Soil d Management

8/13/2019 Soil d Management

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s.praveenkumar final year,Department of Civil Engineering

VLB Janakiammal College of Engineering and technology,Coimbatore!"# $"%.

&'L(D )*&+E *-*EE-+

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Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are

normally solid in nature and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is a

generic term used to describe the things we through away that include garbage,

refuse, trash, and others. Contamination of ground water is the major

environmental risk related to unsanitary land filling of solid waste. Managementof these solid wastes may be defined as that discipline associated with the

control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and

disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of

public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other

environmental considerations. This project includes a case study on amakkal

district, !igh "ate #iomethanation of vegetable wastes at Chennai, Composting

of Solid $astes in Tirupur Town, %umpsite "ehabilitation by Chennai

Corporation town and &otential "euse of &lastics in "oads.

(-+/'D1C+('-0

$ith the rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, infrastructure developmental

activities, intensive agriculture and livestock farming, solid waste management is

faced with new pressures and challenges. '!ow will solid waste be managed() It

is an important *uestion demanding attention all over the world. &ollutants

generated from solid wastes have potential adverse effect on the environment. If

not dealt with properly, they can cause pollution to groundwater, surface water,

create health problems and affect the environment. Successful solid waste

management can only be achieved by applying proper techno+scientific

principles. The fundamental objectives of solid waste management program are to


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minimie the pollution of the environment as well as utiliing the waste as a

resource. These goals should be achieved in a way that is financially sustainable.

Methods of solid waste management vary greatly with types of wastes and local

conditions. The best systems are designed by fi-ing together the fundamental goals,

a clear analysis of local conditions and factors, an understanding of the full range of

technology options that are available and an awareness of the traditional wisdom

and systems that the local people have developed.

&'L(D )*&+E0

Since the beginning, humankind has been

generating waste, be it the bones and other parts of

animals they slaughter for their food or the woodthey cut to make their carts. $ith the progress of

civiliation, the waste generated became of a more

comple- nature. ot only did the air get more and

more polluted but the earth itself became more polluted with the generation of

nonbiodegradable solid waste.

ach household generates garbage or waste day in and day out. Items

that we no longer need or do not have any further use for fall in the category of

waste, and we tend to throw them away. There are different types of solid waste

depending on their source. Segregation is an important method of handling

municipal solid waste. /ne of the important methods of managing and treating

wastes is composting.

0s the cities are growing in sie and in problems such as the generation of

plasticwaste, various municipal waste treatment and disposal methodsare now

being used to try and resolve these problems. /ne common sight in all cities is

the rag pickerwho plays an important role in the segregationof this waste.

1arbage generated in households can be recycled and reusedto prevent

creation of waste at source and reducing amount of waste thrown into the
http://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/types.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/types.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htm


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community dustbins. Solid waste can be classified into different types depending

on their source.

a2 Municipal solid waste.

b2 !aardous waste.

c2 #iomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

1-(C(2*L &'L(D )*&+E0

Municipal solid waste consists of household

waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation

residue, and waste from streets. $ith rising

urbaniation and change in lifestyle and food habits, the

amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing

rapidly and its composition changing. In 3456 cities and

towns in India generated an estimated 7 million tonnes

of solid waste8 in 3446 it was about 59 million tonnes.

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Industrial and hospital waste is considered haardous as they may contain

to-ic substances. Certain types of household waste are also haardous.

!aardous wastes could be highly to-ic to humans, animals, and plants8 are

corrosive, highly inflammable, or e-plosive8 and react when e-posed to certain

things e.g. gases.India generates around 6 million tonnes of haardous wastes

every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: 0ndhra &radesh, #ihar,

;ttar &radesh, and Tamil adu.

3'&2(+*L )*&+E0


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atmosphere causing skin cancer to human being and other skin

diseases in animals.

These effects necessitate the management of solid wastes all over the

world.

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&olid 6aste management is the collection, transport, processing,

recyclingor disposal of wastematerials. $aste management practices differ for

developedand developing nations, for urbanand rural areas, and for residential

and industrial, producers. Management for non+haardous residential and

institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local

governmentauthorities, while management for non+haardous commercial and

industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.There are many

techni*ues in solid waste management.


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landfill to prevent seepage of rainwater. This can reduce the *uantity of leachate

generation from landfill. The leachate generated should be collected through a

pipe network. &roper care should be given to prevent the damage of synthetic

bottom liner. /nce solid waste is filled over it, it can not be replaced. /nce

complete filling of trench of landfill, it should be covered by a thick layer of cover

materials. The cover materials can be combination of different types of soil, or

composite liner @soil and synthetic materials2. The cover materials should be

compacted properly to prevent water seeping through and gas escaping from

landfill. The leachate should be collected and stored in ponds and subse*uently

treated before discharging into natural water bodies. The treatment can be onsite

or offsite depending upon various factors. &roper care should be given for the

management of leachate.

&olid )aste 2rocessing0$aste processing is used to

"educe the volume

"ecover usable materials, or

alter the physical form of the solid wastes.

&olid )aste /ecycling0 "ecycling is the best way to solve solid wastemanagement problem. This process e-ists in all cities. !owever, the recycling

system differs from developing countries and developed countries. %eveloped

countries have well organied source separation and recycling system. 0lthough

developing countries have their long tradition of recycling system, it is still in the

hand of informal sectors. This sector is unorganied.

&olid )aste anagement +ransfer &tation0Transfer station is the place totransfer the waste from small collection vehicles to large transportation trucks.

Transfer station is essential if the final disposal site is far from the service area.

This is also place to separate recyclables and useful materials.&olid )aste anagement +ransportation0Transportation system is anotherpart of solid waste management system which is becoming costly. ;navailability

of suitable land and IM#A syndrome are some of the reasons for locating final

disposal site far away from the service areas


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C*&E &+1D(E&

#.3(3 /*+E B('E+3*-*+('- '5 VEE+*BLE )*&+E& *+ C3E--*( 7

The Chennai Metropolitan %evelopment 0uthority @CM%02 and theMinistry of on+conventional nergy Sources @MS2, 1overnment of India,

have established a high rate biomethanation plant for power generation from

vegetable wastes at Boyembedu, Chennai at a cost of about "s.? millions.

&3/EDDE/ B(* D(E&+'/

;dunuwara MT goes for composting and 3MT of

non+biodegradable materials like polythene are dumped. The production of bio+

fertilier is the main aim of the


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although the system was established in %ecember >D, under the supervision

of an eminent MS$ specialist.

&alient 5eatures of the Digester0

+ype of digester0 #iogas Induced Mi-ing 0rrangement %igester @#IM02.

&olid handling capacity0 >+3>E dry solids

Loading rate0 D+5 kg dry =SFmDFday

3ydraulic retention time0 >? days

&pecial features0 The digestion is in two chambers and the mi-ing arrangement

is well designed to prevent scum formation as the top layer is forced down every

few hours. This arrangement prevents scum formation at the top of the digester.

Can remove hydrogen sulfide if the range of 3 ppm in the same digester with

an additional compressor to send air. The *uantity of air depends on hydrogen

sulfide levels.

2rocess Description

G =egetable waste is loaded on to a moving conveyor using a hydraulic grab.

G &lastics and other non+biodegradable constituents are manually removed. Iron

particles are removed using a magnetic separator.G The waste is shredded to obtain particles in the range of 6mm H 3>mm.

Shredded waste is fed into a feed preparation tank where waterFrecycled water is

added to prepare feed slurry.

G $aste is further macerated to reduce the sie of the particles @less than 5mm2.

G The feed slurry is pumped through a macerator into a high rate anaerobic #IM0

digester.

G The biogas generated is used in biogas engines to generate power.

G &art of the power produced is used to meet the plant re*uirement @D k$2

G The e-cess power is sold to Tamil adu lectricity #oard for in+house

consumption @> k$2.

G The substrate leaving the digester is mechanically dewatered in a screw press

and used as fertilier after drying.


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G The water is taken back to feed preparation tanks.

%.-**88*L 1-(C(2*L(+9 7 * &E/' */B*E C(+90

amakkal is the first municipality in India to attain ero garbage

status through privatiation of all components of Solid $aste Management

@S$M2. Infact, the Supreme Court of India has applauded

this town for having complied with Municipal Solid $aste

Management "ules with no financial input from State or

Centre. This has been possible due to cooperative efforts

from the district administration, the municipality, 1/s,

women self+help groups, schools, residential and industrial associations and rag

pickers.

amakkal is known for two major industries, vi., body+building of 7E of

C1 tankers in the country and poultry farms. The town sprawls over an area of

3.?5 s*.km with a population of ?,+7,. It comprises of D wards, >>D

streets and ?D.69 km of roadways. The public health staff in the municipality

includes D sanitary inspectors, 9 sanitary supervisors and 353 sanitary workers.

The vehicles used for S$M consist of D mini lorries, > tipper lorries, > mop upvans, 3 sullage tanker, 4 door to door private push carts, D5> door to door

private containers and 4 municipal sweeping push carts. The waste generation

rate of the town is 5 gpcd. The municipality handles >3MT of garbage daily.

1arbage consists of 9 MT organic, 3 MT inorganic and D MT recyclables.

C/


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S1"10TI/

+he 2rogram0

The highlight of the S$M program is the vermi culture unit

e-tended over an area of 9.?D acres located > Bms outside

the town. The activities include the following:

G Segregation and collection: %oor to door collection, no storage depots or

collection spots. Color coding for collection of segregated waste

0t Source: two #in systems at each household ST"T

S$&I1 + #lue bin for dry @inorganic2 waste

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+ 1reen bin for wet @organic2 waste

%oor to door collection: ive #in system

+ 1reen color for organic waste

+ #lue color for inorganic waste

+ /range color for recyclable waste

+ "ed color for haardous waste+ #rown tray for metallic waste

G =ermi+composting of organic waste:

&roduction of > MT of vermi+compost from organic waste daily.

Income generation of "s. .5 million per annum @operated on #./.T

basis2.

Sale of recyclables at the rate of "s.?F+ per MT.

G


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Two mop+up vans with public address systems "emoval of

encroachments, stray animals from streets and preventing re+

encroachments.

G ;p gradation of dumpsite at Bosuvampatti:

Closure of e-isting dump with passive gas vent

systems and cover layers. "estriction of dumping to 5E of

e-isting dumpsite. > E of dump yard developed into a

garden and for vermi+composting

. G #an on littering, burning of waste, use of plastics

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Tirupur is well known for its hosiery and te-tile industries. The town is

spread over an area of nearly D s*.km with a population of 5 lakhs. 0round 3

tons of solid waste is generated in the town per day. Tirupur Municipal

Corporation @TMC2, in agreement with I=" nviro &vt


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#/#C;T M01TIC

$I%"/$S

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2hysical 2rocesses

Collection and Separation at source

G Two #in system: 1reen colored for degradable K "ed for

on degradableG Transport+trucks, mini


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p! 9+9.?

C @mmoleFcm2 5

Microbial Count D to 5 billion C; F ml

Biological 2rocesses

Sie reduction and homogeniation

G to ? cm using a bobcut

Mi-ing materials, forming and shaping the $indrows

G $indrows are 3.? to D m height and D to 7 m wide.

G %uring autumn the height is increased to >.? m and width to ? m

G In winter height is further increased to D.?m.Turning $indrows

G $indrows are turned once in every 3? days during which the ffective Microbes

@ms + mi-ed culture of 9?Ft.

The compost produced is sold to the farmers at "s DFt.

C'-CL1&('-0

Thus the various case studies have been e-plained briefly. This paper

makes it very clear that, the solid waste management is very important in order to

protect our environment. Therefore the solid waste management techni*ues

should be affordable. It is our duty to protect our mother earth lets do itO....


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Soil d Management