SOILS, AGRICULTURE, AND THE FUTURE OF FOOD

SOILS, AGRICULTURE, AND

THE FUTURE OF FOOD

KETAHANAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM

DAN PANGAN

smno.psdl.ppsub

SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN

KEMANUSIAAN

Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/what_is_ag_land.htm……………….. 21/12/2012

LAHAN PERTANIAN

Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and controlled use of living organisms and the environment

to improve the human condition. 'Agricultural land' is the land base upon which

agriculture is practiced. Typically occurring on farms, agricultural activities are

undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural products.

Although agricultural land is primarily required for the production of food for human and animal consumption, agricultural activities also include the growing of plants

for fibre and fuels (including wood), and for other organically derived products (pharmaceuticals, etc).

UPAYA MENUJU KE BERLANJUTAN

o o o o

EROSI: DICEGAH

PEMUPUKAN

PENGOLAHAN TANAH: MINIMUM/TANPA

SISTEM POLATANAM: DIVERSIFIKASI, SISA PANEN KEMBALI PEMBAKARAN

SISA: DILARANG

ORGANIK SINTETIK

BERIMBANG

SUMBERDAYA ALAM1. Agriculture – Food products, Coca, Drugs 2. Minerals – Diamonds, oil, Copper,

Sand/Gravels etc.3. Forests – Timber, Herbs, Animals, Parks etc 4. Water resources – Hydropower, Drinking and

irrigation water, Lakes etc.5. Nature Tourism

• Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel• Kennesaw State University USA

Lahan sawah di musim kemarau ditanami ubijalar dengan hasil sekitar 40 ton umbi per ha.

Foto Smno Agst 2012

1. Over the Land2. Agricultural – main products, cash products, Livestock,

Herbs, Timber3. Under the Land4. Minerals, oil, Underground water, Stone5. On the surface6. Irrigation, Hydropower, River, Sand, river gravel, Snow

mountain, National parks and animals Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel

Kennesaw State University USA

SUMBERDAYA ALAM

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation ……………… 23/12/2012

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed

soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in

preventing soil consolidation.In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is

referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of

sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of

surface and sub-surface water from a given area.

1. Policy shift2. 1994-UNDP definition of Human Security3. Economic security-Assured basic income4. Food Security-Physical and economic access to food as well as

adequate purchasing power5. Health Security-Minimum protection from diseases and

unhealthy lifestyles.

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm .....23/12/2012

HUMAN SECURITY

Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA

Food security is commonly defined as sustained access for all individuals to an adequate and safe supply of food for an active,

healthy and productive life.

http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm

1. Environmental security-Clean water, Air pollution, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, etc.

2. Personal security-Protect from physical violence, Domestic abuse, Crime.

3. Community security-Protect from loss of traditional relationships, ethnic and cultural value.

4. Political security-Human rights, Freedom of speech, etc

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html ..... 23/12/2012

HUMAN SECURITY


Environmental SecurityThere are three hierarchical levels at which the food insecurity paradigm can be considered to be acting so as to generate environmental insecurity, which then generates additional food insecurity. At the top is the state; the midlevel is the village or community; and at the bottom are households, the level at which the

actors usually have greatest influence on the environment.

http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html

• Who own the natural resources• How to distribute and redistribute the fruit of natural resources• Who is responsible for security of Natural resource centers,

Transmission lines and Transportation• Need for new security force other than national army to protect?

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm ..... 23/12/2012

MINAT ttg KETAHANAN


Special feature on land tenure: securing land for the futureLand is vital for farmers and the communities in which they live. Not only does it provide them with economic means to create their livelihood, but it is their most

important social and cultural asset. A farmer without land has nothing. A farmer with land has a respected place in the community and society at large.

However, owning land or having secure access to it are not always readily achieved. This is particularly true in many poor countries, where legal and cultural restrictions on land rights present a strong obstacle for rural people, particularly the poorest and most vulnerable among them. In many cases, women are not even entitled to land.

http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm

MINAT ttg KETAHANAN• Natural resource potential can be utilized?• Need Security (protection)• Need Investment• Need Market• Need technology• Need Manpower – Upward Migration• Upward Migration creates a new sets of conflict

Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1

…..23/12/2012


The Relationships among Sustainable Development, Sustainable Land Management, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Soil

Management. (Redrawn from Dumanski 1997)

http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1

PERTANIAN SAAT INIWe have converted 38% of Earth’s surface for agriculture, the

practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption.

Croplands (for growing plant crops) and rangelands (for grazing animal livestock) depend on healthy soil.

Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

Agricultural Capability ClassesClass 1

Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.

Class 2Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor restrictions

of soil or climate may reduce capability but pose no major difficulties in management.

Class 3Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good

management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat restrictive.

Class 4Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate

conditions require special management considerations.

Class 5Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and

specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit capability.

Class 6Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands

cannot be cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations.

Class 7Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.

Croplands

• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration

• Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter

• Store atmospheric carbon

• Provide wildlife habitat for some species

Ecological Services Economic Services

• Food crops

• Fiber crops

• Crop genetic resources

• Jobs

Natural Capital

Croplands

Ecological Services

Economic Services

• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration

• Provide partial erosion protection

• Can build soil organic matter

• Store atmospheric carbon

• Provide wildlife habitat for some species

• Food crops

• Fiber crops

• Crop genetic resources

• Jobs


LAHAN = SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html .................... 3/11/2012 .

Land is the economic resource encompassing natural resources found within a nation economy. This resource includes timber, land, fisheries, farms and other similar

natural resources. Land is usually a limited resource for many economies. Although some natural resources, such as timber, food and animals, are renewable, the physical land is usually a fixed resource. Nations must carefully use their land resource by creating a mix of

natural and industrial uses.

Gross Margin: The simplest economic measure is the gross margin, which is the cash flow out less the cash flow in, on a per unit area

(normalized or standardized) or aggregate (per-field or per-farm) basis, in one accounting period (usually a year).

The gross margin can be expressed in terms of the return to labor or the return to land.

Return to labor: the farm family’s labor is not included as an expense, and the gross margin must be sufficient to allow the farm family an adequate income. This makes most sense if the gross margin is non-

normalized, i.e., the actual amount received for the whole farm.Return to land: the farm family’s labor is included in the expenses, as if the labor had been contracted. If the ‘wage’ is at a reasonable level, the gross margin only has to be positive for the land use to be feasible. This

makes most sense if the gross margin is normalized, i.e., the amount received per unit land area.

LAHAN …..

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/329078/land .................... 3/11/2012

.

Land, In economics, the resource that encompasses the natural resources used in production. In classical economics, the three factors

of production are land, labour, and capital. Land was considered to be the “original and inexhaustible gift of

nature.” In modern economics, it is broadly defined to include all that nature provides, including minerals, forest products, and water and

land resources. While many of these are renewable resources, no one considers them “inexhaustible.”

The payment to land is called rent.

Automated Land Evaluation System ‘ALES’.

How ALES links land characteristics with economic values

Starting from the physical inventory of the characteristics of a land area, how do we arrive at an economic value of a land use if

implemented on that land area?

By means of severity levels of Land Qualities, which can either limit yield (and thus reduce income) or increase costs.

Land Qualities, and their diagnostic Land Characteristics, can be divided into two type for this analysis:

1. Location-independent (in-situ) and 2. Location dependent.

E.g. (1) soil and climate qualities and characteristics, (2) distance,Adjacency.

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)

Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........

......... 3/11/2012 .

Some generic indicators of land units that must be monitored, especially for:

1. Condition of land resources, both positive and negative;

2. Areas arising from different land uses;3. Rates of adaptation and adoption of

recommended/suggested practices;4. Farm management practices;5. Yields and other outputs resulting from project

interventions or other development;6. Rural development issues such as land tenure,

population density;7. Sumberdaya air;8. Perikanan dan akuakultur;9. Pengelolaan hutan;10.Ketersediaan harea dalam tanah.

The holistic concept of Land (FAO ,1976; FAO, 1995) :


......... 3/11/2012 .

"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above

or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology

(including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater

reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present

human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.).“

FUNGSI LAHAN:1. Fungsi Produksi2. Fungsi Lingkungan Biotik3. Climate-regulative function4. Hydrologic function5. Storage function6. Waste and pollution control function7. Living space function8. Archive or heritage function9. Fungsi ruang penghubung.

KERANGKA-KERJA EVALUASI LAHAN DARI FAO 1976


......... 3/11/2012 .

LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO PRODUCTIVITY FROM CROPS OR OTHER PLANT GROWTH

1. Crop yields (a resultant of many qualities listed below).

2. Moisture availability.3. Nutrient availability.4. Oxygen availability in the root zone.5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.6. Conditions for germination.7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).8. Salinity or sodicity.9. Soil toxicity.10. Resistance to soil erosion.11. Pests and diseases related to the land.12. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of

inundation).13. Temperature regime.14. Radiation energy and photoperiod.15. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including

wind, hail, frost).16. Air humidity as affecting plant growth.17. Drying periods for ripening of crops.


......... 3/11/2012 .

LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO DOMESTIC ANIMAL

PRODUCTIVITY

1. Productivity of grazing land.2. Climatic hardships affecting animals.3. Endemic pests and diseases.4. Nutritive value of grazing land.5. Toxicity of grazing land.6. Resistance to degradation of

vegetation.7. Resistance to soil erosion under

grazing conditions.8. Availability of drinking water.

FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976


......... 3/11/2012 .

LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO FOREST PRODUCTIVITY

1. The qualities listed may refer to natural forests, forestry plantations, or both.

2. Mean annual increments of timber species

3. Types and quantities of indigenous timber species.

4. Site factors affecting establishment of young trees.

5. Pests and diseases.6. Fire hazard.


LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO MANAGEMENT AND INPUTS

1. The qualities listed may refer to arable use, animal production or forestry.

2. Terrain factors affecting mechanization (trafficability).

3. Terrain factors affecting construction and maintenance of access-roads (accessibility).

4. Size of potential management units (e.g. forest blocks, farms, fields).

5. Location in relation to markets and to supplies of inputs.



......... 3/11/2012 .

1. FAO. 1976. A framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32, FAO, Rome. 72 p. Also, Publication 22, (R. Brinkman and A. Young (eds.), ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

2. FAO. 1995. Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach, W.G. Sombroek and D. Sims. Land and Water Bulletin 2, FAO, Rome.

ATMOSPHERIC QUALITIES1. Atmospheric moisture supply: rainfall, length of growing

season, evaporation, dew formation.2. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature,

daylength, sunshine conditions.3. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land

preparation: occurrence of dry spells.

Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit


......... 3/11/2012 .

LAND COVER QUALITIES1. Value of the standing vegetation as "crop", such as timber.2. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm: biodiversity

value.3. Value of the standing vegetation as protection against

degradation of soils and catchment.4. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of local and

regional climatic conditions.5. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after complete

removal.6. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops and cattle

against adverse atmospheric influences.7. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops and pastures:

the land "development" costs.8. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of diseases:

health risks of humans and animals.



......... 3/11/2012 .

LAND SURFACE AND TERRAIN QUALITIES

1. Surface receptivity as seedbed: the tilth condition.2. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle,

machinery, etc.3. Surface limitations for the use of implements

(stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the arability.4. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern,

determining size and shape of fields with a capacity for uniform management.

5. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water erosion.

6. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport.

7. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or fisheries.

8. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc.

9. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or downstream water supply.

10. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop damaging by overflow or overblow.



......... 3/11/2012 .

KUALITAS TANAH

1. PHYSICAL SOIL FERTILITY: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone.

2. PHYSICAL SOIL TOXICITY: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone (i.e. the absence of oxygen).

3. CHEMICAL SOIL FERTILITY: the availability of plant nutrients.

4. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable sodium.

5. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity for soil organic matter turnover.

6. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases.

7. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials.

8. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals.9. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-

borne pests and diseases.

SUBSTRATUM OR UNDERGROUND QUALITIES

1. Groundwater level and quality in relation to (irrigated) land use.

2. Substratum potential for water storage (local use) and conductance (downstream use).

3. Presence of unconfined freshwater aquifers.

4. Substratum (and soil profile) suitability for foundation works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.)



......... 3/11/2012 .

Ketahanan suatu Lahan :

The capacity of the land to recover quickly to former levels of productivity - or to resume the trend to increased productivity - after an adverse

influence such as drought, floods, or human abandonment or mismanagement.

KETAHANAN LAHAN


......... 3/11/2012 .

Some concepts of resilience of land and its productivity, comparing the situation in someindustrialized countries (A) with that of most

developing countries (B). (Sombroek, 1993)

1. Decline in quality of soils as rooting environments;

2. Erosion and loss of topsoil by wind and water;

3. Loss of vegetation cover, including woody perennials;

4. Acidification, soil fertility decline and plant nutrient depletion;

5. Salinity and salinization, particularly in irrigated systems.

MAJOR ISSUES OF LAND MANAGEMENT….


......... 3/11/2012 .

KUALITAS LAHAN PERTANIAN

Diunduh dari: … http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/glossary/deepperc.htm … 24/12/2012

Deep PercolationDeep percolation is when water moves down through the soil profile below the root zone and cannot be utilized by plants.


Diunduh dari: http://www.balticdeal.eu/measure/maintaining-good-soil-structure/ …… 24/12/2012

Good soil structureSoil structure affects water and air movement through soil, soil temperature as

well as how easily soil can be cultivated. When the structure is good water infiltration into the soil is fast and soil granules are durable (spherical in shape).

Good soil absorbs enough water for plants’ growth but extra water moves quickly away in large pores. In dry conditions capillary water movement from deeper

layers to root zone is important. Characteristics for well structured soil are also high biological activity, good root growth and high enough bearing capacity.

Indicators of damaged soil structure are e.g. compacted layers, surface crusting, poor root growth, or plow pans.

http://www.balticdeal.eu/measure/maintaining-good-soil-structure/granules_root/


Diunduh dari: … http://www.lcnrd.org/programs/deep_soil/ … 24/12/2012

DEEP SOILDeep soil testing is described as taking soil samples down to depths of 36 inches or more. This usually involves three samples: 0-8”, 8-24, and

24-36”. The 0-8 and 36” profile sample must be done to receive cost share assistance. Pounds of Nitrogen from each sample are determined and from that an estimate can be made on Nitrogen available in the root

zone. Sampling needs vary but one test per 40 acres is a good rule to follow. Based on cropping history and the next year’s crop choice, a

recommendation is given on fertilizer application.

TANAH: SUATU SISTEM

• Parent material, such as bedrock, is weathered to begin process of soil formation.– Parent material = material geologis dasar di suatu lokasi– Bedrock = masa batuan padat yang kontinyu penyusun

kerak bumi– Weathering = proses yang menghancurkan batuan

Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Soil…… 21/12/2012


Typical layers found in a soil profile. (Source: Physical

Geography.net)

Most soils have a distinct profile or sequence of

horizontal layers. Generally, these horizons result from the

processes of chemical weathering, eluviation, illuviation, and organic

decomposition. Up to five layers can be present in a

typical soil: O, A, B, C, and R horizons

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Weathering

"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi.

Misalnya: Kemiringan, Curah hujan, Tekstur tanah, Kapasitas air tersedia,

Biomasa vegetasi, dll.

Struktur tanah

• Resembles cookie

crumbs and is usually

less than 0.5 cm in

diameter. • Commonly

found in surface horizons

where roots have been growing.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/granular.gif

http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/images/fig3-30_large.jpg

STRUKTUR KUBUS: Blocky Structure

• Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0

cm in diameter. • Can be subangular or

angular blocky.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/blocky.gifhttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/

glenimages.nsf/Images/gl167_profile/$File/gl167_profile.jpg

Struktur Prismatik

• Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of

cm long.• Usually found in

lower horizons.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/prismatic.gif http://soils.usda.gov/technical/

manual/images/fig3-27_large.jpg

Struktur Pipih

• Thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally.

• Usually found in compacted soil.

http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/platy.gif

http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/Arid_03.jpg

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SOILS, AGRICULTURE, AND THE FUTURE OF FOOD