Tis Sils f Ipswic Fild Gid is dsigd t assist
t idtif sils at is f si, s tat ca pla
ad dta apppiat si ad sdit ctl
ass i cdctig actiitis. Actiitis cdct
t wic tis applis icld:
Building and maintaining roads and services.
Infrastructure (e.g. stormwater, potable water, sewers etc.).
Construction works (e.g. building, installation of minor
infrastructure in parks etc) and landscaping.
Designing, approving and monitoring development activities.
Any other activities that require the excavation and/or
trenching of soils.
T ltiat ai f t Gid is t assist i pt
t si ad taspt f sdit t ifastct
(.g. adwas, stwat ssts tc) ad lal
its (cs, is, las, das, wtlads tc
wic slts i cstl isil daag.
T Gid iclds a gal dscipti f ladfs a
si, w t dsci asic sil fats ad assss
apidl t lailit f a sil t wat si. It icl
asic dsciptis f t aj sil tps i t Ipswic
tat icld gal sil pptis ad aagt
Produced b AECOM Pt Ltd ad Ipswich Cit Coucil
Published b Ipswich Cit Coucil
Disclai
Tis plicati is ad aailal f ifati ppss l ad t
asis tat ss ai spsil f satisfig tsls as t its acc
cpltss ad cc. All iags ai ppt f t igial at
ad a sd pl f dcatial ppss l ad a t pd
witt ft appal. T plis accpts liailit ad (icldig
f gligc) f a lss daag (icldig csqtial idict daag) tat a icd as a slt f a pss s f tis p
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
3/36
Cotets
Ladforms, Water Flow ad Soil Erosio 2
Tpes of soil erosio 3
Erosio Cotrol 7
Sedimet Cotrol 8
Water Flow, Raifall ad Soil Cla Cotet 9
Describig Soils Basic Features 10
Describig Soils What the Colours Mea12
How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig
ad Dispersio Potetial 13
Soil Erosio Risk Matrix 16
Soil erosio ad sedimet cotrol
the ext steps 17
Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area 18
Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils
with sharp texture cotrast 20
Dermosols structured subsoils
with mior texture cotrast 22
Hdrosols wet soils 24
Kadosols strogl weathered earths
with mior texture cotrast 26
Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils
with sharp texture cotrast 28
Vertosols Crackig Clas 30
Further Readig 32
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
4/36
Ladforms, Water Flow ad Soil Erosio
Ladfs ca dti t is f sil si d t t
type of water ow they receive, and the catchment area that
delivers the ow. Side slopes often produce Sheet Flow,
whereas valley oors and gullies produce Concentrated Flow.
I t diaga t igt, sils t idg at a lw
catct aa ad xpic ii St Flw.
Sils lw sid slps at ci ig ats f
St Flw ad a a lag catct aa.
Sils at t all ad at ci Cctatd Flw f
sdig slps ad a a lag catct aa.
Sils i t lw all at ci t igst ats fCctatd Flw ad a t lagst catct aa.
I tis diaga, t is f sil si asd ladf
is gatst at , t , , ad lwst at .
W assssig t is f sil si f a ladf
pspcti, t fllwig sld asd:
Is t sil sitatd a idg, sid slp all?
Wat is t lati catct aa f t sit?
Is t sit xpctd t ci St Cctatd Fl
SheeT FLoW
SheeT
ConCenTrATeD
FLoW
1
2
3
4
4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
5/36
Tpes of soil erosio
A. Raisplash Erosio
B. Sheet Erosio
C. Rill Erosio
D. Gull Erosio
E. Stream Erosio
STreAmFLoW
A
B
C
D
E
1.
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
6/36
Tpes of Soil Erosio
Raisplash Erosio
esi d t t ipact f aidps lastig sil paticls
f t sil sfac. Paticls ca t tasptd asil
st ad t si tps.
Sheet Erosio
ral f a sallw, if la f sil f t sf
Often difcult to see due to no channels being formed, w
dwslp acclati ig t l idicati.
DoWnSLoPe ACCumuLATIon
SheeT eroSIon
DoWnSLoPe ACCumu
2.
3.
4.
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
7/36
Tpes of Soil Erosio
Rill Erosio
ral f sil f t sfac w sall cals
(ills) p t 300 dp a fd. Ts f w
ff cctats it dpssis casd atall
wl tacs
Gull Erosio
ral f sil f t sfac ad ssfac cas
cctatd ff dig cals gat ta 300
dp.
GuLLy
rILLS
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
8/36
Tpes of Soil Erosio
Tuel Erosio
Tunnelling occurs when inltrating rainwater or overland ow
cass ssils t disps, ladig t ssfac pipig ad
si. Dispsi sils a spciall p t tllig. If
t tpsil cllapss, sils ad gllis ca f.
SInk hoLe
CoLLAPSeD TunneL
Pt mattw
DISPerS
IveSubSo
IL
DISPerSIve
SubSoIL
non-DISP
erSIveToP
SoIL
non-DISP
erSIveToP
SoILSInk hoLe
GuLLy FormeD
ThrouGh CoLLAPSe
FLoW
TunneLS
1
2
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
9/36
Erosio Cotrol
Erosion control measures are the rst line of defence in
ptig sit ad ffsit si ffcts ad sld
dta at all sits. esi ctls a alwas t
pfd pti i aagig sit ad ff sit si
ffcts. esi ctl is ltiatl t capst ctlas ad acis st tcs w csidig
csts.
esi ctl ais t pt dc sil si casd
ail aisplas ad st si. T st f f
si ctl is t aitai axi plat c t sil
sfac, ad iiis t ftpit f sil distac. If
plat c is t d ad sils distd, t tpical
si ctl ass a icld:
Bonded bre matrix
Cpst lats
esi ctl lats
Gallig
mlcig
rgtati
Sil ids ad sfac stailiss
Sfac gig
Specic control measures will need to be selected depe
sit cditis.
Fcal pits f si ctl a t ad xit pits
w sits w a icls tasit fqtl. Ts
t galld apppiatl. Ts sits a diatd
nds due to constant vehicle movement.
effcti si ctl als as ffcti daiag
ass. Csidatis sld icld:
Disi f p-slp stwat ff ad sil
distacs ad discag ff sit
Diisi f t w sit it aagal daiag a
and ow paths stabilised and managed. Dirty water is
pt sit ad dispsd f apppiatl .g. ap
occulation and discharge of clean water
Minimise ow velocity and soil erosion within drainag
cals ad cts (.g. gla spacig f cc d
tc.)
F dtaild ifati s:
IECA (2008). Best Practice Erosion and Sediment Contr
International Erosion Control Association (Australasia)
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
10/36
Sdit ctl ass a tsecond line of defence i
ptig sit ad ffsit si ffcts. T ai t tap
and retain sediment eroded from the site (both very ne and
lag paticls).
Typical sediment control measures include:
bff zs
Cstcti xits
Sdit fcs
Sdit asis / wis
Cc das
Grass lter traps
Rock lter traps
Cpst/lc s
Dp ilt ptcti
Flcclats
Specic control measures will need to be selected depending
sit cditis.
Daiag ctl ass applical t sdit ct
icld:
Ditig p-slp stwat ff awa f xca
Disi f cla wat ad sdit taps,
ttal l f wat t tappd ad tatd ad i
dcig t siz f t sdit ctl as
F dtaild ifati s:
IECA (2008). Best Practice Erosion and Sediment Contr
International Erosion Control Association (Australasia)
Sedimet Cotrol
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
11/36
Water Flow, Raifall ad Soil Cla Cotet
T ig t cla ctt f t sil, t gat t
benet normally obtained by erosion control measures.
T ig t sad ctt f t sil, t gat t
benet normally obtained by sediment control measures.
T diaga at igt dstats w t gal
benets of drainage, erosion and sediment control
vary for various rainfall, water ow and soil particle size
cditis.
The diagram does not imply that erosion, sediment
and drainage control should be used in isolation from
each other. Each work site will probably use somecombination of all three control types.
Draiage Cotrol
(icreased priorit)
Erosio Cotrol
(icreased priorit)
Sedimet C
(icreased p
SoIL CLAy ConTenT
FLoW
TyPe
SHEETFL
OW
COnCEnTR
ATED
FLOW
HEAVy
LIGHT
SAnDyCLAyEy
rAInFA
LLInTe
SITy
Adaptd f IeCA & Lcal Gt Assciati f Qslad Ic
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
12/36
Describig Soils Basic Features
no-Crackig clas ad most other soils
Sfac iz wit s
acclati f gaic att
tat is sall da cl talw izs, iz wic
a ligt i cl t as
lss cla ta lw izs
Ssfac izs caactisd
f: cctatis
f clas, stg cls (.g.
dd) ta tpsils, stct adtxt difft t tpsils
ToPSoIL
uPPer SubSoIL
LoWer SubSoIL
rpdcti f t ptgap as
appd t Stat f Qsl
(Dpatt f eit ad rs
maagt) [20
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
13/36
Crackig Clas
Sfac iz cpisd f
c-li lag sil agggats,
wit igla cas spacstw t. usall as sa
da cl tgt
Ssfac izs caactisd
lag, cas lc stcts
wit sall l aw spacs
tw t. usall as sa
da cl tgt
ToPSoIL
uPPer SubSoIL
LoWer SubSoIL
Describig Soils Basic Features
rpdcti f t ptgap as
appd t Stat f Qsl
(Dpatt f eit ad rs
maagt) [20
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
14/36
Describig Soils What the Colours Mea
Soil colour Characteristics Costraits
blac
Sils ig i gaic att, sc as cacig
clas, pats gaic sils
excssi/plgd wtss,
al t cpacti, saliit
rd
Wll-daid sils wit ig ctt f
i xids
Pssil lal t cpacti
yllw yllw-w
Ipfctl daid t datl wll-daid
sils wit ig ctt f i xids
excssi/plgd wtss,
pssil lal t cpacti
bw
mdat sil gaic att cctatis
ad s i xids
Ssil a dispsi
G bl G
nal pat watlggig excssi/plgd wtss
mttls (d,ag,llw)
Itittt watlggig excssi/plgd wtss
Adaptd f Pattis t al. (2010). Sil alt f gtal pdcti i Astalia. Stat f Qslad,
Dpatt f eplt, ecic Dlpt ad Iati. Pr104543
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
15/36
Exposig the Soil
Dpdig t at f ws, cs t st
apppiat a f sig t sil.
Tis a as sipl as sig a ag t xtact tpsil
ad ssil f tstig. Altatil, a a ad sta
cutting may provide sufcient information. If an excavator is
ig sd d t t at f ws, sc as tcig
ladscapig, a pit tc ca xcaatd.
As with all trenching activities, appropriate health and
safety precautions should be followed. No person should
enter a trench or pit deeper than 1.2 metres.
How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig ad Dispersio Potetial
Equipmet needed
Spad twl
Sall glass plastic ja
Cla, cla wat (1 lit)
Ti (watc il p)
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
16/36
Assessig Soil Slakig (Collapse) ad Dispersio
usig t spad twl, ta a sapl f t tpsil1.
P a sall at f wat it t ja2.
Slct 2 3 pa-sizd sil agggats csid pstati f t tpsil,3.
ad gtl plac t i t wat
La a stal sfac ad s aft 5 its4.
rpat t pcss f t pp ssil ad t lw ssil5.
usig jdgt, assig a all atig t t ssil .g.6.
If the aggregates stay together then the soil has good aggregate stability.
The soil is largely stable in water; or
If the aggregates fall apart, but the water remains clear, the aggregates have slaked.
The soil is vulnerable to slaking (collapse) in water, but shows little or no clay dispersion; or
If the aggregates fall apart and the water is cloudy, the soil is dispersive.
The soil is vulnerable to collapse in water and associated clay dispersion.
How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig ad Dispersio Potetial
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
17/36
How to Assess Soil Erosio Slakig ad Dispersio Potetial
Stal agggat
Sligtl dispsi
Slad agggat
mdatl dispsi higl dispsi
Slaked soil
Dispersive soil
T Stat f Qslad, Dpatt f
eplt, ecic Dlpt ad
Iati (2010)
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
18/36
Soil Erosio Risk Matrix
Dispsi Slaig
hig mdat Sligt Slad Stal
Concentrated
Flow
hig
Lw
Concentrated
Flow
hig
Lw
hig si
is
mdat
si is
Lw si is* oall dispsi slaig atig f wl sil
(Pags 14 ad 15)
Determine general ow conditions based on thediaga Pag 2
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
19/36
Soil erosio ad sedimet cotrol the ext steps
Tis Gid psts gal adic l assssig sil
lailit t si. oc gal sit cditis a
assssd accdig t t Sil esi ris matix, sit
checks to conrm soil types still need to be conducted and
xpt adic sgt f si ad sdit ctls.
A cpsi si ad sdit ctl pla ds t
disd. Tis will icld lcatis f:
esi ctl ass
Sdit ctl ass
Daiag ctls
Sit t ad xit ctls
Sil stcpils
F cpsi ad dtaild ifati s:
IECA (2008). Best Practice Erosion and Sediment Contr
International Erosion Control Association (Australasia)
Local Government Association of Queensland Inc. (200
Introductory Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines f
Queensland Councils
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
20/36
Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area
T fllwig scti dscis t six aj Astalia Sil
Classication Orders mapped in the Ipswich City Council area.
Where possible more than one example of a typical soil prole
is pstd.
It sld td tat tis is t a cpsicpilati f all pssil sils fd i t aa, l t
dominant ones. However, this is sufcient for conveying the
gal disit f sils ad ti pptis, spciall
as t lat t si pst i t Ipswic aa. T
distiti f t six aj sil tps i t aa is sw
t fllwig ap maj sil tps i t Ipswic aa. T
six aj sils a dscid pags 20 - 31.
A ote o termiolog
Dispersive soils sils tat a cpisd lagl f cla
tat a lal t dispsi ad si w wt
sils w as Sdsls a paticlal dispsi, t
cla-ic sils sc as Csls, Dsls, vtslad s hdsls ad kadsls a als lal
dispsi si.
Texture cotrast those soils that have a signicant ch
i sil paticl siz (txt) tw tpsil ad ssi
alst alwas fs t sils wit sad tpsils ad cla
ssils.
Structured/well structured sils idiidal sil
tat xiit gaisati. Tis as tat sil paticls
aalgaatd it lag its calld agggats. Wll
stctd sils a distict agggats f difft siz
wit adat cacs ps tgt.
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
21/36
Major soil tpes i the Ipswich area
Sil data f Derm (2008).
Sils datast, scal 1:250,000
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
22/36
Vertosols Crackig Clas
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
rpdcti f t ptgap as app
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f ei
ad rsc maagt) [
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
23/36
Ladform ad Distributio
Widespread on at to undulating alluvial plains, creek ats
ad ig tacs
Ke Features
Cla-ic ad ft wll-stctd. Sscptil t wat
lggig ad cpacti. higl stic w wt
Erosio
vlal t st ad gll si dat slps
Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol
Sfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.
On site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow
lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit
ctls a qi sdit asis
Earthworks
Liitatis d t wat lggig, cla ctt ad cac
Allw f 30% sttlig
Fertilit ad Plat Growth
Some soils may be nutrient decient, and aluminium
ad agas txicitis a cc i s aas. Sl
daiag a cas watlggig ad stict plat gw
Vertosols Crackig Clas
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
24/36
Hdrosols wet soils
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
25/36
Ladform ad Distributio
Occur in the poorly drained sections of valley oors
Ke FeaturesSil pptis lagl dtid igt f wat tal,
wic is alst alwas latil ig. G cls ad
ttlig idicat plgd satati. ma cla sad
tgt, ciatis f t tw
Erosio
bcas t cc i t lwst pats f t ladscap,
sheet, rill, gully or tunnel erosion is rare, although ooding
may be a problem. Disturbed soils exposed to stream ow
a d
Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol
upsta disi sld csidd t pt sit
ooding and waterlogging. Sediment controls should be
ipltd t pt dwsta ffcts. Cla-ic sils
may require sediment basins and the use of occulants to
sttl t clas
Earthworks
Sital f ads ad tacs xcpt i t lwst psiti
Fertilit ad Plat GrowthGall tit ic, altg alii ad
agas txicitis a cc i s aas. Sil s
a cst ladig t p sil-sd ctact. P daia
a lad t xg-p t cditis ad iiit pla
gwt
Hdrosols wet soils
i i
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
26/36
Kadosols strogl weathered earths with mior texture cotrast
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
K d l l h d h i h i
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
27/36
Ladform ad Distributio
occ t csts ad slps f lw ills
Ke FeaturesUsually deep (1.0 5.0 m). Weak soil prole development
ad gadal icas i cla ctt wit dpt
Erosio
higl dil lw slps if a
Erosio ad Sedimet CotrolSfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.
On site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow
lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit
ctls f cas (sad) atials a icld
sediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment
basins and the use of occulants to settle out clays
Earthworks
Sital f st atw patis. Allw f 30%
sttlig
Fertilit ad Plat Growth
Gall lw tit stats, spciall psp
ad itg.
Plat aailal wat capacit is gall lw, ad
saliit a a pl i s aas
Kadosols strogl weathered earths with mior texture cotrast
S d l lk li d di il ith h t t t t
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
28/36
Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils with sharp texture cotrast
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
rpdcti f t ptgap as app
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f ei
ad rsc maagt) [
S d l lk li d di il ith h t t t t
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
29/36
Ladform ad Distributio
Widspad plais ad lw ills
Ke FeaturesSap ctast tw sad tpsils ad cla-ic
ssils
Erosio
higl dil. vlal t st, tl ad gll
si d t igl dispsi ssils
Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol
Sfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.
On-site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow
lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit
ctls f cas (sad) atials a icld
sediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment
basins and the use of occulants to settle out clays
Earthworks
usital f st atw patis
Fertilit ad Plat GrowthGall lw t lw tit stats. Plat aailal
wat is lw.
Plat gwt is ipdd p ssil daiag d t
ig cla ctt, ad is als ipdd tg cla s
Sodosols alkalie ad sodic soils with sharp texture cotrast
Ch l t l t lk li il ith h t t t t
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
30/36
Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils with sharp texture cotrast
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
rpdcti f t ptgap as app
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f ei
ad rsc maagt) [
Ch l t l t lk li il ith h t t t t
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
31/36
Ladform ad Distributio
yllw sils cc gtl dlatig iss t llig
ct. rdd sils cc gtl iclid ad stp
slps i ill ct
Ke Features
Sap txt ctast tw sad tpsils ad cla-ic
ssils
Erosio
higl dil sallw slps. P t st
si. bcas ssils a cla-ic, t a lal
t dispsi
Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol
Sfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.
On site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow
lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit
ctls f cas (sad) atials a icldsediment fences, but ner materials may require sediment
basins and the use of occulants to settle out clays
Earthworks
Sital f st atw patis. Allw f 30%
sttlig
Fertilit ad Plat Growth
Gall lw t lw tit stats, ad plat
aailal wat capacit is lw
Chromosols eutral to alkalie soils with sharp texture cotrast
D l t t d b il ith i t t t t
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
32/36
Dermosols structured subsoils with mior texture cotrast
rpdcti f t ptgap as appd
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f eit
ad rsc maagt) [2010]
rpdcti f t ptgap as app
t Stat f Qslad (Dpatt f ei
ad rsc maagt) [
Dermosols structured subsoils with mior texture cotrast
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
33/36
Ladform ad Distributio
Widspad id t pp psitis lw
dlatig ills
Ke Features
Cla-ic sils wit wll-stctd ssils
Erosio
higl dil sallw slps w a. bcas
ssils a cla-ic, t a lal t dispsi
Erosio ad Sedimet Cotrol
Sfac c sld aitaid as c as pssil.
On site drainage should be diverted to reduce water ow
lcit ad t spaat cla f dit wat. Sdit
ctls a qi sdit asis ad t s f
occulants to settle out clays
Earthworks
T cacig at f ts sils ca a liitati f
atws. Allw f 30% sttlig. Liitd sitailit f
ads ad tacs, w acclati f wat i ts a
wl tacs sld aidd
Fertilit ad Plat Growth
Psps a lw, ad s sils a a la
salt lls i t ssils wic a iiit gwt
Dermosols structured subsoils with mior texture cotrast
Further Readig
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
34/36
has, b.P. (1996). Fild maal, i nl. k.e. (d)
udstadig ad maagig Sils i t mt rgi.
Dpatt f Pia Idstis Taiig Sis Qe96003,
bisa.
IeCA (2008). bst Pactic esi ad Sdit Ctl.Itatial esi Ctl Assciati (Astalasia)
Lcal Gt Assciati f Qslad Ic. (2006).
Itdct esi ad Sdit Ctl Gidlis f
Qslad Ccils.
mckzi, n., Jacqi, D., Isll, r. ad bw, k.
(2004). Astalia Sils ad Ladscaps A Illstatd
Cpdi. CSIro Plisig
natial Citt Sil ad Tai (2009). Astalia
Sil ad Lad S Fild had, 3d editi. CSIro
Plisig.
Pattis, T.t al. (2010). Sil alt f gtal pdcti
i Astalia. Stat f Qslad, Dpatt f eplt,
ecic Dlpt ad Iati. Pr104543
Image Attributios
Adapted from: http://saferenvironment.les.wordpr1.
c/2009/08/tp-f-sil-si.jpg.
F: ttp://www.ip.iastat.d/ip/ic/2005/2.
2005/splas.jpg.
Adaptd f: ttp://www.c.g/dia/3.
plaigdc/t_aidp.jpg.
F: ttp://www..cs.sda.g/ws/4.
moptgall/esi/st1.jpg.
Further Readig
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
35/36
7/29/2019 Soils of Ipswich Field Guide
36/36
Ipswich City CouncilPhone (07) 3810 6666Fax (07) 3810 6731
i i h ld