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H N F-2418
Soil Contamination Standards for Protection of Personnel
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc. 9 Richland, Washington
Hanford Management and Integration Contractor for the US. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-96RL13200
Approved for Public Release; Further Dissemination Unlimited
H NF-24 1 8 UC-630
Soil Contamination Standards for Protection of Personnel
Date Published May 1997
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc. 9 ~i~ir:::, E::hington
Hanford Management and Integration Contractor forthe US. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-96RL13200
Approved for Public Release; Further Dissemination Unlimited
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Soi l Contamination Standards Document Title: f o r Pro tec t ion of Personnel
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HNF- 24 18
CONTENTS
1.0 In t roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * I .
2.0 Summary of Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3.0 Summary of Resul t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.0 Treatment of Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.0 List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix A . Data and Formulas Used i n t h e Calcu la t ions . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix B . Method f o r Estimating Field Instrument Readings . . . . . . 29 -.
Appendix C . The DETECT Program Version 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
TABLES
Table 1 . U n i t Dose Fac tors and Soi l Concentration Limits . . . . . . . . Table 2 . Soi l Limits and Instrument Response . 1 mremly . . . . . . . . Table 3 . Soi l Limits and Instrument Response . 100 mremly . . . . . . . Table 4 . Soi l Limits and Instrument Response . 500 mrem/y . . . . . . . Table A.1 . Table A.2 . Table A.3 . Table A.4 . Table B.1 . Table 8.2 . Table 6.1 . Table C.2 . Table C.3 . Table C.4 . Table C.5 .
Decay Chains Computed i n t h e Spreadsheet Composition o f t h e " t D " Nuclides S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions. Half Lives and Dose Fac tors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assumed Composition o f Plutonium 6% Mixture . . . . . . . . . Dose Rates 1 meter Above Various Ci rcu lar Areas . . . . . . . R/rem Rat ios and Detect ion Fract ions . . . . . . ? . . . . . F i l e s D i s t r i b u t e d a s t h e DETECT Software . . . . . . . . . . Help Screen f o r DETECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents of TEST.NUC w i t h Line Numbers Added . . . . . . . . Output from TEST.NUC Using t h e Program Defaul t s . . . . . . . Range i n Air f o r Various Alpha and Electron Energies . . . .
5 8
11 14
21 22 23 28
30 31
38 39 40 41 43
HNF-2418 Page 1
Soil Contamination Standards for Protection of Personnel by Paul D. Rittmann, PhD CHP May 14, 1997
1.0 Introduction
The objective of this report is to recommend soil contamination levels that will ensure that radionuclide intakes by unprotected workers are likely to give internal doses below selected dose limits during the working year. three internal dose limits are 1, 100, and 500 mrem per year. In addition, photon, beta, and alpha instrument readings are estimated for these soil concentration limits.
Two exposure pathways are considered: dust and the second i s ingestion of trace amounts of soil. In addition, radioactive decay and ingrowth of progeny during the year of exposure-is included. External dose from the soil contamination i s not included because monitoring and control of external exposures is carried out independently from internal exposures, which are the focus of this report. similar to those used by Carbaugh and Bihl (1993) to set bioassay criteria for such workers.
The
the first is inhalation of resuspended
The methods used are
2.0 Summary o f Methods
The inhalation dose from resuspended dust i s calculated using a mass loading approach. The air breathed by the worker is assumed to have an average dust loading of 5 mg/m3 of respirable sized particles, ? . e . , less than 10 pm AMAD. The worker i s assumed to breathe this dust for 2000 hours at the light activity breathing rate for reference man (ICRP 1975), 1.2 m3/hour. amount of dust inhaled is therefore 12 grams over the course of the year. It is assumed that the radionuclide concentration in the airborne dust is the same as it is in the contaminated soil. Technically, this is incorrect. The soil contamination is normally found in the soil fines so that the radionuclide concentration in the airborne dust is far greater than in the bulk soil. However, the assumed average air concentration of $ mg/m3 is also very large. assumed exposure time of 2000 hours per year at this high concentration also leads to large intakes. combination of assumptions represent a reasonable worst case inhalation model.
The ingestion dose from eating trace amounts of soil is based on the EPA soil ingestion value of 100 mglday for adults. licking the lips and similar motions. at this rate for 250 days during the year. year i s therefore 25 grams of soil.
The total
It is the OSHA limit for workplace dust. In addition, the
Therefore, it will be assumed that the above
The ingestion takes place through The worker is assumed to consume soil
The total amount ingested in a
Appendix A summarizes the data used in these calculations. radionuclides have half-lives greater than 33 days. Implicit daughters shown in Table A-2 have been included in the calculations of dose. It i s assumed that these short-lived nuclides are in secular equilibrium with the parent at all times. The radioactive decay information i s from Kocher (1981). This was used to determine the relative amounts of the short-lived progeny, as well as the decay and ingrowth of longer-lived progeny during the year of exposure. The specific decay chains used during the year of exposure are listed in Table A-1.
The 128 distinct
HNF-2418 Page 2
The internal dose factors used i n the dose calculations are from EPA (1988). These dose factors are use the methods of ICRP 26 (1977) and are based on a 50 year dose commitment period. report. equivalent i s used. along with the lung solubility class and gut absorption factors which were assumed. The inhalation dose factors use 1 pm AMAD particles. dose factors were used, except for strontium and uranium. the class Y compounds give the largest doses per unit intake. class Y compounds have never been handled or produced in the 200 Areas. the 300 Areas, there has been some class Y uranium handled. separately, for comparison.
Organ doses are not considered i n this Only the weighted sum of the organ doses, known as the effective dose
Table A-3 lists the inhalation and ingestion dose factors
The worst-case For both elements,
However, these For
This was treated
The external dose rate factors used i n the dose calculations are from EPA (1993). These dose factors are use the weighting factors from ICRP 26 (1977). Table A-3 lists the external dose rate factors for an infinitely thick layer of contaminated soil at the surface. The soil density i s 1.6 g/cc. -- The method for estimating instrument response is described i n Appendix B. This method assumes the soil contamination is very uniformly mixed and i s at the surface. the case. For higher energy beta-emitters, the assumed homogenous distribution of contamination i n the surface soil introduces little error, except i n rocky soils. However, readings from alpha-emitters and low energy beta-emitters are strongly affected by non-uniformities in the distribution o f contamination i n the surface soil. could be high by orders of magnitude. The users of these soil contamination standards must take into account this weakness on the readings given for alpha and low-energy beta emitting nuclides.
The minimum CP reading is assumed to be 1 mR/h, window closed. readings were not estimated because the GM would give a more sensitive indication of contamination. with a 15 cm* probe face. The PAM has a face area of 50 cm*. reading for a 2 inch per second scan rate is assumed to be 35 cpm. registers anything, it i s assumed that a static count will be done, which offers a minimum PAM reading of 6 cpm. tables for the PAM readings. about 1 cm above the soil surface during the scan.
Due to the non-uniform nature of soil, this i s never the exactly
The estimated readings for these nuclides
Window open
The minimum GM reading is assumed to be 100 cpm The minimum PAM
If the PAM
The 6 cpm value is used in the summary Both the GM and the PAM are assumed to be held
3.0 Summary of Results
Table 1 shows the effective dose equivalent (EDE) the worker could receive in the inhalation and ingestion scenario described above. commitments shown on the table accumulate over the course of one working year. Next to the column with doses i s a column showing whether the inhalation or ingestion pathway gives most of the total dose.
Nuclides which have implicit daughters are identified with the letters "tD" after the name. the parent nuclide. Y-90. The implicit daughters represent additional activity.
The last three columns of Table 1 give soil concentration limits for individual nuclides based on the three annual dose limits, 1, 100, or 500 mrem.
The 50 year dose
For these nuclides, the activity in the table is only that of F o r example, 1 pCi/g of Sr-90tD will also have 1 pCi/g of
HNF-2418 Page 3
Tables 2, 3 , and 4 repeat the soil concentration limits shown on Table 1 and also give the estimated instrument reading at the limit. considered are the window-closed CP, the GM with a pancake probe (15 cm2 face area), and the Portable Alpha Monitor (PAM) (50 cm* face area). assumed that the detection limits are 1 mR/h for the CP, 100 cpm for the GM, and 6 cpm for the PAM. radiation emitted. response.
For both the GM and the PAM, the detection limit as well as the detection efficiency depend strongly on the condition of the soil. For example, soil moisture reduces the ability of an instrument to detect alpha particles and low-energy electrons. readings which are much higher or lower, depending on whether the contamination lies above or below the soil grains.
The last column of Tables 2, 3 , and 4 shows which instruments (CP, GM; or PAM) would detect the radionuclide at the concentration given in the second column, For nuclides which undergo significant decay during the year, the concentration shown is at the beginning of the work year. The number after the instrument identifier i s the order of magnitude above the assumed detection limit. Thus, "CPO" or "GMO" or "PAMO" all mean that the estimated instrument reading is somewhere between the minimum detectable and 10 times the minimum detectable. Similarly, "CP1" or "GM1" or "PAM1" all mean that the estimated instrument reading is somewhere between 10 and 100 times the minimum detectable. In some cases the estimated reading would be off scale, but no notation to this effect is made, since the focus here i s on detecting the suggested soil contamination standard.
Nearly all of the beta-emitting nuclides are detectable with field instruments at the 100 mrem/y level. normally found with nuclides that can be readily detected. alpha-emitting nuclides are largely undetectable at the soil contamination limits derived here.
Note also that the instrument readings will give little indication of the depth of contamination. All of the beta particles will come from the upper 4 centimeters of soil. Most of the photon reading (greater than 80 percent) is from the upper 15 centimeters. to conceal subsurface contamination. When soil is being excavated, the radiological conditions at the work site can change rapidly as contamination is uncovered.
The instruments
It was
The detection efficiencies depend on the energy of the Appendix B describes the method used to estimate detector
In addition, the granular nature of soil could lead to
The few nuclides that are not detectable are Note that the
These thicknesses of soil are also adequate
4.0 Treatment o f Mixtures
After a few months or years, some nuclides shown on the table will be i n secular equilibrium with longer-lived progeny. Nb-95 chain and the Sb-125 to Te-125m chain. With the chains in equilibrium they could be combined much the way the short-lived implicit daughters were. These combinations are listed in the last several lines at the end of the tables. The special identifier "old" is used for these chains. As before, the activity concentration shown i s only the activity of the parent nuclide. For example, 1 pCi/g of "Zr-95 old" means the concentration of the Zr-95 is l.pCi/g. with the implicit daughters, the activity of the progeny i n equilibrium is not shown.
Two examples are the Zr-95 to
There is also the equilibrium amount of 2.21 pCi/g of Nb-95. As
HNF-2418 Page 4
The mixture "Pb-210 o ld" includes both t h e sho r t - l i ved Bi-210 a s well a s Po-210. equi l ibr ium. The rad ionucl ide mixtures "Th-Nat" and "U-Nat" a r e f o r the complete decay chains of U-238 and Th-232 i n s e c u l a r equi l ibr ium. approximately how they a re found i n nature . Note t h a t background s o i l concent ra t ions normally range from 0.5 t o 1 pCi/g.
Plutonium i s normally found ad a mixture of isotopes. A t yp ica l mixture a t Hanford has about 6 percent Pu-240 by mass. " P u 6%" a t the end of t h e t a b l e s . This mixture was a l s o aged 10 yea r s and recomputed. The r e s u l t s d i f f e r only s l i g h t l y from t h e f r e sh plutonium.
The "Ra-226 old" includes every nuc l ide down t o Po-210 i n s e c u l a r
This i s
This i s t he mixture l a b e l l e d
This i s was l a b e l l e d "Pu 6% Aged" on t h e t a b l e s .
Other mixtures o f rad ionucl ides can be eva lua ted by summing t h e products of the s o i l concen t r a t ions and t h e u n i t concent ra t ion dose f a c t o r in the f i r s t column of Table 1. 15,000 pCi/g Cs-137 would produce the annual dose shown below. EDE i s given i n mremly t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e in t akes occur over one working year . The dose commitment period i s s t i l l 50 yea r s . The u n i t s a r e thus the dose commitment per yea r of exposure.
For example, a mixture of 5,000 pCi/g Sr-90 and Note-Chat t h e
S r & Cs Mixture = (5000 pCi/g)(O.O0672 mrem/y per pCi/g) t (15000 pCi/g) (0.00161 mremly per pCi/g)
= 33.6 + 24.2 mrem/y = 57.8 mrem/y
HNF-2418 Page 5
T a b l e 1. U n i t Dose Factors and S o i l Concen t ra t i on L i m i t s
TEDE mremly Max pC i /g t o g i v e t h e annual doses N u c l i d e a t 1 pC i /g Pathway 1 mrem 100 mrem 500 mrem
2.68E-06 3.74Et05 H-3 Be-7 Be-10 C-14 . Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46 v-49 Mn-54 .Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni -59 Ni-63 Zn-65 Se-75 92-79
Sr-89 Sr-90tD Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95+D Nb-93m
Rb-87
Nb-94 Nb-95 MO-93 Tc-99 Ru-103tD Ru-106tD Pd-107 Ag-108mtD Ag-llOmtD
Cd-113111 Cd-115111 I n - 1 14m+D In-115 Sn-l13+D Sn-119m
Cd-109
1.47E-06 4.37E-03 7.72E-05 3.32E-04 1.57E-05 3.39E-04 6.13E-04 4.80E-05 8.05E-05 1.6ZE-04 3.96E-06 1.03E-04 4.18E-05 6.06E-05 8.99E-05 5.98E-05 3.09E-03 2.11E-05 5.15E-05 3.77E-04 1.43E-04 3.35E-04 1.62E-04 6.14E-05 6.72E-03 1.86E-04 1.88E-04 3.90E-03 1.26E-04 3.55E-04 5.15E-03 1.86E-05 3.83E-04 1.36E-04 2.86E-05 4.65E-03 1.57E-04 3.58E-03 7.76E-04 1.31E-03 2.18E-02 2.23E-04 2.90E-04 4.88E-02 8.41E-05 7.35E-05
Inges t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I nges t I n h a l e I n h a l e Inges t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I n g e s t I n g e s t I nges t I n g e s t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e
6.79Et.05 2.29Et02 1.30E+04 3.01E+03 6.39Et04 2.95E+03 1.63Et03 2.08Et04 I f24E+04 6.16E+03 2.52Et05 9.75Et03 2.39Et04 1.65Et04 1.11 Et04 1.67Et04 3.24Et02 4.73Et04 1.94Et04 2.65Et03 7.02E+03 2.98E+03 6.18Et03 1.63E+04 1.49E+02 5.38Et03 5.32E+03 2.56E+02 7.91Et03 2.81 E+03 1.94Et02 5.39Et04 2.61 E+03 7.33Et03 3.50E+04 2.15E+02 6.37Et03 2.79Et02 1.29Et03 7.63E+02 4.59E+01 4.48Et03 3.45E+03 2.05Et01 1.19Et04 1.36E+04
3.74Et07 1.87Et08 6.79Et07 3.40Et08 2.29Et04 1.14Et05 1.30E+06 6.48E+06 3.01Et05 1.50Et06 6.39Et06 3.19E+07 2.95Et05 1.48Et06 1.63Et05 8.16Et05 7.08E+06 1.04Et07 1.24E+06 6 . 2 i ~ t o 6 6.16Et05 3.08&06 2.52Et07 1.26Et08 9.75Es05 4.88Et06 2.39Et06 1.20Et07 1.65Et06 8.25Et06 l . l l E t 0 6 5.56E+06 1.67Et06 8.36Et06 3.24Et04 1.62E+05 4.73E+06 2.36E+07 1.94Et06 9.71Et06 2.65Et05 1.33Et06 7.02Et05 3.51Et06 2.98Et05 1.49Et06 6.18Et05 3.09Et06 1.63Et06 8.14E+06 1.49Et.04 7.44Et04 5.38Et05 2.69E+06 5.32Et05 2.66€+06 2.56Et04 1.28E+05 7.91Et05 3.96E+06 2.81E+05 1.41Et06 1.94E+04 * 9.71Et04 5.39Et06 2.69Et07 2.61Et05 1.30E+06 7.33Et05 3.66Et06 3.50E+06 1.75E+07 2.15E+04 1.08Et.05 6.37Et05 3.19Et06 2.79€+04 1.40Et.05 i .29E+o5 6 . 4 5 ~ t o 5 7.63E+04 3.82Et05 4.59E+03 2.29Et04 4.48Et05 2.24Et06 3.45E+05 1.72Et06 2.05Et03 1.02Et04 1.19Et06 5.95Et06 1.36Et06 6.80Et06
HNF-2418 Page 6
Tab le 1. U n i t Dose Fac tors and S o i l C o n c e n t r a t i o n L i m i t s , Cont inued
TEDE mremly Max pCi /g t o g i v e t h e annual doses N u c l i d e a t 1 D C i / q Pathway 1 mrem 100 mrem 500 mrem Sn-1ZlmtD Sn-123 Sn-l26+D Sb-124 Sb-125 Te-123111 Te-125111 Te- 127mi.D Te-I29m+D 1-125 1-129 CS-134
' CS-135 - CS- 137+D Ba-133 Ce-144tD Pm-147 Pm-I48m+D Sm-147 Sin-151 Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154 Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 Ho-166111 Tm-170 Ta-182
Re-I87
I r - 1 9 2
W-181 W-185
OS-I85
Pt-193 Au-195 Hg-203 T1-204 Pb-21OtD Bi-207 PO-209 Po-210 Ra-226tD Ra-228+D Ac-227tD Th-228tD ,
1.98E-04 2.63E-04 1.74E-03 1.30E-04 2.21E-04 1.12E-04 4.05E-05 1.88E-04 7.4l.E-05 2.93E-04 8.98E-03 2.03E-03 2.31E-04 1.61 E-03 1.73E-04 3.32E-03 4.37E-04 7.84E-05 9.02E-01 3.68E-04 3.35E-03 2.74E-03 3.53E-03 5.00E-04
1.95E-04 3.17E-03 1.30E-04 9.48E-03 1.96E-04 2.83E-04 4.37E-06 1.68E-05 8.90E-07 6.24E-05 1.36E-04 5.66E-06 9.85E-05 6.85E-05 1.03E-04 3.81E-01 3.73E-04 2.00E-01 7.36E-02 1.42E-01 7.35E-01
2.93Et00
7.97E+01 3.49Et00
I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I n g e s t I n g e s t I n g e s t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n g e s t I n h a l e I n g e s t I n g e s t I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e I n h a l e
5.05E+03 3.80E+03 5.74Et02 7.69Et03 4.53Et03 8.96E+03 2.47E+04 5.31Et03 1.35E+04 3.42E+03 1. l lEt .02 4.93Et02 4.32E+03 6.20Et02 5.78Et03 3.01Et02 2.29E+03 1.28Et04 1.11 Et00 2.72E+03 2.99E+02 3.65Et02 2.83 E+02 2.00Et03
5.12Et03 3.15E+02 7.71Et03 1.06Et02 5.10E+03 3.54Et03 2.29Et05 5.94E+04 1.12Et06 1.60E+04 7.35E+03 1.77Et05 1.01 Et04 1.46E+04 9.70Ei.03 2.63E+00 2.68E+03 5. O O E t O O 1.36Ei.01 7.04E+00 1.36Es00
3.42E-01
1.25E-02 2.87E-01
5.05Ei.05 3.80 Et0 5 5.74Et04 7.69Et05 4.53E+05 8.96E+05 2.47E+06 5.31E+05 1.35E+06 3.42Et05 1.11E+04 4.93Et04 4.32E+05 6.20Et04 5.78Et05 3.01E+04 2.29Et05 1.28Et06 1 . l l E t 0 2 2.72E+05 2.99Et04 3.65Et04 2.83E+04 2.00Et05 3.42Et01 5.12Et05 3.15Et04 7.71Et05 1.06Et04 5.10E+05 3.54Et05 2.29Et07 5.94Et06 1.12Et08 1.60Et06 7.35Et05 1.77Et07 1.01 Et06 II46E+06 9.70Et05 2.63Et02 2.68Et05 5.00Et02 1.36Et03 7.04Et02 1.36E+02 1.25Ei.00 2.87Et01
2.53 E t 0 6 1.90Et06 2.87E+05 3.84E+06 2.27Et06 4.48Et.06 1.23E+07 2.65E+06 6.75E+06 1.71Et06 5.57Et04 2.47c<05 2.16Et06 3.10Et05 2.89E+06 1.51Et05 1.15Et.06 6.38Et06 5.55E+02 1.36E+06 1.49Et05 1.82Et05 1.42Et05 1.00Et06 1.71Et02 2.56E+06 1.58Et05 3.86Et06 5.28E+04 2.55E+06 1.77Et06 ' 1.14Et08 2.97E+07 5.62Et08 8.01Et06 3.67E+06 8.84Et07 5.07Et06 7.30Et06 4.85Et06 1.31Et03 1.34Et06 2.50Et03 6.80Et03 3.52Et03 6.81Et02 6.27Ei.00 1.43E+02
HNF-2418 Page 7
Table 1. U n i t Dose Fac tors and Soi l Concentrat ion Limits, Continued
TEDE mremly Max pCi/g t o give t h e annual doses Nuclide a t 1 pCi/g Pathway 1 mrem 100 mrem 500 mrem Th-229tD Th-230 Th-232
U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235+D U-236 U-238tD Np-236 Np-237+D Pu-236
-Pu-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240 Pu-241tD Pu-242 Pu-244tD
Pa-231
Am-241 Am-242mtD Am-243+D Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246 Cm-247+D Cm-248 Cf-250 Cf-252 E~-254+D
2.61 E+ 01 3.92E+00 1.98E+01 1.69E+01 8.78E-01 1.04E-01 1.02E-01 9.43E-02 9.60E-02 9.14E-02
6.59E+00 1.29Et00
1.57Et.00
4.77E+00 5.24Ei00 5.24Et00
5.01Et-00 4.92E+00 5.41 E+OO 5.27E+00 5.37Et00
3.70E+00 2.97Et00 5.56Et00 5.51E400 5.06Et00 2.02Et01 3.1 1 E+OO 1.68Et00
6.50E-06
1.03E-01
1.19E-01
3.90E-01
Inhale Inha le Inha le Inha le I n h a l e Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le I n h a l e Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le I n h a l e I n h a l e Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le Inha le I n h a l e Inha le I n h a l e Inha le Inha le
3.83E-02 2.55E-0 1 5.06E-02 5.90E-02 1.14Et00 9.58Et00 9.84Et00 1.06E+01 1.04Et01 1.09Et01 7.77E-01 1.52E-01 6.37 E-0 1
2.10E-01 1.91E-01 1.91E-01
2.00E-01 2.03E-01 1.85E-01 1.90E-01 1.86E-01
2.70E-01 3.37E-01 1.80E-01 1.82E-01 1.98E-01 4.95E-02 3.21E-01 5.95E-01
1.54Et05
9.75E+00
8.43 E+OO
2.56E+00
3.83Ei-00 2.55E+01 5.06Et00 5.90E+00 1.14E+02 9.58E+02 9.84Et02 1.06Et03 1.04E+03 1.09Ec03 7.77E+01 1.52E+01 6.37E+01 1.54Et07 2.10E+01 1.91 Et01 1.91Et01 9.75Et02 2.00E+Ol 2.03E+01 1.85E+01 1.90Ec01 1.86E+01 8.43Et.02 2.70 Et0 1 3.37E+01 1.80E+01 1.82E+01 1.98Et01 4.95E+00 3.21 Et01 5.95Et01 2.56E+02
Zr-95 o l d 1.67E-04 Inha le 5.97E+03 5.97E+05 Sb-125 o l d 2.31E-04 Inha le 4.34E+03 4.34Et05 Pb-210 o ld 4.55E-01 Inha le 2.20E+00 2.20E+02 Ra-226 o l d 6.03E-01 Inha le 1.66Et00 1.66Et02 Th-Nat 2.40Et01 Inha le 4.17E-02 4.17E+00 U-Nat 4.71E+00 Inha le 2.12E-01 2.12E+01 Pu 6% 5.95Et00 I n h a l e 1.68E-01 1.68E+01 P u 6% lOyr 5.65Et00 I n h a l e 1.77E-01 1.77Et01 U-232 Y 8.57E+00 I n h a l e 1.17E-01 1.17Et01 U-233 Y 1.63E+00 Inha le 6.12E-01 6.12Et01 U-234 Y 1.60Et00 I n h a l e 6.26E-01 6.26E+01 U-235+D Y 1.48E+00 Inha le 6.75E-01 6.75Et01 U-236 Y 1.51Et00 Inha le 6.62E-01 6.62E+01 U-238+D Y 1.43E+00 Inha le 7.01E-01 7.01Et.01
1.92E+01 1.28Et02 2.53E+01 2.95E+01 5.69E+02 4.79Et03 4.92E+03 5.30Et03 5.21Et03 5.47E+03 3.88E3-02 7.58E+01 3.18E+02 7.70E+07 1.05E+02 9.54E+01 9.54E+01 4.87E+03 9.98E+01 1.02E+02 9.23E+01 9.48E+01 9.30 E+O 1 4'21 Et03 1.35E+02 1.68E+02 9.00Et01 9.08E+01 9.88 E+O 1 2.48Et01 1.61E+02 2.98E+02 1.28Et03
1.10E+03 8.30E+02 2.08E+01 1.06E+02 8.41 E+01 8.84E+01 5.84E+01 3.06E+02 3.13Et02 3.38Et02 3.31Et02 3.50Et02
Note: See d iscuss ion i n Sec t ion 3 .0 f o r explanat ion of t a b l e .
HN F- 24 18 Page 8
Tab le 2. S o i l L i m i t s and Ins t rument Response - 1 mrem/y
Est imated Ins t rument Readinas S o i l L i m i t C P W/C GM P-11 PAM How
N u c l i d e P C i h (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) D e t e c t a b l e H-3 Be-7 Be-IO C-14 Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46
' v-49 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni-59 Ni-63 211-65 Se-75 52-79
Sr-89 Sr-90tD Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95tD Nb-93m
Rb-87
Nb-94 Nb-95 MO-93 Tc-99 R~-103+D Ru-106tD Pd-107 Ag-108mtD Ag-llOm+D
Cd-113111 Cd-115111 In-1 I4mtD In-115 Sn-I13+D Sn-119m
Cd-109
3.74Et05 6.79Et05 2.29Ei.02 1.30Et04 3.01Et03 6.39Ei.04 2.95Et03 1.63E+03 2.08Et04 1.24Et04 6.16E+03 2.52Et05 9.75Et03 2.39E+04 1.65Es04 1 . l l E t 0 4 1.67Et04 3.24Et02 4.73E+04 1.94Et04 2.65Et03 7.02E+03 2.98Et.03 6.18Et03 1.63Et04 1.49Et02 5.38Et03 5.32Et03 2.56E+02 7.91E+03 2,81 Et03 1.94Et02 5.39Ei.04 2.61Et03 7.33Et03 3.50Et04 2.15E+02 6.37Ei.03 2.79E+02 1.29E+03 7.63Et02 4.59Et01 4.48Ei.03 3.45Et03 2.05Et01 1.19Et04 1.36Ei.04
O.OE+OO 3.4Ei.01
6.7Et00
5.2E-05 4.1E-05
2.3E-04 1.5E-03 2.6E-01
1.8E-04 O.OE+OO
1.2E+01 0. OEtOO 8.2Et00 O.OE+OO 2.OEt01 l . l E t 0 0 1.7E+01
O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 1.5Et00 2.7Et00
8.2E-01
1.3E-05 2.OE-04 2.9E-02 7.OE-04
3.OE-02 1.5E+01
O.OEtO0 5.9Et00
4.2Et01
l17E+01
0. OEsOO
3.6Et00
8.9E-05 3.1E-01
4.7E-04 2. IE-04
4.8E-02
4.6E-01
3.2E-03 6.3E-06 1.1E-01 3.1E-01 1.8E-06
l . lE -02 3.2E+00
0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 6.2E+01 1.1 Et02 8.1 Et02 6.2Et02 1.2Et03 1.6Et03 O.OE+OO 5.1Et02 5.8Et02 O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OEtOO 1.9Et03 3.1Et01 6.4Et02 2.2E+01 O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO 5.1E+00 3.1Et01 1.5Et01 2.7Et02 2.ZEt04 4.1Et02 6.8Et00 7.4Et03 0. OE+00 8.5E+02 O.OEtOO 3.2Et01 5.OEt02 O.OE+OO 3.9Et02 1.4E+03 9.3Et02 O.OE+OO 4.2Et01 1.4Et02 O.OE+OO 1. l E t O l 6.5Et03 7.1Et03 3.6Ei-00 2.7Et03 O.OE+OO
O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO
CPI
GMO CPO GMO
GMO GM1 GM1
GM4 CP1 GMO
CPO
CP1 GM1 CPO CP1 GMO
CPO CPO
GMO GM2 GMO
GM1 CPI
,CPO GMO
CPl GMO
GMO CP1 GM1
GMO
CPO GMO
GM1 GM1
CPO GM1
- At.- * : ” HNF-2418 Page 9
Table 2. Soil Limits and Instrument Response - 1 mrem/y,.Continued Estimated Instrument Readinqs
S o i l Limit CP W/C GM P-11 PAM How Nuclide (cpm) Detectable
Sn-1ZlmtD Sn-123 Sn-126tD Sb-124 .~ Sb-125 Te-123m Te-125111 Te-127mtD Te- 129mtD 1-125 1
1-129 CS-134 CS- 13 5 Cs-137tD Ba-133 Ce-l44+D
Pm-l48m+D Sm-147 Sm-151
PN-147
Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154 Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 H0-166m Tm-170 Ta-182
Re-187
Ir-192
W-181 W-185
OS-185
Pt-193 Au-195 Hg-203 T1-204 Pb-2 1 O+D Bi-207 Po-209 Po-210 Ra-226+D
5.05E+03 3.80Et03 5.74Et02 7.69Et03 4.53E+03 8.96E+03 2.4 7 E+04 5.31Et03 1.35E+04 3.42E+03 1.llE+02 4.93E+02 4.32Et03 6.20Es02 5.78E+03 3.01E+02 2.29E+03 1.28Et04 1.11 Et00 2.72Et.03
2.83E+02 2.00Et03
5.12E+03 3.15E+02 7.71Et03 1.06Es02 5.10E+03 3.54E+03 2.29Et05 5.94Et04 1.12Ei-06 1.60Et04 7.35E+03 If77E+05 1.01Es04 1.46E+04 9.70Et03 2.63E+00 2.68Et03 5.00E+00 1.36E+01 7.04E+00 1.36E+00
2.99E+02 3.65E+02
3.42E-01
1.25E-02 2.87E-01
2.8E-03 3.2E-02 1.2E+00 1.4Et01 1.9Ei.00 l.lEt.00 9.9E-02 3.4E-02 9.2E-01 1.6E-02 3.9E-04 7.9E-01 3.8E-05 3.6E-01
1.7E-02 2.6E-05
2.2E+00
2.6E+O 1 0. OEtOO 7.5E-07 4.5E-01 4.1E-01 3.5E-01 7.9E-02
2.7E-01 2.4E-01
1.9E-01 1.7E-02
0. OE+OO
8.7E+00
4.5Et00 4.1E+00
O.OE+OO l.lE+OI 6.2E+00 O.OE+OO
3.5Et00
4.1E+00
5.5E-03
4.7E-01
8.6E-03 3.4E-06
1.5E-01 1.2E-07 1.3E-02 1.3E-03 4.8E-06 4.6E-04
1.3Et02 4.4Et03 9.1Et02 6.5E+03 3.4E+02 2.2Et02 6.7E+02 1.8E+03 1.7E+04 O.OE+OO
l.lEt02 7.6E+01 2.2E+02 7.5Et01 1.1 Et03 5.4Ec01 3.7E+03 O.OE+OO
O.OEtO0 6.4Et01 1.2E+02 2.1E+01 O.OE+OO 1.3E+01 2.9EtO1 2.8Et03 1 .OE+01 2.9Et03 5.2E+02 O.OEtO0 7.4E+03 O.OE+OO 2.OEt02 2.1Et03 O.OE+OO 3.8E+01 1.1E+03 3.6Et03 2.1E+00 7.3E+02
0. OE+OO 1.5Et01 I.lE+OO
5.8E-01
4.OE-04
1. IE-03
2.8E-02 5.4F-01
0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO
GMO GM1
CPO GMO CP1 GM1 CPO GMO CPO GMO
GMO GM1 GM2 _- GMO
GMO
GM1
CPI GM1
CPO
GMO
CPO GM1
GM1 O.OE+OO * CPO GMO O.OEtO0 CPO
0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO CPl GMO O.OE+OO CPO GM1 O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO CPO GM1 O.OE+OO GM1 O.OE+OO
0. OE+OO GM1
O.OE+OO CPO GMO
2.5E+00 O.OE+Ob
2.6E-01 8.8E-0 1
6.7E-03
HNF-2418 Page 10
Table 2. Soil Limits and Instrument Response - 1 mrem/y, Continued
Estimated Instrument Readinqs S o i l Limit CP W/C GM P-11 PAM HOW
Nuclide PCih (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) Detectable Th-229tD Th-230 Th-232
U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235tD U-236 U-238tD Np-236 Np-237+D Pu-236 Pu-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240 Pu-241tD Pu-242 Pu-244tD
Pa-231
Am-241 Am-242m+D Am-243+D Cm-242 Cm-243
Cm-245
Cm-247tD Cm-248
CM-244
CM-246
Cf-250 Cf-252 E~-254+D
3.83E-02 2.55E-01 5.06E-02 5.90E-02 1.14E+00 9.58E+00 9.84Et00 1.06Et01 1.04Et01 1.09Et01 7.77E-01 1.52E-01 6.37E-01
2.10E-01 1.91E-01 1.91E-01
2.00E-01 2.03E-01 1.85E-01 1.90E-01 1.86E-01
2.70E-01 3.37E-01 1.80E-01 1.82E-01 1.98E-01 4.95E-02 3.21E-01 5.95E-01
1.54E+05
9.75Et00
8.43E+00
2.56Et00
l.lE-05 6.6E-08 5.8E-09 2.1E-06 2.2E-07 2.7E-06 8.7E-07 1.6E-03 5.2E-07 2.6E-04 7.3E-05 3.2E-05 3.5E-08
8.2E-09 1.1E-08 6.7E-09 3.8E-08 6.5E-09 6.9E-05 1.9E-06 2.6E-06 3.4E-05 3.8E-07 3.1E-05 1. IE-08 1.3E-05 6.1E-09 6.8E-05 1.1E-09 9.OE-09 2.6E-08 2.3E-03
5.2Et00
5.2E-02
2.7E-06 4.2E-04 1.1E-04 9.6E-05 5.7E-04 5.4E-01 4.7E-04
6.OE-02 2.3E-02
O.OEtO0
2.5Et01
O.OEtO0 2.4Et00 O.OEtO0 0. OEtOO O.OEtO0
O.OE+OO 1.9E-05
3.2E-01 8.1E-06 4.2E-02 3.5E-02
2.OE-02
4.7E-03
4.2E-02
1.4E-06 3.9E-06
O.OEtOO
O.OE+OO
0. OE+OO
0. OEtOO
1.3Et00
2.1E-02 l.lE-02 1.3E-03 3.4E-03 7.4E-02 4.7E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 3.4E-01 - .- O.OEtO0
O.OEtO0 CPO
7.3E-03 5.1E-02
1.5E-02 l.lE-02 ,
1.1E-02
1 .OE-02 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 5.6E-05 1.2E-02 . 7.8E-01 2.2E-02
0. OE+OO
2.7E-02 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 2.6E-03
5.3E-02 2.6E-01
2.9E-02 '
Zr-95 old 5.97E+03 1.5Et01 7.6Et02 O.OE+OO CPl GMO
Ra-226 old 1.66Et00 3.OE-03 4.7Et.00 7.1E-01
Sb-125 old 4.34Et03 1.9Et00 3.5Et02 O.OEtO0 CPO GMO Pb-210 old 2.20Et00 2.8E-06 1.7E+00 1.4E-01
Th-Nat 4.17E-02 l.lE-04 l.lE-01 2.3E-02 U-Nat 2.12E-01 3.9E-04 l.lE+OO 1.2E-01 Pu 6% 1.68E-01 1.3E-07 2.8E-06 1.OE-02
U-232 Y 1.17E-01 2.2E-08 l.lE-05 7.6E-03 Pu 6% lOyr 1.77E-01 2.7E-07 2.5E-06 l.lE-02
U-233 Y 6.12E-01 1.8E-07 6.1E-06 3.OE-02 U-234 Y 6.26E-01 5.5E-08 3.6E-05 3.OE-02 U-235tD Y 6.75E-01 1.OE-04 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 U-236 Y 6.62E-01 3.3E-08 3.OE-05 2.6E-02 U-238+D Y 7.01E-01 1.7E-05 1.6Et00 2.2E-02
HNF-2418 Page 11
Table 3. S o i l L i m i t s and Instrument Response - 100 mrem/y Estimated Instrument Readi nqs
Soil Limit CP W/C GM P-11 PAM How Nuclide PCi /g (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) Detectable
H-3 Be-7 Be-IO C-14 Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46 v-49 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni-59 Ni-63 211-65 Se-75 Se-79
Sr-89 Sr-90+D Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95tD Nb-93m
Rb-87
Nb-94 Nb-95 MO-93 Tc-99 R~-103+D R~-106+D Pd-107 Ag-108mtD Ag-llOm+D
Cd-113m Cd-115111 In- 1 14m+D In-115 Sn-l13+D
Cd-109
3.74E+07 6.79E+07 2.29E+04 1.30E+06 3.01Et05 6.39E+06 2.95E+05 1.63Et05 2.08E+06 1.24E+06 6.16E+05 2.52E+07 9.75Et05 2.39Et06 1.65E+06 1.llEt06 1.67E+06 3.24E+04 4.73E+06 1.94E+06 2.65E+05 7.02E+05 2.98E+05 6.18E+05 1.63Et06 1.49E+04 5.38Et05 5.32Et05 2.56E+04 7.91E+05 2.81E+05 1.94E+04 5.39Et06 2.61E+05 7.33Et05 3.50E+06 2.15Et04 6.37Et05 2.79E+04 1.29E+05 7.63E+04 4.59E+03 4.48E+05 3.45E+05 2.05Ei.03 1.19Et06 1.36E+06
O.OE+OO 3.4E+03
6.7Et02
2.6E+01 0. OE+OO
1.2Et03 0. OE+00 8.2Et02 O.OE+OO 2.OE+03 l.lE+02 1.7E+03 8.2E+01 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 1.5Et02 2.7Et02
2.9E+00
1.5E+03 3.OE+OO O.OE+OO 5.9Et02
3.1E+01 4.2Et03
1.7E+03 4.8E+00 O.OE+OO 4.6E+01 3.6E+02
1. lE+Ol 3.1Et01
3.2Et02 1.1E+00
5.2E-03 4.1E-03
2.3E-02 1.5E-01
1.8E-02
1.3E-03 2.OE-02
7.OE-02
8.9E-03
4.7E-02 2.1E-02
3.2E-01 6.3E-04
1.8E-04
O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO 6.2Et03 l.lEt04 8.1Et04 6.2E+04 1.2Et05 1.6E+05 O.OE+OO 5.1Es04 5.8Et04 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 1.9E+05 3.1Es03 6.4Et04 2.2Et03 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 5.1E+02 3.1E+03 1.5E+03 2.7Et04 2.2E+06 4.1Et04 6.8Et02 7.4Et05 O.OE+OO 8.5E+04 O.OE+OO 3.2E+03 5.OEt04 0. OE+OO 3.9Et04 1.4E+05 9.3Et04 0. OEtOO 4.2Et03 1.4Et04 0. OE+OO 1.1Es03 6.5Et05 7.1Es05 3.6Et02 2.7Et05 O.OE+OO
0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO. O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0 . OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO
c P3 GM1 GM2
CP2 GM2 GM2 GM3
CP1 GM3
GM2 CP3 GM2
CP2
CP3 GM3 CP2 GM1 CP3 GM2 CP1 GM1
CP2 GMO CP2 GM1
GM1 GM2
CPO GM4 GM2
CP3 GMO CPO GM3
CP2 GM2
CP1 GM1 CP3 GM2
GM2 CP3 GM3 CPO GM2
CP1 GM1 CP2 GM2
GM1 CP1 GM3 CP1 GM3
g140 CP2 GM3
8
O.OE+OO CPO Sn-119m
HNF-2418 Page 12
T a b l e - 3 . S o i l L i m i t s and I n s t r u m e n t Response - 100 mrem/y, Cont inued
Est imated Ins t rument Readinas S o i l L i m i t CP W / C GM P-11 PAM How
N u c l i d e pCi /g (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) D e t e c t a b l e -~ Sn-l2lmtD Sn-123 Sn-126tD Sb-124 Sb-125 Te-123m Te-125111 Te-127mtD Te- 129mtD 1-125 1-129 CS-134 CS-135 Cs-137tD Ba-133 Ce-144tD Pm-147 Pm-l48mtD Sm-147 Sm-151 Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154
~ Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 Ho-166111 Tm-170 Ta-182 W-181 W-185
OS-185
Pt-193
Re-187
I r -192
Bi-207 PO-209 Po-210 Ra-226sD Ra-228tD Ac-227tD Th-228tD
5.05Et05 3.80E+05 5.74Et04 7.69Ei-05 4.53Et05 8.96Et05 2.47Ei.06 5.31Et05 1.35Et06 3.42Et05 l . l l E t 0 4 4.93Et04 4.32Et05 6.20Ei.04 5.78Et05 3.01Ei.04 2.29Et05 1.28Et06 l . l l E t 0 2 2.72Et05 2.99Et.04 3.65Et04 2.83Et04 2.00Ei-05 3.42Et01 5.12Et05 3.15Et04 7.71Et05 1.06Et04 5.10Et05 3.54Et05 2.29Et07 5.94Et06 1.12Et08 1.60Et06 7.35Et05 1.77Et07 1.01 Et06 1.46Es06 9.70Et05 2.63Et02 2.68Et05 5.00Et02 1.36Et03 7.04Et02 1.36Et02 1.25Et00 2.87Et01
2.8E-01 3.2Et00 1.2Et02 1.4Et03 1.9Et02 1.1Et02 9.9Et00 3.4Et00 9.2Et01 1.6Et00
7.9Et01
3.6Et01 2.2Et02 1.7Et00
2.6Et03 0. OEtOO
4.5Et01 4.1Et01 3.5Et01 7.9Et00 O.OEtO0 2.7Et01 2.4Et01 8.7Et02 1.9Et01 1.7Et00 4.5Et02 4.1Et02
O.OEtO0 l . l E t 0 3 6.2Et02 O.OE+OO 4.7Et01 3.5Et02
4.1Et02 1.5Et01
1.3Et00
3.9E-02
3.8E-03
2.6E-03
7.5E-05
5.5E-01
8.6E-01 3.4E-04
1.ZE-05
1.3E-01 4.8E-04 4.6E-02
1.3Et04 4.4Et05 9.1Et04 6.5Et05 3.4Et04 2.2Et04 6.7Et04 1.8Et05 1.7Et06 O.OE+OO 5.8Es01 1.1Et04 7.6Et03 2.2Et04 7.5Et03 1.1Et05 5.4Et03 3.7Et05 O.OEtO0
0. OEtOO 6.4Et03 1.2Et04 2.1 Et03 O.OE+OO 1.3Et03 2.9Et03 2.8Et05 1.OEt03 2.9Et05 5.2Et04 O.OE+OO 7.4Et05 O.OE+OO 2.OEt04 2.1Et05 0. OEtOO 3.8Et03 l . l E t 0 5 3.6Et05 2.1Et02 7.3Et04
O.OE+OO 1.5Ei.03 1.1Et02 2.8Et00 5.4Et01
4.OE-02
l . lE -01
0. OEtOO GM2 O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO
0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 .OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OEtOO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO 0 .'OE+OO 0. OEcOO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEtOO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OEcOO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO O.OEtO0 2.6Et01 8.8Et01 2.5Et02 O.OEtO0
1.5Et01
0 : OEtOO
6.7E-01
CPO GM3 CP2 GM2 CP3 GM3 CP2 GM2 CP2 GM2 CPO GM2 CPO GM3 C P 1 GM4 CPO -_ C P 1 GM2
GM1 CP1 GM2 CP2 GM1 CPO GM3
GM1 CP3 GM3
CP1 C P l GM1 CP1 GM2 CPO GM1
CP1 GM1 CPl GM1 CP2 GM3 CPl GM1 CPO GM3
'CP2 GM2 CP2
GM3
CP3 GM2 CP2 GM3
CP1 GM1 CP2 GM3
GM3 GMO
CP2 GM2 CPI
CPO GM1 PAM0 GMO
HNF-2418 Page 13
Tab le 3. S o i l L i m i t s and Ins t rumen t Response - 100 mrem/y, Cont inued
Est imated Ins t rumen t Readinqs S o i l L i m i t CP W/C GM P-11 PAM How
( W h ) (cpm) (cpm) De tec tab le N u c l i d e P C i h Th-229tD 3.83Et00 l . lE-03 5.2E+00 2.1Et00
2.55Et01 6.6E-06 O.OE+OO l . l E t 0 0 Th-230 Th-232
U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235tD U-236 U-238+D Np-236
' Np-237+D Pu-236 PU-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240
Pa-231
Pu-241tD Pu-242 P~-244+D Am-241 Am-242m+D Am-243+D Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246 Cm-247+D CW-248 Cf-250 Cf-252 Es-254tD Zr-95 o l d
Ra-226 o l d Th-Nat U-Nat Pu 6% Pu 6% lOyr
Sb-125 o l d Pb-210 o l d
U-232 Y U-233 Y U-234 Y U-235+D Y U-236 Y U-238+D Y
5.06Et00 5.90E+00 1.14E+02 9.58Et02
1.06E+03 1.04E+03 1.09E+03 7.77E+01 1.52Et01 6.37Et01 1.54E+07 2.10E+01 I . 91E+Ol 1.91E+01
2.00E+01 2.03E+01 1.85Et01 1.90E+01 1.86E+01 8.43Et02 2.70Et01 3.37Et01 1.80Et01 1.82E+01 1.98Et01 4.95E+00 3.21Et01 5.95 E t0 1 2.56Et02 5.97E+05 4.34Et05 2.20Et02 1.66E+02 4.17E+00 2.12Et01 1.68Et01 1.77Et01 l f17E+01 6.12Et01 6.26E+01 6.75E+01 6.62E+01 7.01 E t01
9.84Et.02
9.75Et02
5.8E-07 2.1E-04 2.2E-05 2.7E-04 8.7E-05 1.6E-01 5.2E-05 2.6E-02 7.3E-03 3.2E-03 3.5E-06
8.2E-07 1.1 E-06 6.7E-07 3.8E-06 6.5E-07 6.9E-03 1.9E-04 2.6E-04 3.4E-03 3.8E-05 3.1E-03 l . lE -06 1.3E-03 6.1E-07 6.8E-03 1. IE-07 9.OE-07
5.2Et02
2.6E-06 2.3E-01 1.5Et03 1.9Et02 2.8E-04 3.OE-01 l . lE-02 3.9E-02 1.3E-05 2.7E-05 2.2E-06 1.8E-05 5.5E-06 1.OE-02 3.3E-06 1.7E-03
2.7E-04 4.2E-02 1.1E-02 9.6E-03 5.7E-02
4.7E-02 5.4Et01
2.5E+03 6.OE+00 2.3Et00 O.OEtO0 2.4E+02 O.OEtOO O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO
O.OEtO0 3.2E+01
4.2Et00 3.5E+00 O.OEtO0 2.OE+OO O.OE+OO
O.OE+OO 4.2Et00 O.OEtO0
1.9E-03
8.1E-04
4.7E-01
1.4E-04
1.3E-01 3.4E-01 7.4E+00 4.7Et01 4.7E+OI 3.9E+01 4.1 E t01 3.4E+01 O.OEtO0
5.1Es00 0. OEtOO 1.5E+00 l.lE+OO l . l E + O O O.OE+OO 1 .OE+OO
1,3E+00
1.2Et00 7.8E+01 2.2Et00 2.7EtOO 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 l f1E+00
2.9E+00 4
7.3E-01
8.6E-01
5.6E-03
2.6E-01
CP2 GMO
3.9E-04 1.3E+02 7.6Et04 3.5Et04 1.7Et02 4.7Et02 l . l E t 0 1 1. i E t o 2 2.8E-04 2.5E-04 1.1E-03 6.1 E-04 3.6E-03 3.5E+00 3 .OE-03 1.6E+02
5.3Et00 2.6Et01 GMO O.OEtOO CP3 GM2 O.OE+OO CP2 GM2 1.4Et01 GMO 7.1E+01 GMO 2.3E+00 1.2E+01 GMO 1 .OE+OO l . l E t 0 0
3. OE+OO 3. OE+OO 2.5E+00 2.6Et00 2.2E+00 GMO
7.6E-01
HNF-2418 Page 14
Tab le 4. S o i l L i m i t s and Ins t rumen t Response-- 500 mrem/y
Est imated Ins t rumen t Readincls S o i l L i m i t CP W/C GM P-11 PAM HOW
Nuc l i de P C i h (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) De tec tab le
H-3 Be-7 Be-IO C-14 Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46
' v-49 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni-59 Ni-63 Zn-65 Se-75 Se-79
Sr-89 Sr-90+D Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95+D Nb-93m
Rb-87
Nb-94 Nb-95 MO-93 Tc-99 Ru-103i.D R~-106+D Pd-107 Ag-108mtD Ag-lIOm+D
Cd-113m Cd-115m In-1 14m+D
Cd-109
1.87Et08 3.40Ei.08 1.14E+05 6.48E+06 1.50E+06 3.19E+07 1.48Ei.06 8.16Et05 1.04E+07 6.21Et06 3.08E+06 1.26E-1.08 4.88E+06 1.20E+07 8.25E+06 5.56E+06 8.36Et06 1.62E+05 2.36E+07 9.71E+06 1.33E+06 3.51Et06 1.49E+06 3.09E+06 8.14Ei.06 7.44E+04 2.69E+06 2.66Et06 I . 28Et05 3.96E+06 1.41 E+06 9.71Et04 2.69E+07 1.30E+06 3.66E+06 1.75Ei.07 1.08E+05 3.19E+06 1.40Et05 6.45E+05 3.82E+05 2.29E+04 2.24E+06 1.72E+06 1.02Ei.04
0. OE+OO 1.7Et04
3.3E+03
1.3E+02 0. OE+OO
6.2Et03 0. OE+OO 4.1E+03 O.OEtO0 9.8E+03 5.7E+02 8.3E+03 4.1Ei.02 O.OEi.00 O.OE+OO 7.7E+02 1.3E+03
1.4E+01
7.3Ei.03 1.5E+01 0. OE+OO 3.OE+03
1.6E+02 2.1E+04
8.4E+03 2.4Et01 O.OE+OO 2.3Et02 1.8Et03 1.6Et00
5.5Ei.01 1.5Ei.02
2.6E-02 2.1E-02
1.1E-01 7.3E-01
8.8E-02
6.7E-03 9.8E-02
3.5E-01
4.4E-02
2.3E-01 1.OE-01
3.1E-03
8.8E-04
O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO 3.1Et04 5.4Et04 4.OEt05 3.1Ei.05 5.8Et05 8.2Et05 O.OE+OO 2.5E+05 2.9Et.05 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO 9.3E+05 1.6E+04 3.2Et05 l . l E t 0 4 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO 2.5E+03 1.5E+04 7.3E+03 1.4Et05 1.1E+07 2.1Et05 3.4Ei-03 3.7Et06 O.OE+OO 4.2E+05 O.OEtO0 1.6Et04 2.5Et05 0. OE+OO 1.9Et05 6.9Et05 4.6Ei.05 O.OE+OO 2.1E+04 7.2E+04 O.OEtO0 5.6E+03 3.3E+06 3.6Ei.06 1.8Ei.03 1.4Et06
0,. OEtOO 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OEtOO 0. OEtOO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. O E t O O O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. O E t O O O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. O E t O O 0. O E t O O 0. O E t O O 0. O E t O O 0. O E t O O O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO
CP4 GM2 GM2
CP3 GM3 GM3 GM3
CP2 GM3
GM3 CP3 GM3
CP3
CP3 GM3 CP2 GM2 CP3 GM3 CP2 GM2
CP2 G M I CP3 GM2
GM1 GM3
CP1 GM5 GM3
CP3 GM1 C P l GM4
CP3 GM3
CP2 GM2 CP4 GM3
GM3 CP3 GM3 C P 1 GM3
CP2 GM2 CP3 GM2 CPO
GM 1 C P 1 GM4 CP2 GM4
GM1 CP3 GM4
In-115 Sn-113tD 5.95Ei.06 1.6Et03 Sn-119m 6.80E+06 5.7Ei.00 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO CPO
> , J , 1 2
HNF-2418 Page 15
Table 4. Soil Limits and Instrument Response - 500 mrem/y, Continued Estimated Instrument Readinas
Soil Limit CP W/C GM P-11 PAM How Nuclide pCi/g (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) Detectable Sn-12lmtD 2.53E+06 Sn-123 1.90E+06 Sn-126+D Sb-124 Sb-125 Te-123111 Te-125m Te-l27m+D Te-l29m+D 1-125 1-129 CS-134 CS-135 C~-137+D 8a-133 Ce-I44+D Pm-147 Pm-148m+D Sm-147 Sm-151 Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154 Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 Ho-166111 Tm-170 Ta-182
Re-187
Ir-192
W-181 W-185
OS-185
Pt-193 Au-195 HCJ-203 T1-204 Pb-ZlOtD 8i-207 PO-209 Po-210 Ra-226tD Ra-228tD Ac- 22 7+D Th-228tD
2.87E+05 3.84E+06 2.27Et.06 4.48E+06 1.23Es07 2.65Et06 6.75Et.06 1.71Ei.06 5.57E+04 2.47Et.05 2.16E+06 3.10E+05 2.89E+06 1.51E+05 1.15E+06 6.38E+06 5.55E+02 1.36E+06 1.49E+05 1.82E+05 1.42E+05 1.00Es06 1.71E+02 2.56Et.06 lf58E+05 3.86E+06 5.28E+04 2.55E+06 1.77E+06 lf14E+08 2.97E+07 5.62E+08 8.01Et06 3.67E+06 8.84E+07 5.07E+06 7.30Et06 ' 4.85Et06 1.31E+03 1.34E+06 2.50E+03 6.80Ei.03 3.52Et03 6.81 E+OZ 6.27E+00 1.43E+02
1.4E+00 1.6E+01 5.9Et02 7.1E+03 9.7E+02 5.5E+02 4.9E+01 1.7E+01 4.6E+02 7.9E+00
3.9E+02
1.8E+02 1.1E+03 8.4E+00
lf3E+04 O.OE+OO
2.2Ei-02 2.1Et02 1.7Et02 3.9E+01 O.OE+OO 1.4E+02 1.2E+02 4.3Et03 9.3Et01 8.3Et00 2.2Et03 2.OEt03 2.7E+00 O.OE+OO 5.7Et03 3.1Et03 O.OE+OO 2.3E+02 1.7E+03 4.3Et00
2.1 E+03 7.7E+01
6.3E+00
1.9E-01
1.9E-02
1.3E-02
3.8E-04
1.7E-03
5.9E-05
6.6E-01
6.5E+04 2.2Et06 4.6E+05 3.3E+06 1.7E+05 l.lE+05 3.4E+05 9.1E+05 8.5Et06 O.OE+OO 2.9E+02 5.6E+04 3.8E+04 1.1 E+05 3.7E+04 5.4E+05 2.7Et04 1.8Et06 O.OE+OO
O.OE+OO 3.2E+04 5.8E+04 1 .OE+04 O.OE+OO 6.6E+03 1.4E+04 1.4E+06 5.1 E+03 lf5E+06 2.6E+05 0 .OE+OO 3.7E+06 0. OE+OO 9.8E+04 1.1E+06 O.OE+OO 1.9E+04 5.7E+05 1.8E+06 l.OEt.03 3.7E+05
O.OE+OO 7.3E+03 5.4E+02
2.OE-01
5.6E-01
2.4E-03 1.4E+01 2.3E-01 2.7E+02
3.3Et00
O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OEtO0 O,OE+OO D.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 .OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0. OE+OO 0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 0. OE+OO O.OE+OO 0 . OE+OO O.OE+OO O.OE+OO 1.3Et02 4.4E+02 1.3Et03 O.OE+OO
CPO GM2 CP1 GM4 CP2 GM3 CP3 GM4 CP2 GM3 CP2 GM3 CP1 GM3 CP1 GM3 CP2 GM4 CPO
CP2 GM2 GM2
CP2 GM3 CP3 GM2 CPO GM3
GM2 CP4 GM4
G@
CP2 CP2 GM2 CP2 GM2 CP1 GM2
CP2 GM1 CP2 GM2 CP3 GM4 CP1 GM1 CPO GM4 'CP3 GM3 CP3 CPO GM4
CP3 GM2 CP3 GM4
CP2 GM2 CP3 GM3 CPO GM4
GM1 CP3 GM3 CP1 PAMO
PAMO CPO GM1 PAM1
GMO
7.5E+01 GMO
Page 16 HNF-2418
Tab le 4. S o i l L i m i t s and Ins t rumen t Response - 500 mrem/y, Continued
Est imated Inst rument Readinss S o i l L i m i t CP W/C GM P-11 PAM How
Nuc l i de Pc i /g (mR/h) (cpm) (cpm) Detec tab le Th-229tD Th-230 Th-232
U-232 U-233 U-234
Pa-231
U-235+D U-236 U-238+D Np-236 Np-237tD Pu-236 Pu-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 PU-240 Pu-241tD Pu-242 Pu-244tD Am-241 Am-242mtD Am-243tD Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246 Cm-247tD Cm-248 Cf-250 Cf-252 E~-254+D
1.92E+01 1.28E+02 2.53Et01 2.95E+01 5.69E+02 4.79E+03 4.92E+03 5.30E+03 5.21E+03 5.47E+03 3.88Et02 7.58Et01 3.18E+02 7.70E+07 1.05E+02 9.54E+01 9.54E+Ol 4.87Et03 9.98Ei.01 1.02E+02 9.23Et01 9.48Et01 9.30Et01 4.21Et03 1.35Et02 1.68Et02 9.00Ei.01 9.08Et01 9.88Et01 2.48Et01 1.61 Et02 2.98Et02 1.28Et.03
5.7E-03 3.3E-05 2.9E-06 1.1E-03 1.1E-04 1.4E-03 4.4E-04 7.9E-01 2.6E-04 1.3E-01 3.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-05
4.1E-06 5.6E-06 3.4E-06 1.9E-05 3.3E-06 3.5E-02 9.5E-04 1.3E-03 1.7E-02 1.9E-04 1.6E-02 5.6E-06 6.3E-03 3.OE-06 3.4E-02 5.7E-07 4.5E-06 1.3E-05
2.6E+03
1. lEtOO Zr-95 o l d
Ra-226 o l d Th-Nat U-Nat Pu 6%
Sb-125 o l d Pb-210 o l d
Pu 6% lOy r U-232 Y U-233 Y U-234 Y U-235tD Y U-236 Y U-238+D Y
2.99Et06 7.4Et03 2.17Et06 9.3Et02
8.30E+02 1.5Et00 l.lOE+03 1.4E-03
2.08Et01 5.3E-02 1.06E+02 1.9E-01 8.4 1 E t01 6.3 E-05 8.84Et01 1.4E-04 5.84Et01 l . l E - 0 5 3.06Et02 8.8E-05, 3.13Et02 2.8E-05 3.38Et02 5.OE-02 3.31Et02 1.6E-05 3.50Et02 8.4E-03
2.6Et01 O.OEt.00 1.4E-03 2.1E-01 5.5E-02 4.8E-02 2.9E-01
2.3E-01 2.7E+02
1.2E+04 3.OE+01 1. ?.Et01 O.OE+OO 1.2E+03 O.OEtO0 O.OEtO0 O.OE+OO
O.OEtO0 1.6E+02
2.1 E+01 I . 7E+01 O.OE+OO 1 .OEt01 0 .OE+OO 2.4E+00 0 .OE+OO 2.1E+01 O.OE+OO
6.4E+02
9.3E-03
4.OE-03
7.2E-04 1.9E-03
3.8Et05 1.8Et05 8.6Et02 2.4Et03 5.6Et01 5.4Et02 I .4E-03 1.2E-03 5.6E-03 3.1E-03 1.8E-02
1.5E-02 1.7Et01
7.8Et02
1 .OE+Ol 5.7Et00
1.7E+00 3.7Et.01 2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.9E+02 2.OE+02 1.7E+02 O.OE+OO 3.6E+00 2.5E+01 O.OE+OO 7.4Et00 5.7E+00 5.7€+00 0. OE+OO 5.2E+00 4.3Et00 6.5E+00
5.9Et00 3.9Et02 l . l E + O l 1.4Et01 6. O E t O O 6.1 E+OO 5.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4Et01 2.7Et01 1.3E+02
6.5E-01
2.8E-02
PAMO PAMO
GMO PAMO PAMO
GM2 PAMO
CP3 GM1
GMO
PAMO
CPO GMO PAMO O.OEtO0 CP3 GM3 O.OE+OO CP2 GM3 7.2E+01 GMO 3.5Et02 CPO GM1 PAMO 1. lE+Ol 5.8Et01 GMO 5.1Et00 5.5Et00 3.8Ei.00 1.5Et01 1.5Et01 1.2Ei.01 1.3Et01 1.1Et01 GMO
i I ’ L j i
HNF-2418 Page 17
5.0 List o f References
Carbaugh, E. H. and D. E. Bihl, “Bioassay Criteria for Environmental Restoration Workers“, pp 457-466 in Environmental Health Physics, Columbia Chapter, Health Physics Society, 1993.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, New York, New York, 1975.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Pub1 ication 26, Pergamon Press, New York, New York, 1977.
-_ Kocher, D. C., Radioactive Decay Data Tables, (DOE/TIC-11026), U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.
National Bureau o f Standards, Applied Mathematics Series, Tab7es for the Analysis of Beta Spectra, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952.
Rittmann, P. D., ISO-PC Version 1.98 User’s Guide, WHC-SD-WM-UM-030 Rev 0, 1995.
Siegbahn, K., Ed., Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, North-Holland Co., New York, 1968.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Radiological Health Handbook, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Guidance Report Number 11, Limiting Values of Radionuclide Intake and Air Concentration and Dose Conversion Factors for Inhalation, Submersion, and Ingestion, (EPA-520/1-88-020), 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Guidance Report Number 12, External Exposure to Radionuclides in Air, Mater, and Soil, , (EPA 402-R-93-081), 1993.
HNF-2418 Page 18
- .-
Appendix A. Data and Formulas Used in the Calculations
HNF-2418 Page 19
RADIOACTIYE DECAY METHOD
A spreadshee t was used f o r t hese c a l c u l a t i o n s . by the spreadshee t a r e shown i n Table A-1 below. The longes t decay chain cons idered has 5 members. members f u r t h e r down the chain. Am-241, which ends a t U-233 ins t ead o f inc luding Th-229. Due t o t h e long ha l f - l i ves of t h e omitted nuc l ides t h e r e wi l l be l i t t l e ingrowth of these progeny f o r decay t imes l e s s than 1000 yea r s . Hence they can be omitted.
The "tD" des igna to r means t h a t t h e r e a r e s h o r t ha l f - l i ve progeny nucl ides produced by the decay of t h i s nuc l ide . progeny which were tumped with the pa ren t nucl ide. " i m p l i c i t daughters . r a t i o s f o r t h a t nuc l ide when i t i s i n s e c u l a r equi l ibr ium wi th i t s parent nucl ide. The dose f a c t o r s f o r a l l nuc l ides with i m p l i c i t daughters Were computed by adding the appropr ia te dose f a c t o r s , weighted by the equi l ibr ium branching r a t i o s .
The parent nucl ides shown on t h e l e f t m o s t column of Table A-1 genera te add i t iona l nucl ides which a l so c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e annual dose. A t t he s t a r t o f t h e yea r of exposure the concent ra t ion o f t h e Table A-1 pa ren t nucl ides has a u n i t value. Note t h a t t h e Table A-2 progeny a re present i n equi l ibr ium amounts even a t the beginning of the exposure scena r io due t o t h e i r s h o r t h a l f - l i v e s . As the y e a r progresses , the parent nucl ide concen t r a t ion decreases according t o the ha l f - l i f e of t h a t nucl ide. begin t o accumulate i n t h e s o i l .
Radioactive decay of t h e source a s well a s the ingrowth o f any progeny nuc l ides i s computed using the o rd ina ry decay chain equat ions . decay chains computed by the sp readshee t a r e shown i n Table A-1 below. The decay equat ions shown below desc r ibe the decay of nuc l ide 1 ( t h e parent) t o nuc l ide 2, then nucl ide 3 , and f i n a l l y nuc l ide 4.
The s p e c i f i c decay chains used
Some cha ins end even though t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t An example of t h i s approximation i s t he
Table A-2 l i s t s the shor t - l i ved These a r e sometimes c a l l e d
The numbers i n parentheses a r e t h e e f f e c t i v e branching
The progeny nucl ides shown on Table A-1 have ze ro a c t i v i t y .
I n add i t ion , t h e progeny nucl ides shown i n Table A-1
The actual
A, = A; Exp(-A1T) * A, = A: Exp(-A,T) t A; Az [ Exp(-AlT)/(A2-Al) t Exp(-AzT)/(Al-Az)]
A3 = A: Exp(-A3T) i A! A, { Exp(-AzT)/(A3-A2) i Exp(-A3T)/(AZ-A3)]
+ A': I ExP(-A~T)/(A,-A~)/(A~-A~) + ExP(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~) + ExP(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~) I
A, = A," EX~(-A,T) t A," { EXP(-A~T) / (A , -A~) t EXP(-A,T)/(A~-A,)} + A! ExP(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~) t ExP(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~)
+ A: 4 A 3 A 4 ( E~P(-A~T)/(A,-A~) /(A3-A1) /(A4-A1) + ExP(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~) I + E~P(-A~T)/(A~-A~)/(A~-A~) / ( A 4 - A 2 )
t EXP ( -AsT) / / (A2-J3) / t EXP ( -4T) / (A1 -4 1 / ( A z - AJ / I
H NF-24 18 Page 20
where, Ay,Ag,A:,A: = i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y of nucl ides 1, 2, 3, and 4 (T=O). A,,A,,A,,A, = a c t i v i t y of nuc l ides 1 , 2 , 3, and 4 a t t ime T . A,,A,,A,,A, = decay cons t an t s f o r nucl ides 1, 2, 3, and 4. Note t h a t t h e
decay cons t an t i s the natural logar i thm of 2 d iv ided by the h a l f - l i f e of the nucl ide. a decay chain a r e a l l d i f f e r e n t so t h e denominators w i l l never be ze ro .
Note a l s o t h a t t he decay cons t an t s i n
The accumulated dose a t time T i s t h e time in t eg ra l of t h e a c t i v i t y equat ions. These in t eg ra t ions a r e simply t h e in t eg ra l of each exponent ia l . words, each exponential i n the decay equat ions, Exp(-AT) i s rep laced with i t s i n t e g r a l , [ l - Exp(-AT)]/A.
Table A-3 shows t h e h a l f - l i v e s o f nuc l ides used in the spreadsheet . l i v e s a r e from Kocher (1981). f o r each nuc l ide from EPA (1988 and 1993). daughters f o r nuc l ides with t h e " t D " a r e l i s t e d a t t h e end of Table A-3. s o l u b i l i t y c l a s s e s o f t hese nuc l ides a r e a l s o shown f o r r e fe rence . f a c t o r s f o r t h e i m p l i c i t daughters a r e mul t ip l i ed by t h e branching r a t i o s l i s t e d i n Table A-2 before being added t o t h e parent dose f a c t o r .
In Table A-3 t h e "Lung" column r e f e r s t o t h e r a t e o f c learance from t h e pulmonary region of t h e lung according t o t h e ICRP lung morfel. t h r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , " D " means days, " W " means weeks, and Y " means yea r s . Carbon (C-14) may be p re sen t a s carbon dioxide, which is a gas . a special modeT f o r carbon i so topes in t h i s chemical form. These lung model choices a r e t h e worst-case assumptions, except f o r s t ront ium, which uses c l a s s D r a t h e r than c l a s s Y.
The " f l " column r e f e r s t o t h e f r a c t i o n of a s t a b l e element reaching body f l u i d s following inges t ion . These were a l s o determined i n ICRP 30. A few elements (eg. coba l t an plutonium) have more than one value f o r f l , so t h e value which produces t h e l a r g e s t i n t e rna l dose was se l ec t ed .
In o the r
The ha l f - Table A-3 a l s o shows the in t e rna l dose - fac to r s
The Information on t h e i m p l i c i t
The dose
There a r e only
The ICRP uses
DOSE AND SOIL LIMIT CALCULATION METHODS , Over t h e course of a yea r , t h e worker i s assumed t o inha le t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y in 12 grams of s o i l , and t o i n g e s t t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n 25 grams of s o i l . S t a r t i n g with a s o i l concent ra t ion o f I pCi/g for each nucl ide, t h e worker inhales 12 pCi and i n g e s t s 25 pCi of each nucl ide. commitment i s shown i n the equat ion below.
The in t e rna l dose
Dose = [ ( I 2 pCi)(DF inha le ) t (25 pCi)(DF ingest)](Decay Factor)
The inha la t ion and inges t ion dose f a c t o r s a r e shown on Table A-3. The decay f a c t o r is computed from t h e decay equat ions ( i n t e g r a l form) where the i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e parent i s 1 and t h e i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y of any progeny nucl ides i s zero. The decay and ingrowth period i s 365.25 days. The computed annual dose f a c t o r s f o r a u n i t s o i l concent ra t ion a r e shown i n t he f i r s t column of numbers i n Table 1.
The s o i l concent ra t ion l i m i t s were computed by d iv id ing the annual dose l i m i t by the dose from a u n i t s o i l concen t r a t ion . t h r e e columns of Table 1.
Resul t s were shown i n t h e l a s t
HNF-2418 Page 21
Tab le A-1. Decay Chains Computed i n t h e Spreadsheet
Parent Proqeny* Zr-93 -P- lr'b-93m Zr-95 --t Nb-95 Mo-93 --t Nb-93m Cd-115m -* In-115 Sb-125 --t Te-125111 (0.231) Te-129m --t 1-129 Pm-147 --t Sm-147
Ra-226 -* Pb-210 --t Po-210 Ra-228 --t Th-228 Th-230 --t Ra-226 --t Pb-210 --t Po-210 Th-232 --t Ra-228 --t Th-228 Pa-231 --t Ac-227
U-234 --t Th-230 --t Ra-226 --t Pb-210 U-235 --t Pa-231 ---t Ac-227 U-236 --t Th-232 --t Ra-228 ---+ Th-228 U-238 --t U-234 --t Th-230 --t Ra-226
Eu-152 --t Gd-152 (0.278) Pb-210 --t PO-210
U-232 ---t Th-228 U-233 --t Th-229
Np-236 t PU-236 --t U-232 -+ Th-228
Np-237 --t U-233 --t Th-229 Pu-236 ---t U-232 --t Th-228 Pu-237 -t Np-237 -> U-233 -> Th-229 Pu-238 ---t U-234 --t Th-230 Pu-239 --t U-235 Pu-240 ---t U-236
Pu-242 --t U-238 Pu-244 7 - t PU-240
1 - t U-236 (0.911)
Pu-241 --t Am-241 -b Np-237
Am-241 --t Np-237 --t U-233 Am-242m -t Cm-242 -+ Pu-238 --t U-234
Am-243 --t Pu-239 -* U-235 Cm-242 --t Pu-238 --t U-234 --t Th-230 Cm-243 -t Pu-239 3 U-235 r-t Am-243 (0.0024) Cm-244 --t Pu-240 --t U-236 Cm-245 --t Pu-241 --t Am-241 --t Np-237 Cm-246 --c Pu-242 3 U-238 Cm-247 -* Am-243 --t Pu-239 --t U-235 Cm-248 --t Pu-244 --t Pu-240 Cf-250 --t Cm-246 -+ Pu-242 Cf-252 --t Cm-248 Es-254 --t Cf-250 --t Cm-246 --t Pu-242
I-t Pu-242 (0.173)
--t Po-210
*The i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f these progeny a re ze ro . Dur ing t h e exposure scenar io (one year) , t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n increases.
HNF-2418
Table A-2. Composition of the "+D" Nuclides
Nuclide Short-Lived Progeny Lumped With Parent Y-90 (1.00026) Sr-90+D
Zr-95+D
Ag-108mtD
In- 114mtD Sn-113tD Sn-lZlm+D Sn-126tD Te-127mtD Te-129mtD
Ce-I44+D Pm-148mtD
Ra-226+D Ra-228+D
R~-103+D R~-106+D
Ag-IlOmtD
C~-137+D
Pb-LlO+D
Ac-227t.D
Th-228+D
Th-229+D
U-235tD U-238+D Np-237 P~-241+D Pu-244tD Am-242mtD Am-243+D Cm-247+D Es-254tD
Nb-95m (0.00742) Rh-103111 (0.99799) Rh-106 Ag-108 (0.0930) Ag-110 (0.0133) In-114 (0.955) In-113m(l.0006) Sn-121 (0.776) Sb-126m, Sb-126 (0.14) Te-127 (0.9852) Te-129 (0.6299) Ba-137m (0.946) Pr-144m (0.0143), Pr-144 Pin-148 (0.04828) Bi-210 (1.0006) Rn-222. Po-218, AC-228' (i.oooij Th-227(0.9885), Rn-219(1.0038), Bi-211(1.0038), Ra-224(1.0052).
Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Page 22
Fr-223(0.0138). Ra-223(1.0038\. P0-215i1.0038jj Pb-211(1.0038j;
Rn-220(1.0052). Po-216(1.0052). PO-211(0.00274), T1-207(1.0010)
~b-212 i 1.0058 j ; Bi -212 ( I . 0058 j ; PO-212 (0.6444 j ; T1-208(0.3614)
T1-209 (0.0216), Pb-209 Th-231
Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, 81-213, Po-213 (0.9784),
Th-234, Pa-234111, Pa-234 (0.0016) Pa-233
U-240, Np-240m, Np-240 (0.0011) U-237 (2.45E-5)
Am-242 (0.99524), Np-238 (0.00476) NO-239 Pil-243 Bk-250 (1.0005)
0
Any branching ratios different from 1.0 are shown in parentheses. The decay chain corrections are included. These implicit daughters are assumed to be in equilibrium with the parent nuclide at all times. Decay chains computed by the spreadsheet are shown in Table A-1.
HNF-2418 Page 23
Tab le A-3. S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions, H a l f L i v e s and Dose Fac to rs
N u c l i d e Luno f l H a l f - l i f e I n q e s t I n h a l e Ex te rna l
mrem/hour mremhCi I n t a k e per pCi /g
H-3 Be-7 Be-IO C-14 Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46 v-49
.Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni-59 Ni-63 Zn-65 Se-75 Se-79 Rb-87 Sr-89 Sr-90tD Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95tD Nb-93m Nb-94 Nb-95 NO-93 Tc-99 Ru-103tD R~-106+D Pd-107 Ag-108mtD Ag-11 OmtD
Cd-113111 Cd-115111 In-1 I4mtD I n - I 1 5 Sn-113tD Sn-119111
Cd-109
Y W
W W D W W Y W W D D Y Y Y D D Y w W D D D Y Y D D Y Y Y Y w Y Y Y Y Y D D D D D W W
c;*
1 0.005 0.005
1 1
0.1 1 1
0.3 0.3
0.0001 0.01
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.05 0.05
0.5 0.8 0.8
1 0.3 0.3
0.0001 0.0001 0.002 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.8 0.8
0.05 0.05
0.005 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
12.28 Y 53.44 D
1.600Et06 Y 5.730 Y 2:602 Y 87.44 D
301,000 Y 1.277Et09 Y
103,000 Y 162.7 D
330 D 312.7 D
83.8 D
2.7 Y 44.63 D 270.9 D
70.8 D 5.271 Y
75,000 Y 100.1 Y 244.4 D
119.78 D 65,000 Y
4.730Et10 Y 50.55 D
28.6 Y 106.6 D 58.51 D
1.530Et06 Y 64.02 D
14.6 Y 20,300 Y
35.06 D 3,500 Y
213,000 Y 39.35 D 368.2 D
6.500Et06 Y 127 Y
249.85 D 464 D
13.7 Y 44.6 D
49.51 D 4.600Et15 Y
115.1 D 293 D
6.40E-08 1.28E-07 4.66E-06 2.09E-06 1.15E-05 7.33E-07 3.03E-06 1.86E-05 1.27E-06 3.16E-06 6.40E-06 6.14E-08 2.77E-06 6.07E-07 6.70E-06 1.18E-06 3.58E-06 2.69E-05 2.10E-07 5.77E-07 1.44E-05 9.62E-06 8.70E-06 4.92E-06 9.25E-06 1.53E-04 5.99E-06 9.51E-06 1.66E-06 3.79E-06 5.22E-07 7.14E-06 2.57E-06 1.35E-06 1.46E-06 3.06E-06 2.80E-05 1.50E-07 7.62E-06 1.08E-05 1.31E-05 1.61E-04 1.62E-05 1.71E-05 I . 58E-04 3.19E-06 1.39E-06
9.60E-08 3.21E-07 3.55E-04 2.09E-06 7.66E-06 2.48E-06 2.19E-05 1.24E-05 1.35E-06 6.62E-06 2.96E-05 3.45E-07 6.70E-06 2.69E-06 1.48E-05 9.07E-06 1.09E-05 2.19E-04 1.33E-06 3.10E-06 2.04E-05 8.47E-06 9.84E-06 3.23E-06 6.51E-06 2.48E-04 2.81E-05 4.88E-05 3.21E-04 2.37E-05 2.92E-05 4.14E-049 5.81E-06 2.84E-05 8.33E-06 8.96E-06 4.78E-04 1.28E-05 2.83E-04 8.03E-05 1.14E-04 1.53E-03 7.22E-05 8.88E-05 3.74E-03 1.07E-05
0. OOEtOO 3.28E-05 1.23E-07 1.53E-09 1.56E-03 1.70E-09 2.73E-07 1.19E-04
7.14E-09 1.4ZK-03
5.88E-04
8.72E-04 5.71E-05
1.85E-03
0.00Et00
0.00Et00
0.00Et00
6.80~-04
0.00Et00 0.00Et00 4.22E-04 2.26E-04 2.12E-09 1.61E-08 1.04E-06 2.81 E-06 2.03E-03 3.71E-06
5.16E-04 1.19E-08 1. IOE-03 5.35E-04 6.74E-08 1.43E-08 3.13E-04 1.47E-04
1.1OE-03 1.96E-03 1.68E-06 7.4OE-08 1.69E-05 5.71E-05 4.58E-08 1.67E-04
0.00Et00
0. OOEtOO
. ..- 6.25E-06 3.43E-07
HNF-2418 Page 24
Sn-123 Sn-126tD
Te-123m Te-125111 Te- 127mtD Te-l29mtD
Sb-124 Sb-125
1-125 1-129 cs-134
'CS-135 Cs-137tD Ba-133 Ce-144tD Pm-147 Pm-148mtD Sm-147 Sm-151 Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154 Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 Ho-166m Tin-170 Ta-182 W-181 W-185
OS-185
Pt-193 Au-195 Hg-203 T1-204 Pb-21OtD 8i-207 Po-209 Po-210 Ra-226tD Ra-228tD
Re-I87
I r -192
Ac-227tD Th-228tD
W W W W W w W W W D D D D D D Y Y Y w w W w W w D D W II w W Y D D W D Y D Y D D D W D D W W D Y
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1 1 1 1 1
0.1 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
0.001 0.01 0.01
0.8 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.1 1 1
0.2 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
0.001 0.0002
Tab le A-3. S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions, H a l f L i v e s and Dose Factors , Cont inued
N u c l i d e l u n g f l H a l f - 1 i f e I n g e s t I n h a l e Ex te rna l
Sn-l2lmtD
mrem/hour mrem/DCi I n t a k e per pC i /g
55 Y 129.2 D
100,000 Y 60.2 D 2.77 Y
119.7 D 58 D
109 D 33.6 D
60.14 D 1.570Et07 Y
2.062 Y 2.300Et06 Y
30.17 Y 10.5 Y
284.3 D 2.6234 Y
41.3 D 1 . 0 6 9 E t l l Y
90 Y 35.8 Y 13.6 Y 8.8 Y
4.96 Y 1.100Et14 Y
241.6 D 150 Y
72.3 D 1200 Y
128.6 D 114.74 D 120.95 D
75.1 D 4.700Et10 Y
93.6 D 74.02 D
50 Y 183 D
46.6 D 3.779 Y 22.26 Y 33.4 Y
102 Y 138.378 D
1600 Y 5.75 Y
21.773 Y 1.9132 Y
2.25E-06 8.40E-06 2. l lE-05 1.01 E-05 2.81 E-06 5.66E-06 3.67E-06 8.93E-06 1.08E-05 3.85E-05 2.76E-04 7.33E-05 7.07E-06 5.00E-05 3.40E-06 2 . l lE -05 1.05E-06 8.18E-06 1.85E-04 3.89E-07 6.36E-06 6.48E-06 9.55E-06 1.53E-06 1.61E-04 t 1.17E-06 4.40E-06 6.73E-06 8.07E-06 5.29E-06 6.5l.E-06 3.45E-07 1.99E-06 9.51E-09 2.26E-06 5.74E-06 1.19E-07 1.06E-06 1.14E-05 3.36E-06 5.37E-03 5.48E-06 2.38E-03 1.90E-03 1.33E-03 1.44E-03 1.48E-02 8.11E-04
1.19E-05 3.25E-05 1.01 E-04 2.52E-05 1.22E-05 1.06E-05 7.29E-06 2. NE-05 2.40E-05 2.42E-05 1.74E-04 4.63E-05 4.55E-06 3.19E-05 7.81 E-06 3.74E-04 3.92E-05 2.31E-05 7.47E-02 3.00E-05 2.68E-04 2.21E-04 2.86E-04 4.14E-05 2.44E-01 2.38E-05 2.56E-04 2.50E-05 7.73E-04 2.63E-05 4.48E-05 1.51 E-07 ' 7.51E-07 5.44E-08 1.04E-05 2.82E-05 2.27E-07 1.30E-05 7.33E-06 2.41E-06 1.38E-02 2.00E-05 1.18E-02 9.40E-03 8.61E-03 5.08E-03
3.45E-01 6.72EtOO
2.41E-07 5.78E-06 1.35E-03 1.33E-03 2.79E-04 7.16E-05 1.73E-06 3.84E-06 4.49E-05 1.89E-06 1.48E-06 1.08E-03 4.37E-09 3.89E-04 2.26E-04 3.70E-05 5.71E-09 1.39E-03
1.12E-10 9.95E-04 7.99E-04 8.76E-04 2.08E-05
2.79E-05 5.39E-04 7.89E-04 1.17E-03 1.71E-06 9.06E-04 8.72E-06 4.94E-08
4.75E-04 5.26E-04 6.46E-10 2.37E-05 1.44E-04 4.63E-07 6.91E-07 1.07E-03 2.04E-02 5.97E-09 1.28E-03 6.82E-04 2.30E-04 1.17E-03
0. OOEtOO
0.00Et00
0.00Et00
HNF-2418 Page 25
Tab le A-3. S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions, Ha l f L i v e s and Dose Factors; Con t inued
N u c l i d e Lung f l H a ’ l f - l i f e I n g e s t I n h a l e E x t e r n a l
mrem/ h o u r mrem/oCi I n t a k e p e r pC i /g
Th-229tD Th-230 Th-232 Pa-231 U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235tD U-236 U-238tD U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235tD U-236 U-238tD Np-236 Np-237tD Pu-236 Pu-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240 Pu-241tD Pu-242 Pu-244tD Am-241 Am-242mtD Am-243tD Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246 Cm-247tD Cm-248 Cf-250 Cf-252 Es-254tD
W W W W W W W W W W Y Y Y Y Y Y W W W Y W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W Y
0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
0.001 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0,001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
w 0.001
7340 Y 77,000 Y
1.405E+10 Y 32.760 Y
72 Y 159,200 Y 244,500 Y
7.038Et08 Y 2.342Et07 Y 4.468Et09 Y
72 Y 159,200 Y 244.500 Y
7.038Et08 Y 2.342Et07 Y 4.468Et09 Y
115,000 Y 2.140E+06 Y
2.851 Y 45.3 D
87.75 Y 24,131 Y
6,537 Y 14.4 Y
375.800 Y 8.260Et07 Y
432.2 Y 152 Y
7,380 Y 163.2 D
28.5 Y 18.11 Y 8,500 Y 4,750 Y
1.560Et07 Y 339,000 Y
13.08 Y 2.639 Y
4.03E-03 5.48E-04 2.73E-03 1.06E-02 1.31E-03 2.89E-04 2.83 E-04 2.67E-04 2.69E-04 2.68E-04 1.3 1 E-03 2.89E-04 2.83E-04 2.67E-04 2.69E-04 2.68E-04 8.66E-04 4.44E-03 1.17E-03. 4.44E-07 3.20E-03 3.54E-03 3.54E-03 6.85E-05 3.36E-03 3.32E-03 3.64E-03 3.52E-03 3.63E-03 1.15E-04 2.51E-03 2.02E-03 3.74E-03
2.17Et00
1.64Et00 1.28Et00
3.26E-01
1.49E-02 7.99E-03 7 ..88E-03 7.29E-03 7.44E-03 7.06E-03 6.59E-01 1.35E-01 1.33E-01 1.23E-01 1.25E-01 1. I8E-01 1.04E-01 5.40E-01 1.45E-01 1.97E-06 3.92E-01 4.29E-01 4.29E-01 8.25E-03 4.11E-01 4.03E-01 4.44E-01 4.26E-01 4.40E-01 1.73E-02 3.07E-01 2.48E-01 * 4.55E-01
1.82E-04 I .38E-07 5.95E-08 2.17E-05 1.03E-07 1.59E-07 4.58E-08 8.64E-05 2.45E-08 1.51E-05 1.03_E;07 1.59E-07 4.58E-08 8.64E-05 2.45E-08 1.51 E-05 5.26E-05 1.25E-04 2.60E-08 1.85E-05 1.73E-08 3.37E-08 1.67E-08 2.16E-09 1.46E-08 2.31E-04 4.99E-06 7.72E-06 1.02E-04 1.95E-08 6.65E-05 1.44E-08 3.88E-05
3.70E-03 4.51E-01 1.33E-08
S r - 9 0 t D
Zr-95+D
Sr-90 D 0.3 28.6 Y 1.42E-04 2.39E-04 8.03E-08 Y-90 Y 0.0001 64.1 H 1.08E-05 8.44E-06 2.73E-06
Zr-95 D 0.002 64.02 D 3.77E-06 2.36E-05 5.16E-04 Nb-95m Y 0.01 86.6 H 2.30E-06 2.44E-06 3.64E-05 Ru-IOS+D . . . - . . - Ru-103 Y 0.05 39.35 D 3.05E-06 8.95E-06 3.13E-04 Rh-103111 D 0.05 56.1 M 1.16E-08 5.11E-09 2.77E-08
HNF-2418 Page 26
Table A-3. Solubility Assumptions, Half Lives and Dose Factors, Continued mrem/hour
mrem/PCi Intake per pCi/g Nuclide Lung fl Half-1 ife Ingest Inhale External Ru-lOG+D Ru-106 Rh-106 Ag-l08m+D Ag-108m
Ag- 1 1 Om+D Ag-llOm
In- 1 14m+D In-114111 In-I14 Sn-l13+D Sn-113 In-113111 Sn-l2lm+D Sn-12lm Sn-121 Sn-l26+D Sn-126 Sb-126111
Te-127mtD Te-127111 Te-127 Te-l29m+D Te-129m Te-129
AS-IO8
Ag-110
Sb-126
CS- 137tD CS-137 Ba-137111 Ce-l44+D Ce-144 Pr-144m Pr-144 Pm-l48m+D Pm-148111 Pm-148
Bi-210 Ra-226tD Ra-226 Rn-222
Bi-214
P b-2 10+D Pb-210
PO-218 Pb-214
PO-214
Y D
Y Y
Y Y
D D
W D
W W
W D W
W W
W D
D D
Y Y Y
Y Y
D W
W
W D n
0.05 368.2 D 0.05 29.9 s 0.05 127 Y 0.05 2.37 M
0.05 249.85 D 0.05 24.6 S
0.02 49.51 D 0.02 71.9 S
0.02 115.1 D 0.02 1.66 H
0.02 55.5 Y 0.02 27.1 H
0.02 100,000 Y 0.1 19 M 0.1 12.4 D
0.2 109 D 0.2 9.35 H
0.2 33.6 D 0.2 69.6 M
1 30.17 Y 0.1 2.552 M
0.0003 284.3 D 0.0003 7.2 M 0.0003 17.3 M
0.0003 41.3 D 0.0003 5.37 D
0.2 22.26 Y 0.05 5.013 D
0.2 1,600 Y 1 3.8235 D
0.1 3.05 M 0.2 26.8 M
2.74E-05 6.44E-07
7.62E-06
1 08E-05
1.71E-05 O.OOE+OO
3.08E-06 1.05E-07
1.55E-06 9.03E-07
1.95E-05 9.40E-08 1.07E-05
8.25E-06 6.92E-07
1.07E-05 2.02E-07
5.00E-05 0.00Et00
0.00Et00 2.10E-05
1.17E-07
7.66E-06 1.09E-05
5.37E-03 6.40E-06
1.32E-03 9.08E-07
6.25E-07 O.OOE+OO
4.77E-04 2.13E-07
2.83E-04
8.03E-05
8.88E-05 0.00Et00
1.07E-05 4.llE-08
1.15E-05 5.1 IE-07
9.95E-05 3.39E-08 1.17E-05
2.15E-05 3.18E-07
2.39E-05 8.95E-08
O.OOEtO0 1.47E-04
1.10E-03 1.30E-05
1.96E-03 2.56E-05
5.5ZC-05 2.02E-06
3.39E-06 1.64E-04
2.24E-07 2.24E-08
1.68E-05 1.06E-03 1.95E-03
6.22E-07 3.26E-06
2.11E-05 3.77E-05
3.19E-05 8.57E-08 O.OOE+OO, 4.llE-04
3.74E-04 8.18E-06 O.OOE+OO 1.64E-06 4.33E-08 2.88E-05
2.26E-05 1.37E-03 1.09E-05 4.20E-04
1.36E-02 2.79E-07 1.96E-04 4.11E-07
8.58E-03 3.62E-06 1.44E-05 2.69E-07 O.OOE+OO 6.44E-09 7.81E-06 1.53E-04
- 0.05 19.9 M 2.83E-07 6.59E-06 1.12E-03 W 0.1 0.0001637 S O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 5.86E-08
HNF-2418 Page 27
Tab le A-3. S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions, H a l f L i v e s and Dose Fac to rs , Continued
N u c l i d e Lung f l Ha l f -1 i f e I n g e s t I n h a l e Ex te rna l
mrern/hour mrern/DCi I n t a k e p e r pCi /g
Ra-228tD Ra-228 Ac-228 A~-227+D Ac-227 Th-227 Fr-223 Ra-223 Rn-219 PO-215 Pb-211 Bi-211
'TI-207 Po-211 Th-228+D Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 PO-216 Pb-212 8i-212 Po-212 T I -208 Th-229+D Th-229
Ac-225
At-217
PO-213 T1-209 Pb-209 U-235+D U-235 Th-231 U-238tD U-238 Th-234
Ra-225
Fr-221
Bi-213
Pa434111 Pa-234 U-235tD U-235 Th-231 U-238tD U-238 Th-234 Pa-234111 Pa-234
W D
D Y D W
W D W D W
Y W
W D D W D
W W D D D D W 0 D
w W
W W W W
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
0.2 0.001
0.001 0.0002
1 0.2
1 0.1 0.2
0.05 1
0.1
0.0002 0.2
1 0.1 0.2
0.05 0.1
1
0.0002 0.2
0.001 1 1
0.05 0.1
1 0.2
0.05 0.0002
0.05 0.0002
0.001 0.001
0.05 0.0002
0.05 0.0002
0.001 0.001
5.75 Y 6.13 H
21.773 Y 18.718 D
21.8 M 11.434 D
3.96 S 0.001778 S
36.1 M 2.13 M 4.77 M
0.516 S
1.9132 Y 3.62 D
55.61 S 0.146 S
10.643 H 60.55 M
3.053 M 2.98E-07 S
7,340 Y 14.8 D
10 D 4.8 M
OLO323 S 45.65 M
2.2 M 3.253 H
7.04E+08 Y 25.52 H
4.47Et09 Y 24.1 D
. 1.17 M 6.7 H
7.04E+08 Y 25.52 H
4.47Et09 Y 24.1 D 1.17 M
6.7 H
4.2E-06 S
1.44E-03 2.16E-06
1.41E-02 3.81 E-05 8.25E-06 6.59E-04 0. OOEtOO o.OOE+OO
0.00Et00 0.00Et00 0,00E+00
5.25E-07
3.96E-04 3.66E-04 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO
0.00Et00 0.00Et00
4.55E-05 1.06E-06
3.53E-03 3.85E-04 1.11E-04 0.00Et00 0.00Et.00 O1OOE+OO 0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO 2.13E-07
2.66E-04 1.35E-06
2.55E-04 1.37E-05
3.46E-09
2.66E-04 1.35E-06
2.55E-04 1.37E-05
2.16E-06
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
4.77E-03 3.08E-04
6.70Et00 1.62E-02 6.22E-06 7.84E-03 O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00
0.00Et00 0.00Et00 0.00Et00
8.70E-06
3.42E-01 3.16E-03 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO
0.00Et00 0.00Et00
1.69E-04 2.16E-05
2.15Et00
O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00
7.77E-03 1.08E-02
0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO' 9.47E-08
7.29E-03 8.62E-07
7.03E-03 2.98E-05
1.17E-09
1.23E-01 8.77E-07
1.18E-01 3.50E-05
8.14E-07
0.00Et00
0.00Et00
0.00Et00 6.82E-04
5.65E-08 5.95E-05 2.26E-05 6.88E-05 3.52E-05 1.16E-07 3.5%-05 2.92E-05 2.26E-06 5.43E-06
9.06E-07 5.84E-06 2.62E-07 1.19E-08 8.03 E-05 1.34E-04
2.62E-03 0,00E+00
3.67E-05 1.26E-06 7.27E-06 1.75E-05 2.02E-07 8.74E-05
1.47E-03 8.82E-08
8.23E-05 4.16E-06
1.18E-08 2.75E-06 1.02E-05 1.32E-03
8.23E-05 4.16E-06
1.18E-08 2.75E-06 1.02E-05 1.32E-03
O.OOE+OO
HNF-2418 Page 28
Tab le A-3.
N u c l i d e Luna f l H a l f - l i f e I n q e s t I n h a l e Ex te rna l
S o l u b i l i t y Assumptions, H a l f L i v e s and Dose Factors , Cont inued mrem/hour
mrem/DCi I n t a k e pe r pC i /g
Np-237tD Np-237
P~-241+D Pu-241 U-237 Pu-244tD Pu-244 U-240
Np-240
Pa-233
Np-240111
Am-242mtD ' Am-242m Am-242
Am-243tD Am-243
Cm-247tD Cm-247
Np-238
Np-239
Pu-243 E s - 2 5 4 t D Es-254 Bk-250
W Y
W Y
W Y W W
W W W
W W
W Y
W W
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.05
0.001 0.05
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
2.14Et06 Y 27 D
14.4 Y 6.75 D
8.26Et07 Y 14.1 H 7.4 M . 65 M
152 Y 16.02 H 2.117 D
7,380 Y 2.355 D
1.56Et07 Y 4.956 H
275.5 D 3.222 H
4.44E-03 3.63E-06
6.85E-05 3.14E-06
3.32E-03 4.29E-06
2.37E-07
3.52E-03 1.4l.E-06 4.00E-06
3.62E-03 3.26E-06
3.42E-03 3.33E-07
3.13E-04 5.81E-07
0.00Et00
5.40E-01 9.55E-06
8.25E-03 3.53E-06
4.03E-01 2.27E-06
8.14E-08
4.26E-01 5.85E-05 3.70E-05
4.40E-01 2.51E-06
4.14E-01 1.64E-07
4 . l lE -02 7.55E-06
0.00Et00
8.89E-06 1.16E-04
6.73 E-1 0 6.05E-05
8.61E-09 1.62E-07 2.30E-04 8 . m - 0 4
1.93E-07 5.69E-06 3.92E-04
1.62E-05 8.59E-05
2.03E-04 9.08E-06
1.47E-06 6.33E-04
Note: H a l f - l i f e da ta is f rom Kocher (1981). f rom EPA (1988). f o r an i n f i n i t e depth o f s o i l w i t h a d e n s i t y o f 1.6 g/cc.
I n t e r n a l dose f a c t o r s a r e Ex te rna l dose r a t e f a c t o r s a re f rom EPA (1993)
The composi t ion o f t h e "Pu 6%" is shown i n Tab le A-4. It i s a t y p i c a l low- enr ichment m i x t u r e o f p lu ton ium i so topes . The r e l a t i v e a c t i v i w is as w e i g h t i n g f a c t o r s when combining dose f a c t o r s f o r i n d i v i d u a l p lu ton ium i so topes t o a r r i v e a t t h e u n i t dose f a c t o r f o r t h e m ix tu re . S ince t h e Pu-241 i s a b e t a - e m i t t i n g nuc l i de , i t s a c t i v i t y i s n o t i nc luded i n t h e t o t a l shown on t h e t a b l e .
Tab le A-4. Assumed Composi t ion o f P luton ium 6% M i x t u r e
Fresh M i x t u r e Decayed 10 yea rs Weight R e l a t i v e Weight R e l a t i v e
I so tooe Percent A c t i v i t y Percent A c t i v i t y Pu-238 0.0298 0.0623 0.0275 0.0531 Pu-239 93.1854 0.7051 93.1592 0.6498 Pu-240 6.0328 0.1670 6.0265 0.1538 Pu-241 0.5724 7.2000 0.3537 4.1010
Am-241 0.1566 0.0656 0.3709 0.1433 T o t a l 100.0000 1.0000 99.9608 1.0000
Pu-242 0.0230 l . l E - 5 0.0230 1.OE-5
HNF-2418 Page 29
Appendix B. Method for Estimating Field Instrument Readings
Page 30 HNF-2418
Three field instruments are considered i n this report, the window-closed CP, the GM with a pancake probe (15 cm2 face area), and the Portable Alpha Monitor (PAM) (50 cm2 face area). To estimate the detector readings for particular soil contaminations, several assumptions were made about these detectors. The CP is assumed to respond only to photon radiation. The GM and PAM are assumed to ignore photons and respond only to charged particles. The GM is assumed to respond to any charged particle able to enter the active volume of the detector. The PAM is assumed to respond only to alpha particles with enough energy to enter the'detector. equally to all radiation energies above 10 keV. are assumed to have a flat energy response.
All three detectors are assumed to respond In other words, the detectors
PHOTON READINGS WITH A CP
The field reading for the CP are based on the computed external dose rate one meter above an infinite slab of contaminated soil which is quite thick'. Contaminated areas larger than 100 m2 produce nearly the same dose rates as the infinite layer. below i n Table B-1.
Examples computed with ISO-PC Version 1.98 are provided
Table B-1. Dose Rates 1 meter Above Yarious Circular Areas
Area Radius Dose Rates (rem/h per pCi/cc) for Various Photon Energies m 2 cm .02 MeV .05 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.2 MeV 0.5 MeV 1 MeV 2 MeV
0.100 17.84 3.3E-06 9.9E-05 3.5E-04 1,OE-03 3.2E-03 6.4E-03 1.3E-02 0.215 26.19 6.9E-06 2.1E-04 7.4E-04 2.2E-03 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02 0.464 38.44 1.4E-05 4.3E-04 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.8E-02 5.6E-02 1.00 56.42 2.7E-05 8.4E-04 3.OE-03 8.9E-03 2.8E-02 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 2.15 82.81 4.8E-05 1.5E-03 5.5E-03 1.6E-02 5.2E-02 1.OE-01 2.1E-01 4.64 121.6 7.6E-05 2.4E-03 8.9E-03 2.7E-02 8.6E-02 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 10.0 178.4 i.i~-04 3.4E-03 i.3E-02 3.9E-02 i.3E-oi 2.6E-01 5.3E-oi 21.5 261.9 1.3E-04 4.3E-03 1.6E-02 5.OE-02 1.6E-01 3.4E-01 7.OE-01 46.4 384.4 1.5E-04 5.OE-03 1.9E-02 5.9E-02 1.9E-01 4.OE-01 8.3E-01 100 564.2 1.7E-04 5.6E-03 2.1E-02 6.5E-02 2.1E-01 4,4E-01 9.2E-01 215 828.1 1.7E-04 5.9E-03 2.2E-02 6.9E-02 2.3E-01 4.7E-01 9.9E-01 464 1,216 1.8E-04 6.2E-03 2.3E-02 7.2E-02 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 1.OEt00
1,000 1,784 1.8E-04 6.3E-03 2.4E-02 7.4E-02 2.4E-01 5.1E-01 l.lEt00 10.000 5,642 1.9E-04 6.5E-03 2.5E-02 7.6E-02 2.5E-01 5.2E-01 l.lEt00
Infinite 1.9E-04 6.6E-03 2.5E-02 7.7E-02 2.5E-01 5.3E-01 l.lEt00
Note: The contamination thickness is 1.5 meters in all cases.
The external dose rates from EPA (1993) are preferred for estimating dose rates above contaminated soil because a more detailed calculation was carried out. CP uses. For this reason, the ISO-PC program was used with both sets of units to develop ratios between the two sets of units for each nuclide. results and R/rem ratios are shown in Table 8-2 below. were multiplied by the external dose rate factors in Table A-3 and also by the soil contamination level to give the estimated exposure rate which is assumed to represent the CP reading. 2 , 3 , and 4.
However, the units are dose equivalent rather than exposure, which the
The dose These R/rem ratios
The projected CP readings were shown in Tables
HNF-2418 Page 3 1
Tab le B-2. R/rem Ra t ios and D e t e c t i o n F r a c t i o n s
Resu l t s pe r pCi /g R/rem De tec t i on , g/cm* N u c l i d e mrem/h mR/h R a t i o GM P-11 PAM
H-3 Be-7 Be-IO C-14 Na-22 s-35 C1-36 K-40 Ca-41 Ca-45 SC-46 v-49 Mn-54
. Fe-55 Fe-59 CO-57 CO-58 CO-60 Ni-59 Ni-63 Zn-65 Se-75 Se-79
Sr-89 Sr-90+D Y-88 Y-91 Zr-93 Zr-95+D Nb-93m
Rb-87
Nb-94 Nb-95 MO-93 Tc-99 R~-103+D R~- l06+D Pd-107 Ag-I08m+D Ag-llOm+D
Cd-113111 Cd-115111 In- 1 14m+D
.In-115 Sn-113tD Sn-119m
Cd-109
5.70E-15 3.65E-05 1.75E-07 2.75E-09 1.64E-03 3.33E-09 3.15E-07 1.26E-04
1.54E-08 1.50E-03
6.37E-04
9.30E-04 6.63E-05 6.61 E-04 1.87E-03
3.28E-11 4.49E-04 2.44E-04 1.82E-09 1.71E-08 2.11 E-06 5.78E-06 1.97E-03 4.77E-06 2.15E-11 5.43E-04 9.40E-09 1.1 IE-03 5.47E-04 5.27E-08 2.16E-08 3.39E-04 1.55E-04 4.36E-13 1.14E-03 2.00E-03 2.27E-07 1.65E-07 1.81E-05 8.83E-05 1.02E-07 1.73E-04 2.40E-07
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
1.59E-14 5.62E-05 3.24E-07 5.74E-09 2.33E-03 6.91E-09 5.73E-07 1.69E-04
3.04E-08 2.10E-03
9.1 OE-04
1.27E-03 1.18E-04 9.70E-04 2.56E-03
7.86E-11 6.20E-04 4.10E-04 3.83E-09 3.37E-08 3.61E-06 9.64E-06 2.65E-03 7.33E-06 5,20E-11 7.90E-04 2.50E-08 1.61E-03 7.96E-04 1.40E-07 4.22E-08 5.22E-04 2.35E-04 1.16E-12 1.71E-03 2.85E-03 5.73E-07 3.06E-07 2.62E-05 1.37E-04 1.91 E-07 2.77E-04
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
2.79 1.54 1.85 2.09 1.42 2.08 1.82 1.34
1.97 1.40
1.43
1.37 1.78 1.47 1.37
2.40 1.38 1.68 2.10 1.97 1.71 1.67 1.35 1.54 2.42 1.45 2.66 1.45 1.46 2.66 1.95 1.54 1.52 2.66 1.50 1.43 2.52 1.85 1.45 1.55 1.87 1.60 2.46
0.00Et.00 O.OOE+OO 7.92E-03 2.42E-04 7.78E-03 2.80E-04 1.14E-02 2.93E-02
1.19E-03 2.76E-03
O.OOE+OO
o.OOE+OO 0.00Ei.00 O.OOE+OO 3.26E-03 8. HE-05 1. HE-03 2.01E-03 0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO 5.55E-05 1.28E-04 1.42E-04 1.29E-03 3.85E-02 8.05E-02 3.68E-05 4.04E-02
3.12E-03
4.76E-03 2.68E-04
1.54E-03 1.15E-03 1.25E-01
4.33E-03 3.26E-03
7.15E-03 4.23E-02 5.99E-02 5.08E-03 6.60E-03
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
0. OOE+OO
0. O O E t O O
O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00
O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 0. O O E t O O 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO O.OOE+OO 0.00EtQQ O.OOE+OO 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O1OOE+OO 0.00E+00 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 0.00E.i.00 0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO OfOOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00 0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00 0. OOEsOO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO
5.91E-07 .
~-
HNF-2418
Tab le 8-2. R/rem Ra t ios and D e t e c t i o n F rac t i ons , Continued
Resul ts per pCi /g R/rem Detect ion, g/cm* Nuc l i de mrem/h mR/h R a t i o GM P-11 PAM
1.39E-06 3.25E-06 2.34 7.52E-04 0.00Et00 Sn-IZlrn+D Sn-123 Sn-I26+D
Te-123111 Te- 125111 Te- 127rn+D Te-I29m+D 1-125 1-129 CS-134 CS-135
- Cs-137tD
Sb-124 Sb-125
8a-133 Ce-I44+D Pm-147 Pm-I48m+D Sm-147 Sm-151 Eu-150 Eu-152 Eu-154 Eu-155 Gd-152 Gd-153 Tb-158 Tb-160 Ho-166111 Tm-170 Ta-182
Re-I87
I r -192
W-181 W-185
OS-I85
Pt-193 Au-195 Hg-203 T1-204 Pb-210tD 8 i -207 Po-209 Po-210 Ra-226+D Ra-228tD
7.10E-06 1.36E-03 1.41E-03 2.90E-04 7.96E-05 1.09E-06 4.06E-06 4.70E-05 1.06E-06 1.17E-06 1.07E-03 5.96E-09 4.02E-04 2.22E-04 4.43E-05 1 .OZE-08 1.47E-03
1.57E-10 1.04E-03 8.55E-04 9.36E-04 2.76E-05
3.81E-05 5.70E-04 7.92E-04 1.08E-03 2.62E-06 9.41E-04 1.29E-05 8.28E-08
4.95E-04 5.47E-04
3.45E-05 1.56E-04 7.16E-07 1.22E-06 1.08E-03 2.33E-06 5.80E-09 1.31E-03 6.73E-04
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
1.04E-05 1.46 2.06E-03 1.51 1.95E-03 1.38 4.46E-04 1.54 1.37E-04 1.72
3.35E-02 0.00Et00 4.61E-02 O.OOE+OO 2.47E-02 O.OOE+OO 2.18E-03 O.OUE+OO 7.06E-04 0.00Et00
2.53E-06 2.32 7.93E-04 O.OOE+OO 6.75E-06 1.66 1.00E-02 O.OOE+OO 7.I5E-05 1.52 3.66E-02 O.OOE+OO
Page 32
2.60E-06 2.45 2.76E-06 2.36 i .58E-o3 i .48 1.21E-08 2.03 5.96E-04 1.48 3.67E-04 1.65
O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO 1.52E-04 0.OOEtQQ 6.61E-03 0.00Et00 5.12E-04 0.00Et00 1.04E-02 0.00Ei.00 3.76E-04 0.00Et00
6.64E-05 1.50
2.18E-03 1.48 8.37E-03 O.OOE+OO 2.OIE-08 1.97 6.88E-04 0.00E+00
0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO O.OOEtO0 3.87E-10 2.46 I . 57E-03 1.51 1.21E-03 1.42 1.32E-03 1.41 5.23E-05 1.89 0.00Et00
1.05E-01 0.00Et00
4.31E-09 O.OOE+OO
5.13E-03 0.00Et00 1.20E-02 O.OOE+OO 3.01E-04 0.00Et00
0.00Et00 0.00Et00
0.00Et00 0.00Et00 7.32E-05 1.92 7.53E-05 0.00E+00 8.09E-04 1.42 2.63E-03 O.OOE+OO 1.13E-03 1.43 1.07E-02 O.OOE+OO 1.63E-03 1.51 5.02E-06 1.92 1.32E-03 1.40 2.63E-05 2.04 1.54E-07 1.86 0. OOEtOO
0.00Et00
7.39E-04 1.49 8.76E-04 1.60
6.75E-05 1.96 2.59E-04 1.66 1.37E-06 1.91 2.27E-06 1.86 1.56E-03 1.44
2.81E-03 0.00Et00 1.67E-02 0.00Et00 4.27E-03 0,.00E+00
3.64E-03 O.OOE+OO
3.56E-04 O.OOE+OO 8.45E-03 0.00Et00
1.lOE-04 O.OOE+OO 2.28E-03 O.OOE+OO 1.07E-02 O.OOE+OO 2.29E-02 O.OOE+OO 7.97E-03 O.OOE+OO
0.00Et00 0.00Et00
O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO
0.00Et00 O.OOE+OO
3.53E-06 i . 5 2 6 .52~-06 4.63E-04 8.44E-09 1.46 O.OOE+OO 5.84E-04 1.84E-03 1.40 5.99E-02 3.25E-03 9.62E-04 1.43 4.17E-04 1.66
2.29E-02 O.OOE+OO 6.38E-02 4.78E-03 Ac-227tD 2.51E-04
Th-228tD 1.20E-03 1.63E-03 1.36 5.46E-02 4.71E-03
HNF-2418 Page 33
Table B-2. R/rem Ra t ios and D e t e c t i o n F rac t i ons , Cont inued
Resu l t s p e r pC i /g R/rem Detect ion, g/cm2 Nuc l i de mrem/h mR/h R a t i o GM P-11 PAM
3.94E-02 4.87E-03 Th-229.tD Th-230 Th-232
U-232 U-233 U-234 U-235tD U-236 U-238tD Np-236 Np-237+D Pu-236 Pu-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240 Pu-241tD Pu-242 Pu-244tD
Pa-231
Am-241 Am-242mtD
Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246 Cm-247tD Cm-248
Am-243tD
Cf-250 Cf-252 E~-254+D
2.05E-04 1.71 E-07 6.78E-08 1.88E-05 1.06E-07 1.22E-07 4.16E-08 1.04E-04 2.98E-08 1.88E-05 7.27E-05 1.43E-04 1.65E-08 2.57E-05 1.39E-08 3.61E-08 8.93E-09 2.57E-09 1.19E-08 2.42E-04 6.52E-06 9.38E-06 1.23E-04 1.06E-08 7.67E-05 8.36E-09 3.86E-05 4.74E-09 2.17E-04 7.01E-09 1.37E-08 9.18E-09 6.50E-04
3.33E-04 3.21E-07 1.30E-07 3.14E-05 1.97E-07 2.19E-07 8.04E-08 1.79E-04 6.06E-08 2.99E-05 1.30E-04 2.42E-04 3.52E-08 4.73E-05 3.13E-08 6.31E-08 1.88E-08 4.63E-09 2.67E-08 3.57E-04 1.34E-05 1.64E-05 2.20E-04 2.42E-08 1.33E-04 1.94E-08 6.96E-05 1.20E-08 3.52E-04 1.60E-08 2.85E-08 2.00E-08 9.14E-04
1.62 1.88 1.92 1.67 1.86 1.80 1.93 1.72 2.03 1.59 1.79 1.69 2.13 1.84 2.25 1.75 2.11 1.80 2.24 1.48 2.06 1.75 1.79 2.28 1.73 2.32 1.80 2.53 1.62 2.28 2.08 2.18 1.41
0.00Es00 I . 57E-06 2.07E-04 2.81E-06 2.91E-07 1.69E-06 1.49E-03 1.30E-06 6.51E-02 2.26E-03 4.46E-03
4.61E-07 0.00Es00
0. OOEsOO 0. OOEsOO 0.00Es00
0.00Et00 5.57E-08
4.62E-02 1.27E-06 6.41E-03 5.41E-03
2.20E-03
7.67E-04
6.15E-03
1.31 E-07 1.88E-07 1.45E-02
0.00Es00
0.00Et00
0.00Et00
0.00Et.00
4.06E-04 2.3 I E-04 5.23E-04 5.84E-04 4.46E-04 4.31E-04 3.29E-04 3.54E-04 2.78E-04 O.OOE+OO
0.00Et00
4.3 2 E-64 7.19E-04
6.36E-04 5.39E-04 . 5.42E-04
4.69E-04 3.81E-04 6.33E-04 2.66E-06 5.74E-04 8.29E-04 7.39E-04 7.31E-04 6.00E-04 6.04E-04 4.83E-04 4.75E-04 8.02E-04 8.07E-04 9.31 E-04
0.00Et00
7r-95 o l d 1.75E-03 2.55E-03 1.46 3.71E-03 0.00Et00 ib-125 o l d 2.90s-04 i .47E-04 1.54 2.37E-03 0.00Et00
Ra-226 o l d 1.31E-03 1.84E-03 1.41 8.31E-02 3.84E-03 Pb-210 o l d 1.23E-06 2.28E-06 1.86 2.29E-02 5.94E-04
Th-Nat 1.87E-03 2.59E-03 1.38 7.75E-02 4.94E-03 U-Nat 1.33E-03 1.87E-03 1.41 1.48E-01 4.95E-03 Pu 6% 4.74E-07 9.62E-07 2.03 4.84E-07 5.52E-04 Pu 6% lOyr 9.68E-07 1.98E-06 2.05 4.10E-07 5.58E-04
HNF-2418 Page 34
MONO-ENERGETIC CHARGED PARTICLE READINGS
Examples of mono-energetic charged p a r t i c l e s a r e a lphas, i n t e r n a l conversion e l e c t r o n s , and Auger e l e c t r o n s . They t r a v e l a given d is tance i n mat te r (on t h e average) and then s t o p . k i n e t i c energy.
The model f o r es t imat ing instrument response begins with t h e r a d i a t i o n source uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d i n s o i l , o r some o t h e r reasonably dense, low atomic number mater ia l such a s water . de tec ted , i t must have enough energy t o pass through t h e s o i l , t h e a i r between t h e s o i l and t h e d e t e c t o r , and f i n a l l y t h e window of t h e d e t e c t o r . The window th ickness on t h e PAM i s 0.5 mg/cm2, while t h e window of t h e GM pancake probe is about 3 mg/cm2. The d e n s i t y o f a i r i s such t h a t each cent imeter of
The d i s t a n c e they t rave l depends on t h e i r i n i t i a l
In order f o r a charged p a r t i c l e t o be
th ickness provides about 1 .2 mg/cm2 of sh ie ld ing mater ia l . _ - The t o t a l s h i e l d i n g between t h e PAM and t h e s o i l i s assumed t o be about 2 mg/cmz, based on an a i r th ickness of about 1.7 cm. t h e GM and t h e soil i s assumed t o be about 8 mg/cmz based on an a i r th ickness of about 6.7 cm.
The t o t a l th ickness t h a t a charged p a r t i c l e can t rave l i n low atomic number mater ia l was es t imated from graphs found i n the Radiological Heal th Handbook (HEW 1970) pages 123 and 125. One s t a r t s w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r energy p a r t i c l e , such a s t h e 5.15 MeV alpha p a r t i c l e emit ted by Pu-239. From t h e graph, the alpha can p e n e t r a t e 3.65 cm i n a i r a t STP, which corresponds t o 4 .7 mg/cm2. Subt rac t ing 2 mg/cm2 f o r t h e a i r th ickness and de tec tor window means t h a t a lphas from a depth of 2.7 mg/cm2 could reach t h e de tec tor and be counted.
This needs t o be ad jus ted f o r the d e t e c t i o n geometry. from t h e source i n t o a l l d i r e c t i o n s , but only c e r t a i n d i r e c t i o n s will reach t h e d e t e c t o r . Due t o the proximity of t h e s o i l and d e t e c t o r , i t i s assumed t h a t 20 percent of t h e alphas could be de tec ted . The geometry f a c t o r i s t h e r e f o r e 0.20.
The s h i e l d i n g between
The a lphas a r e s e n t o u t
Detect ion Factor = (Soi l Depth, mg/cm*) (Geometry Factor) * The d e t e c t i o n f a c t o r i n t h i s c a s e i s 5.39E-4 g/cm2, which matches the value shown on Table B-2. Knowing the probe f a c e a r e a and the s o i l contaminat ion, one can now es t imate t h e number o f p a r t i c l e s reaching the d e t e c t o r . ( I t i s assumed t h a t every charged p a r t i c l e en ter ing t h e a c t i v e volume o f the d e t e c t o r wi l l be counted.)
T h i s d e t e c t i o n f a c t o r i s put t o use by mult iplying i t by t h e e f f e c t i v e f a c e a rea of t h e d e t e c t o r and t h e s o i l concent ra t ion . The r e s u l t is t h e number of de tec ted p a r t i c l e s per u n i t t ime. and t h e 100 mrem/y soil l i m i t f o r Pu-239 i s 19.1 pCi/g, so the es t imated alpha de tec t ion r a t e i s shown below (and a l s o on Table 3) .
For example, t h e PAM probe a r e a i s 50 cm2
Detect ion Rate = (5.39E-4 g/cm2)(50 cm2)(19.1 pCi/g) = 0.51 p e r minute
Since t h e instrument o p e r a t o r needs t o hear a r a t e of a t l e a s t 100 p e r minute t o n o t i c e the contaminat ion, t h i s p a r t i c u l a r Pu-239 soil limit will probably go undetected w i t h t h e PAM. However, t h e granular nature of s o i l may al low d e t e c t i o n i f t h e plutonium p a r t i c l e s a r e on t h e upper sur faces o f t h e g r a i n s . Conversely, even h igher l e v e l s could escape de tec t ion i f t h e s o i l g r a i n s were
HNF-2418 Page 35
covering the plutonium. on t h e condi t ion of the s o i l .
The method f o r mono-energetic p a r t i c l e s was automated w i t h a computer program named DETECT which i n t e r p o l a t e s between values read from the graphs i n t h e Handbook. The computer program uses t h e ORALIST nuclear d a t a l i b r a r y (Kocher 1981) f o r the energ ies of t h e charged p a r t i c l e s . descr ibed i n Appendix C.
Detect ing alpha contamination i n s o i l depends g r e a t l y
The DETECT program i s
BETA AND POSITRON READINGS
Beta decay and pos i t ron emission produce charged p a r t i c l e s w i t h e n e r g i e s ranging from z e r o up t o a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c maximum, t h e endpoint energy f o r the decay. extended t o this case. The d i f f e r e n c e is t h a t the d e t e c t i o n f a c t o r s f o r the var ious p a r t i c l e energ ies must be weighted by t h e i r p r o b a b i l i t y and summed t o c a l c u l a t e the o v e r a l l de tec t ion f a c t o r .
E lec t rons and pos i t rons emit ted from a nucleus undergoing b e t a decay a r e produced with i n i t i a l k i n e t i c energ ies t h a t range from zero t o the endpoint energy, E . The p r o b a b i l i t y of f i n d i n g one of t h e s e p a r t i c l e s with a t o t a l energy between W and (WtdW) i s given by the equat ion below.
Prob(W) dW = K Fermi(+Z,W) p W (Wo-W)2 dW S,
The same approach used f o r mono-energetic charged p a r t i c l e s was
The Fermi f u n c t i o n f o r e l e c t r o n s ( tZ) and p o s i t r o n s ( -2) i s c a l c u l a t e d from t a b u l a t e d va lues a s shown i n the next equat ion.
Fermi(fZ,W) = K FHss / p2
The values o f F,,, a r e l i s t e d i n t h e National Bureau of Standards (NBS 1952) Mathematical Handbook. The DETECT program descr ibed i n Appendix C uses a d a t a f i l e which has t h e NBS va lues d iv ided by t h e e lec t ron momentum. This combination i s n e a r l y l i n e a r w i t h momentum, which ensures good accuracy when doing a s imple l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n between d a t a p o i n t s . simply the e l e c t r o n values t imes EXP(-2nv).
They were c a l c u l a t e d from the formula shown below.
The values f o r F,,, f o r p o s i t r o n s a r e
F,,, = p*g E X P ( ~ V ) I r ( g t i v ) 1 ' The Shape f a c t o r (S ) depends on t h e degree of "forbiddenness" of t h e p a r t i c u l a r decay mo8e. Shape f a c t o r s f o r the first four degrees a r e shown below (Siegbahn 1968).
so = 1
s, = pz + (W0-W)Z
S, = p4 t (W0-W)4 t 10/3 pz(W,-w)*
HNF-2418 Page 36
The "g" and "v" variables used above are defined in the equation below.
g = / 1 - (CYZ)2 c r z w
P v = -
The variables used in the above equations, as well as later ones are defined bel ow.
E = beta particle kinetic energy, in MeV W = total rest-mass energy, in units of mc2, W = 1 + E/(mc2) p = beta particle momentum, p2 = W 2 + 1 CY = fine structure constant = 1/137.036 Z = atomic number of the daughter nucleus K = a normalization factor which ensures the total probability i s 1
The energy spectra defined above can be used to compute the momentumqectra using the relation shown in equation 6. to report beta spectra data measured in magnetic spectrometers since the product of the magnetic field strength and the radius of curvature is proportional to the particle momentum.
Momentum spectra were frequently used
Prob(p) dp = Prob(E) dE (mc2p/W)
The DETECT program reads table values for the Fermi function at electron momenta ranging from 0.01 to 20 in 420 steps of varying length. electron momentum are mc, where m i s the mass of the electron and c is the speed of light. integration of the complex gamma function and stored in a binary file. This was done as a check on the NBS values and to avoid transposition errors when copying numbers.
The surface soil is divided into thin layers and the minimum energy electron which can travel from each layer to the detector is computed. The beta probability function, Prob(W), is used to determine the fraction of the electrons from each layer which would be counted. This fraction is the integral of the beta probability function from the minimum energy to the maximum energy. layer and summed to give the total detection fraction.
The units o f
The values for the Fermi function were computed by numerical
These fractions were weighted by the thickness of the soil
Results for the detection factor for each nuclide were shown in Table B-2. These were computed by the DETECT program described in Appendix C.
HNF-2418 Page 37
- .-
Appendix C. The DETECT Program Version 2.0
HNF-2418 Page 38
USER'S GUIDE TO DETECT
The purpose of t h e program i s t o es t imate de tec t ion f a c t o r s f o r one o r more l i s t s of nucl ides . A l i s t of n u c l i d e s i s a t e x t f i l e w i t h individual nuc l ides o r groups of nuc l ides which a c t t o g e t h e r . The DETECT program reads through t h e nuc l ide l i s t f i l e and computes the de tec t ion f a c t o r f o r each nuc l ide and group of nuc l ides i n t h e f i l e . S c a l e f a c t o r s may be appl ied t o ind iv idua l nuc l ides o r groups of nuc l ides . Other inputs a r e t h e geometry f a c t o r , t h e i n i t i a l a i r p l u s d e t e c t o r s h i e l d i n g th ickness , and t h e th ickness of t h e source. There i s an opt ion t o c a l c u l a t e only alpha p a r t i c l e d e t e c t i o n and omit e l e c t r o n s .
The f i l e s l i s t e d i n Table C-1 a r e d i s t r i b u t e d as t h e DETECT sof tware. The f irst s i x DRALIST f i l e s a r e the b inary vers ion of DRALIST (Kocher 1981) used by t h e DETECT program. SHOW-DRA program al lows one t o s e l e c t i v e l y d isp lay d a t a in t h e DRALIST b inary f i l e s t o v e r i f y t h a t i t i s c o r r e c t l y s tored and read.
Table C-I. F i l e s D i s t r i b u t e d as t h e DETECT Software
FERMI.BIN - Binary f i l e w i t h Fermi funct ion values . DRAL1ST.N - DRALIST general d a t a f o r each nucl ide. DRAL1ST.A - DRALIST alpha emissions f o r each nucl ide. DRAL1ST.B - DRALIST b e t a emissions f o r each nucl ide. DRAL1ST.P - DRALIST pos i t ron emissions f o r each nucl ide. DRAL1ST.E - DRALIST e l e c t r o n emissions f o r each nucl ide. DRAL1ST.G - DRALIST gamma photon emissions f o r each nuc l ide . DRALIST.SUM - Data summary genera ted by MAKE-DRA.PAS. MAKE-DRA.PAS - Pascal source code t o read t h e DRALIST.DAT f i l e and c r e a t e t h e
SHOW-DRA.EXE - Program t o d i s p l a y nuc l ide da ta i n t h e binary f i l e s . SHOW-DRA.PAS - Pascal source code f o r SHOW-DRA.EXE. DETECT.EXE - The executab le f o r the DETECT program. DETECT.PAS - Pascal source code f o r DETECT.EXE. DRALIST.PAS - Pascal u n i t t o read t h e DRALIST f i l e s . GENERAL.PAS - Pascal u n i t w i t h general subrout ines . NUCLIST.PAS - Pascal u n i t t o read nuc l ide f i l e s . SRCFRAC.PAS - Pascal u n i t t o g e n e r a t e beta spectrum and i n t e g r a l s . TEST-DET.BAT - Batch f i l e t o run the t e s t cases and compare w i t h v a l i d output . TEST.NUC - Nuclide f i l e f o r t h e t e s t cases . TEST.N3
TEST. N5
TEST.N9
TEST.N8
TEST.NA
These were c r e a t e d by t h e MAKE-DRA program. The
DRALIST.? b inary f i 1 es.
- Test case output - 3 mg/cmz sh ie ld ing and t h e d e f a u l t geometry
- Test case output - d e f a u l t (5 mg/cmz) s h i e l d i n g and geometry
- Test case output - 9 mg/cmz sh ie ld ing and the d e f a u l t geometry
- Test case output - 9 mg/cmz sh ie ld ing and geometry f a c t o r o f
- Test case output f o r a lpha only, 3 mg/cmz s h i e l d i n g w i t h the
f a c t o r of 0.5.
f a c t o r (0.5).
f a c t o r (0 .5) .
0.25.
d e f a u l t ge.ometry f a c t o r (0 .5) .
The t e s t cases a r e run using the TEST-DET.BAT f i l e . This c r e a t e s f ive output f i l e s named TEST.E3, TEST.E5, TEST.E9, TEST.E8, and TEST.EA f o r comparison w i t h the v e r i f i e d tes t case o u t p u t f i l e s shown above.
HNF-2418 Page 39
The DETECT program is s t a r t e d using the command DETECT, a t the DOS prompt. With no command l i n e parameters, t h e program disp lays a summary o f what it does and how i t i s run. This summary i s shown i n Table C-2 below.
Table C-2. Help Screen f o r DETECT
DETECT Version 2.0 by Paul Rittmann PhD CHP
Purpose: Est imate be ta de tec t ion e f f i c i e n c y f o r one o r more l i s t s of nuc l ides .
/A f o r c e s a lpha d e t e c t i o n only. a number a r e the Source th ickness , t h e Thickness between
Usage: DETECT [/A/S--/T--/G--1 NucFilel NucFile2 etc /S, /T, / G followed by
source & d e t e c t o r , and t h e Geometry cor rec t ion f a c t o r . Defaul t values a r e 2000 mg/cm*, 5.00 mg/cm*, and 0.500. Nucl ide f i l e s should have one nuc l ide p e r l i n e . Unit input amounts w i l l be used unless a number appears t o t h e r i g h t of t h e nuc l ide . Groups of nuc l ides must be separa ted by a blank l i n e . Comments begin w i t h ":" and s c a l e f a c t o r s begin w i t h "XX". The d e t e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s a r e placed i n f i l e s t h a t end w i t h t h e extension .EFF
Example: I f the nucl ide f i l e s a r e named WAR.2 and PEACE.NUC, t h e source is 100 mg/cm2 thick with 8 mg/cmz between source & d e t e c t o r
The output f i l e s wi l l be named WAR.EFF and PEACE.EFF
-_
.
DETECT WAR.2 PEACE /S100/T8
The command l i n e c o n t r o l s the input t o DETECT. There may be more than one f i l e name on the command l i n e . Typing t h e .NUC extension i s o p t i o n a l . The program first looks f o r t h e f i lename you have entered. used, o therwise t h e .NUC extension i s added and a second a t tempt i s made t o f i n d t h e nuc l ide f i l e . I f this i s not successfu l , t h e program te rmina tes w i t h a message t h a t t h e f i l e i n ques t ion could not be loca ted .
Changes t o the d e f a u l t s o i l th ickness o r geometry f a c t o r a r e i r d i c a t e d w i t h t h e ' I /" c h a r a c t e r . immediately fo l low th i s charac te r . The S, T and G op t ions r e q u i r e a number. The A opt ion must not have a number.
The TEST.NUC f i l e shows t h e v a r i e t y of i n p u t formats which a r e acceptab le t o t h e program. numbers have been added t o f a c i l i t a t e a d i scuss ion of i t s c o n t e n t s .
Line 1 shows a comment. assumed t o be comments and a r e skipped.
Line 2 shows t h a t lead ing spaces a r e ignored. T r a i l i n g spaces a r e a l s o ignored, a s a r e spaces between the element and t h e i s o t o p i c mass, a s i n Line 6.
The nuc l ide name can be i n upper o r lower case , t h e program makes t h e necessary conversions.
Line 14 shows t h e a d d i t i o n of an adjustment f a c t o r using a l i n e beginning w i t h " X X " .
I f i t is found, i t i s
One of t h e v a l i d command opt ions (A, S, T, o r G) must
This input f i l e is shown i n Table C-3 below f o r re ference . Line
Lines beginning w i t h non-alphabetic c h a r a c t e r s a r e
In addi t ion , the hyphen i s opt iona l .
All i n p u t va lues a f t e r this a r e mul t ip l ied by the number which appears
HN F-24 18 Page 40
on t h e s c a l e f a c t o r l ine . Line 22 shows another use of t h e s c a l e f a c t o r l i n e . This one has no value t o t h e r i g h t . Therefore, t h e value 1.0 i s assumed. The Ra-226 group a r e a l l ad jus ted by t h e f a c t o r 0.00432. However, Line 22 causes t h e Co-60 and o t h e r nuc l ides t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a s having no adjustment ( s c a l e f a c t o r i s 1 . 0 ) . Line 36 changes t h e s c a l e f a c t o r t o 2.0, but t h e nuc l ides t o which i t would apply a r e f i c t i t i o u s . Line 43 r e t u r n s t h e s c a l e f a c t o r t o 1.0 f o r doing K-40.
Table C-3. Contents of TEST.NUC w i t h Line Numbers Added
I>: a t e s t case f o r DETECT 2> C 14 3> 4>NA-22 5> 6x1 16 7> 8>ZN69 9>
1O>P0-212 1 I> 12>th230 13> 14>xx .00432 15>ra226 16>rn222 17>po218 18>pb214 19>bi214 20>Po214 21> 22>xx 2 3 x 0 60 24> 25>tc 99 26> 27> cl 36 28> 2 9 x r 90 30>Qe-99 3 b y 90 32> 3 3 ~ ~ 1 3 7 34>ba137rn 35> 36>xx 2 37> Jc 78 38> 39> 40>Px95 41>Sx69 42> 43>xx 44>K-40
0.946
- .-
HNF-2418 Page 41
Line 34 shows how to include equilibrium factors for nuclides which are in secular equilibrium. interpreted as a second scale factor which only applies to that nuclide.
All output from DETECT is set to a file with the extension .EFF. part of the file name is the same as the nuclide list file. output from TEST.NUC will be written to TEST.EFF. any existing output, the output file may need be copied to a file with a distinctive name to preserve it. TEST-DET.BAT file to use the TEST.NUC file with various other inputs.
The output from DETECT is organized in two parts. The first part shows the adjusted amount for each nuclide, the detection factor and the type of particles contributing to that result. p=positron, and e=electron. The second part shows the combined results for each nuclide or group of nuclides in the nuclide list. indicated with a "+" sign between the name of the first nuclide in t66 group and the resulting detection efficiency. shown below to illustrate this.
Any number to the right of the nuclide name is
The first For example,
Since new output overwrites
This i s the approach taken in the
The notation is a=alpha, b=beta,
Groups of nuclides are
The sample file named TEST.N5 is
Table C-4. Output from TEST.NUC Using the Program Defaults
Output from DETECT Version 2.0 by Paul Rittmann PhD CHP
Source Nuclide Groups and Detected Fractions:
Geometry Factor: 0.500 Initial Thickness: 5.00 mg/& Source Thickness: 2000 mg/cm2 Minimum Alpha, Beta keV: 5361, 57.0 source to detector Minimum Alpha, Beta keV: 1110499, 3949 from back of source
Nuclides Amount gram/cm2 Types Input Fraction Particle
C-14
. N-16 Na-22
Zn-69 Po-212 Th-230 Ra-226 Rn-222
Bi-214
PO-218 Pb-214
PO-214 CO-60 Tc-99 C1-36 Sr-90 Qe-99 Y-90 CS-137 Ba- 13 7m Jc-78
1.000E+00 1.000E+00 l.OOOE+OO l.OOOE+OO 1.000E+00 1.000Et00 4.320E-03 4.320E-03 4.320E-03 4.320E-03 4.320E-03 4.320E-03 l.OOOE+OO l.OOOE+OO 1.000Es00 1.000E+00 1.000Et00 l.OOOE+OO l.OOOE+OO
2. OOOEtOO 9.460E-01
1.06E-03 2.07E-02 5.59E-01 4.36E-02 2.95E-03 3.58E-05 1.08E-06 3.96E-07 2.llE-06 1.37E-04 5.20E-04 8.45E-06 5.92E-03 4.67E-03 2.97E-02 1.72E-02
1.87E-01 1.72E-02 1.00E-02
Not Found! !
Not Found!!
b P b b
e e a a be be a b b b b
b b e
a
HNF-2418 Page 42
Px-95 2.000Ei.00 Not Found! Sx-69 . 2.000Et00 Not Found! K-40 1.000Et00 7.45E-C ! b
Estimated Detected Frac t ions , gram per cm2:
Geometry Factor: 0.500 I n i t i a l Thickness: 5.00 mg/cm* Source Thickness: 2000 mg/cm2 Minimum Alpha, Beta keV: 5361, 57.0 source t o d e t e c t o r Minimum Alpha, Beta keV: 1110499, 3949 from back of source
Fract ion Nucl i d e ( s ) gram/cm2
C-14 Na-22 . N-16 Zn-69 Po-212 Th-230 Ra-226 CO-60 Tc-99 C1-36
CS-137 Jc-78 Px-95 K-40
Sr-90
1.06E-03 2.07E-02 5.59E-01 4.36E-02 2.95E-03 3.58E-05
t 6.69E-04 5.92E-03 4.67E-03 2.97E-02
t 2.04E-01 t 2.72E-02
O . O O E t O O * + 0.00Et00*
7.45E-02
*Nuclide not i n DRALIST.
To compute t h e p a r t i c l e d e t e c t i o n r a t e , mul t ip ly the t a b l e values by t h e probe a r e a ( i n cm2) and the source concentrat ion i n units of a c t i v i t y per gram.
- .-
HNF-2418 Page 43
MODELLING DETAILS
The DETECT program finds the range of a given energy particle (or the energy given the range) by interpolation on the values shown in Table C-5. values were read from graphs in the Radiological Health Handbook (HEW 1970). Linear interpolation is used for alpha particles. log scales for both energy and range. The minimum allowed initial thickness was chosen to be 1 mg/cmz.
The
The beta interpolation uses
Table C-5. Range 'in Air for Various Alpha and Electron Energies
Alpha Particles Range Range Energy cm air mg/cm* keV
0.50 0.647 1000 0.74 0.957 1500 1.00 1.293 2000 1.29 1.668 2500 1.63 2.108 3000 2.01 2.599 3500 2.44 3.155 4000 2.93 3.788 4500 3.47 4.487 5000 4.02 5.198 5500 4.62 5.974 6000 5.26 6.801 6500 5.95 7.693 7000 6.63 8.573 7500 7.33 9.478 8000
Beta Particles Range Energy mg/cwZ keV
1 24.5 1.5 30.5
2 35.5 2.5 40
3 44 4 51 5 57 6 63 8 73 .~
IO 83 15 104 20 124 25 143 30 161 40 194 50 225 60 255 80 310
100 363 150 485 200 599 250 700 300 800 400 1000 500 1190 600 1370 800 1740
1000 2100 1500 3000 2000 3940 2500 4880 3000 5840 4000 7700 5000 9500 6000 11200
Numeric integration of the beta spectrum i s carried out using Simpson's Rule. When the spectrum is computed from the endpoint energy, the nuclear transition is assumed to have a forbiddenness of 0, which tends to underestimate the
HNF-2418 Page 44
detection factor. factors.) This large number is selected for two reasons. First, it ensures adequate accuracy near the endpoint energy where the probability function decreases rapidly with energy. with soil depth to find the detection factor. At a given soil depth there is a minimum electron energy which is able to reach the detector. integration begins at this energy and ends at the endpoint energy of the beta. To simplify the integration, it is assumed to begin at the next larger energy in this particle's probability function. Having a large number of points means that the small amount of area that is ignored will have no effect on the final answer.
(Larger values for forbiddenness lead to larger detection The spectrum is computed at 500 equally spaced points.
Second, it allows a simplification during the numeric integration
The beta
The integration over soil depth is accomplished using the trapezoid rule on layers that increase exponentially in thickness. The first soil thickness is zero so that the beta particle range is the initial shield thickness,-The second thickness is the first thickness multiplied by the factor shown below.
The thickness factor is computed so that after 200 applications of the factor, the range will be the maximum allowable range, 6000 mg/cm2. Since the maximum beta energy in the DRALIST library is 10.419 MeV (N-16), no beta will ever exceed a range of 6000 mg/cm2.
Since each successive thickness is this factor times the preceding thickness, integration by the trapezoid rule uses the equation shown below.
K=l
N-1 = P,X1(f-1)/2 t P,X,(I-l/f)/2 t P,X,(f-l/f)
K=2
where, N = Number of points to reach zero penetration. P = Probability function for the beta emission. X = Thickness of shielding between this layer and the detector. f = Thickness factor defined above.
HNF-2418
PROGRAM LISTING - DETECT.PAS
Page 45
Program Detection-Efficiency;
C Author: Paul D. Rittmann, PhD CHP
uniformly distributed nuclides in s m e material. Beta spectra are computed using the method of UHC-SA-1435-FP, "BREMCALC - - A Computer Program for Calculating Electron and Positron Bremsstrahlung'' by P. D. Rittmann, January, 1992. Bremsstrahlung is not computed. Version 2 adds the source thickness. Values of the linear Fermi Function used in BREMRAD and
BREMCALC. These are stored in the FERMl.BIN file. Values for electron and positron endpoint energies from DRALIST.BET,
a binary file prepared from DRALIST.DAT. Names of nuclides and relative amounts in files supplied by the
user on the comnand line. User may also change the default values for Geometry ThickO, Rmax
with the comnand line inputs /G--- and /T--- and i s - - - . One files of input parameters and output detection efficiencies for-- each nuclide list file supplied by the user.
Purpose: Computes the detected fraction of the alphas & betas emitted by
Input:
Output:
1
Uses Crt, General, DRALIST, SrcFrac, NucList;
Const Chlp = 10; HlpN = 18; OutExtn = '.EFF'; ProglD = 'DETECT Version 2.0 by Paul Rittmann PhD CHP'; HlpSt : Arraytl..HLpNl of ST79 = (
C position of text on initial help screen 1 C number of lines of text on the help screen > C output file name extension >
'Estimate beta detection efficiency for one or more', 'lists of nuclides.', 'DETECT C/A/S--fT--/G--l NucFilel NucFile2 etc', '/A forces alpha detection only. 'a number are the Source thickness, the Thickness betueen', 'Source & detector, and the Geometry correction factor.', 'Default values are' 'Nuclide files shout; have one nuclide per line.', 'Unit input amounts uill be used unless a number', 'appears to the right of the nuclide.', 'Groups of nuclides rust be separated by a blank Line.', 'Comnents begin with 'I:" and scale factors begin with "XX".', 'The detection efficiencies are placed in files that end', 'with the extension ItOutEXtn, 'If the nuclide files are named UAR.2 and PEACE'+NucExtn+', the source', 'is 100 mg/cm' thick with 8 mglcm' betueen source & detector', ' DETECT UAR.2 PEACE /S100/T8' 'The output files will be named UAR:+OutExtn+' and PEACE'iOutEXtn); '
/S, /T, /G followed by',
V> P
NunNf,Nf : Integer; C n m b e r of nuclide files I FileNamo : Arrayll..91 o f ST45. C inpdt nuclide file names I AlphaDnly : Boolean; C if true ;hen ignore all other particles >
Procedure Print Help. C Sumnary of hou to Lse DETECT.EXE 1 Var I : Byte: Begin
TextAttr:= White; Clrscr; Msg(Chlp.2,ProgID); Onetine:;: Nun!3D(Rmax)+SrcUni t+Comna+Num3D(ThickO)+SrcUnit+', For I := 1 to HlpN Do Begin
If (1.3) or (1.17) Then TextAttr:= Yellow
Msg(Chlp,I+3,HlpSt[lI); If I = 7 Then urite(0neLine); End;
Else TextAttr:= Lightcyan;
TextAttr:= LightGreen; Msg(1, 4,'Purpose:'); Msg(1, 6, 'Usage:'); Msg(1,18, 'Example: I); GotoXY(I,HlpN+3); Halt;
End;
.iod;
Page 46 HNF-2418
Procedure Check C m n d Line. C Reads the fit; names En th; c m n d line and looks for them. Also interprets changes in the initial thickness or g e m t r y factor. I
Var CH : Char; I K J LAg:N' : Byte; PST : ST79; C original conmand tine input string 1 fi : Text;
Displays the comand line parameter which caused the error. 1
TextAttr:= LightMagenta; Writeln(' *** ',Msg,' ',PST); Writeln(' Halt;
NmSf:= Paramcount; If N d f = 0 Then Print-Help; J:= 0; ALphaOnly:. false; TextAttr:= Yellow; For N:= 1 to NumHf DO Begin
C string indices and file counter 3 C string length and cornnand line parameter index 3
Procedure Quit Msg(#sg:ST79); C Uses STO forthe final message and halts execution.
Begin
Type DETECT for guidance on how to use this program.');
End; Begin
PST:= PeramStr(N); Lng:= Length(PS1); CH:= PSTLLng1; If (CH = ' / I ) or (CH = I . ' ) Then Dec(Lng); If Lng = 0 Then Quit-Msg(llnvalid comnand line input:'): For K:= I to Lng Do OneLineEKI := UpCase(PST [KI ); If (PSTLII = '11) and (Lng > 1) Then Begin C read one or more flags 1 K:= 1. Repeai E Loop starts uith K positioned at the first I in ST 3
Inc(K); CH:= OneLinetKl; If CH = 'A' Then AlphaOnty:= true E k e If (CH='T') or (CHI'S') or (CH='G') Then Begin
OneLineLOl:= Chr(Lng);
Inc(K). If K >'Lng Then Quit-Msg('N0 n w b e r supplied in option string:'); I := K; While (OneLineLKI '1') and (K Lng) Do Inc(K); If OneLinetKl = I f ' Then Dec(K); If Valid-Nurber(I,K,Factor) Then If CH = ' C ' Then Gewoetry:= Factor
If CH = ' 5 ' Then Rmax:= Factor
Else Quit-Usg(lInvalid nurber supplied in option string:');
Else
Else ThickD:= Factor
c-4 .., ," ELse Quit-Msg('Invalid program option:'); Inc(K):
Until K i Lng; If Thick0 < 1 Then Begin PST:; l ' : Quit_Msg(llnitial shielding must be greater than 1 mglcmf ! I 4 ) ; End;
End
Assign(fi,OneLine); {$I-> Resetcfi); GI+> If IOReSULt > 0
Else Begin C nuclide file name >
Then Begin OneLine:= OneLine + NucExtn; Assign(fi,OneLine); <$I -> Resetcfi); G I + 3 If IOReSult > 0
Then Quit Hsg('Nuc1ide file coutd not be found:') Else Clos?(fi);
End Else Closecfi);
Inc(J); FileNameCJl:= OneLine; End;
End;
Else Begin PST:= 'I;
If J > 0 Then Nm!Nf:= J
Puit-Msg(lNo nuclide fiLes Here provided!!'); End;
End;
Procedure Main Calculations; var f,fo : Text;
I, J, K : Integer; WrkX, TotalDetect, WucOetect : Double; CH : Char; BmSuc : Boolean;
- 1
HNF-2418 Page 47
PartFlg : STEr WrkSt
--. Writeln(Fqa); Writeln(Fqa.WrkSt); Writeln(Fqa); Wri teln( Fqa,t+sgl); !Jriteln(Fqa,MsgZ); Wri teln(Fqa,Msg3); Writeln(Fqa.Msg4,' source to detector'); If Rmax i RangBtREptl Then Writeln(Fqa.Msg5,' f r m back of Source'); Writelncfqa);
End; Procedure Check Particle(P:Byte); C Checks the ruhing total (NucDetect) for increases. An increase
means that particles of that type were able to produce a reading and should be identified in the output. 3
Begin If WrkX < NucDetect Then PartFlg:= PartFlg + PartAbbtPl; WrkX:= NucDetect;
End; Begin Factor:= 1.0; Bduc:= false; Msgl:.: 'Geometry Factor: '+Nun3D(Geometry);
Msg3:- 'Source Thickness: '+NdD(Rmax) + SrcUnit; Msg4:= ' M i n i m Alpha, Beta keV: '+NtdD(EalphaO)+', '+NdD(EbetaIOl); Msg5:- 'Minirmm Alpha, Beta kev: :+NdD(EalphaR)+', '+Nur3D(Ebeta[SrcNol);
TeXtAttr:. Lightcyan; Writeln; Write( 'Reading nuclide f i Le ' , F i lenametNf1); Assign(fn,FiLeName[Nfl); Reset(fn); Linecount:. 0;
C create temporary f i l e for computed results 1 Assign(f, '0ETECT.TMP'); Revri te(f ); WritelMf); WrkSt:= 'Estimated Detected Fractions, gram per cm':'; S td-RA( f ) ; WriteMf,' Fraction'); Writeln(f,'Huclide(s) gramlcm"); Writeln(f, ' 1 ) :
Msg2:- 'Initial Thickness: '+NdD(ThickO) + SrcUnit; --
C open the nuclide file >
C begin the output file 1 Out F i le:= F i leName IN fl : If K > 0 Then 0utFile:- Copy(OutFile,l,Pred(K)) + OutExtn
WritelnC' Output goes to ',OutFile); Assign(fo,OutFile); Reurite(fo); Writeln(fo,'Output from ',ProglD); WrkSt:= 'Source Nuclide Groups and Detected Fractions:'; Std-aA(fo); LineStIO1:- #54; Writeln(fo, Input Fraction Particle'); Wri teln(fo, 'Nuclides Amount gramlcm' Types' ); Writeln(fo,LineSt); Repeat While Nuclide-Block Do Begin
Tota1Detect:- 0.0; For K:= 1 to NucN Do Begin
C find the nuclide data 3
K:= Pos( I . ,Out Fi le) ;
Else OutFile:= OutFiLe + I.' + OutExtn;
h'ucDetect:= 0.0; WrkX:= NucDetect; PartFlg:;. WrkSt:= NuclideIKl+' '+SciJD(AmtVal IKI ); C Write(Wrkst); i DraNuctOl .Name:= NuclidetKl; Nuc:= NucD; While DraNucINucl .Name 0 NuclidetKl Do Dec(Nuc); If NUC = 0 Then Begin ,--:= I*,.
BumNuc:= true; Writeln(fo,Wrkst,' Not Foundll'); C Writeln(' Not Found!!'); > End
If Aaa > 0 Then Begin C use alpha particles > Else With DraNucINucl Do Begin CH:= Space;
Positron:= true; For J:= Aaa to Azz Do
Check-Part icle(1); End;
NucDetect:= NucDetect + Afrac"[J1*Range-MonoE(Aengy'[J1);
If not Alphaonly Then Begin Forbid:= 0; C assume allowed beta transitions 3 If Baa > 0 Then Begin C use beta particles 3 Positron:= false; For J:= Baa to Bzz Do Begin Emax:= Bengy*IJl; Beta-Spectrm(Zn0); NucDetect:= NucDetect + EfracAtJ1*Cobine-8eta_Layers;; E d :
CheckLParticle(2); End;
Page 48
If Paa > 0 Then Begin C use positrons ?
Emax:= PengpCJ1; Beta-SpectruMZno); Nudetect:. NucDetect t Pfrac*[JI*Combine-Beta-Layers;; End;
Positron:= true; For J:= Paa to Pzz Do Begin
Check-Particle(3); End;
If Eaa > 0 Then Begin C use Auger & IC electrons > Positron:= false; For J:: Eaa to EZZ Do
Check-Particle(4); End;
NucDetect: = NucDetect + Ef racA [JI *Range-MonoE(EengV [ J l );
End; NucOetect:. NucOetect*AmtVal [Kl *Geometry; MSg1:- I '+Sci2O(NucOetect); Wri teln(fo,WrkSt,Msgl,PartFlg); End:
TotalDetect:. TotalDetect + NucDetect; End; C of loop over nuclides in a group >
If NucN > 1 Then WrkSt:; I+ I Else UrkSt:= I '; Ur~teln(f,Nuclidetll,UrkSt,Sc~2D~TatalDetect~,CH~; End;
Until Eofcfn); Writeln(fo,LineSt); Close(fn); Wri telncf, ' 1 ) ;
If B W u c Then Writeln(f,'*Nuclide not in DRALIST.')! While not EofCf) Do Begin
Writeln(fo); Writeln(fo,'To compute the particle detection rate, multiply the'). Uriteln(fo,'table values by the probe area (in cm*) and the source:); Writeln(fo,'concentration in units of activity per gram.'); close(fo); Close(f1; Erase(f);
Resetcf); < append the temporary file t o the output ? Readln(f,OneLine); Uriteln(fo,OneLine); End;
End;
Begin Check Cornand-L ine; ~nit-Fermi; . If Alphaonly Then Get-Dralist(l,O,O,O,O)
Else Get DRALIST(l,l,l,l,D); For Nf:= 1 to N w f DO Main-Calculations; CLose(FF):
End.
loop through nuclide files >
PROGRAM LISTING - GENERAL.PAS Un i t General;
HNF-2418
C Author:
> Paul D. Rittmann, PhD CHP
Purpose: General s t u f f f o r many calculat ions.
Uses C r t ;
Const Space = ' I ; Blank8 = Colon = I:'; C o r n = 1 , a ; Period = 1 . 8 ; Dash = I - ' ; TopReal = l.OE137; C s ing le p rec i s ion 3 secMin = 60.0; minHr = 60.0; hrDay = 24.0; secHr = 3600.0; ' mimay = minHr*hrDay; dayYr = 365.0; secDay = secHr*hrOay; m i n Y r = mirQapdayYr; hrYr = hroapdayYr; secYr = secDapdayYr; BqCi = 3.7Ec10; Svren = 0.01; k i l o I: 1000.0; Mega = 1.OEt6; Decimal : Array[O..151 of Char = '0123456789ABCDEF';
Avogadro = 6.022137E+23;
Uses C r t ;
Const Space = ' I ; Blank8 = Colon = I:'; C o r n = 1 , a ; Period = 1 . 8 ; Dash = I - ' ; TopReal = l.OE137; C s ing le p rec i s ion 3 secMin = 60.0; minHr = 60.0; hrDay = 24.0; secHr = 3600.0; ' mimay = minHr*hrDay; dayYr = 365.0; secDay = secHr*hrOay; m i n Y r = mirQapdayYr; hrYr = hroapdayYr; secYr = secDapdayYr; BqCi = 3.7Ec10; Svren = 0.01; k i l o I: 1000.0; Mega = 1.OEt6; Decimal : Array[O..151 of Char = '0123456789ABCDEF';
Avogadro = 6.022137E+23;
Type ST79 = StringI791; ST45 stringI451; ST25 = Stringt251; 5715 = Stringt151; S T l O = StringClOl; ST8 = Str ingI8l ;
L inest : ST79;
Procedure Beep; C produces a randomly chosen tone t o i nd i ca te e r ro rs 3
Procedure Msg(X,Y:Integer; STR : ST79);C displays STR a t X,Y on the screen 3
Va r
Function Nm?S(X:Single) : ST10; C Returns a s t r i n g wi th 1E-6 < X < 1E9 shouing 2 s i g n i f i c a n t d i g i t s . 1 Function Nm?D(X:Double) : STlO;
Function NMS(X:Single) : ST10; C Returns a s t r i n g wi th 1E-5 < X < 1E9 showing 3 s ign i f i can t d i g i t s . 3 Function Nm?,D(X:Doublel : ST10;
Function SciZS(x:Single) : ST10; C Converts a number t o a s t r i n g i n the format -a.bcE+xy 1 f unc t i on Sci2D(x:Double) : ST10;
Procedure Msg(X,Y:Integer; STR : ST79);C displays STR a t X,Y on the screen 3 Begin
End; GotoXY(X,Y); U r i te(STR)
Page 49
Function NmZS(X:SingLe) : ST10; C Returns a s t r i n g u i t h 1E-6 < X c 1E9 showing 2 s i g n i f i c a n t d i g i t s . 3 Var WrkSt : S t r i n g I l l l ; Begin
I f x > 9.9999999 Then Str(x:3:O,WrkSt) Else I f x > 0.99999999 Then Str(x:4:1,UrkSt) Else If x > 0.099999999 Then str(x:5:2,UrkSt) Else I f x > 0.009999999 Then Str(x:6:3,WrkSt) Else
HNF-2418
If x > 0.0009999999 Then ~tr(x:7:4,WrkSt) If x > 0.00009999999 Then ~tr(x:8:5,WrkSt) If x > 0.000009999999 Then str(x:9:6,WrkSt)
Else Str(x:lO:7,UrkSt); If UrkSt[ll o Space Then lnsert(Space,UrkSt,l); Nun2S:z WrkSt;
End;
Function Nun2D(X:Double) : ST10. { Returns a string uith 1E-6 < ic < 1E9 shoHing 2 significant digits. 1 Var UrkSt : Stringllll; Begin
If x > 9.9999999 Then Str(x:3:O,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.99999999 Then Str(x:4:1,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.099999999 Then Str(x:5:2,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.009999999 Then Str(x:6:3,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.0009999999 Then str(x:7:4,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.00009999999 Then Str(x:8:5,WrkSt) Else I f x > 0.000009999999 Then Str(x:9:6,WrkSt)
Else Str(x:lO:7,WrkSt);
Else Else
Page 50
If wrkSt [11 <> space Then Insert(Spece,WrkSt.l); NrmZD:= WrkSt; - .- End;
Function NuSS(X:Single) : STlO. C Returns a string uith 1E-5 < k < 1E9 showing 3 significant digits. > Var WrkSt : Stringllll;
.
Begin If x > 99.999999 Then Str(x:4:O,WrkSt) Else If x > 9.9999999 Then str(x:5:l,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.99999999 Then Str(x:5:2,VrkSt) Else If x > 0.09999999 Then Str(x:6:3,WrkSt) ELse If x > 0.009999999 Then Str(x:7:4,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.0009999999 Then Str(x:8:5,WrkSt) Else If x > 0.00009999999 Then Str(x:9:6,WrkSt)
If Wrkstlll <> Space Then lnsert(Space,UrkSt,l); Num3S:- UrkSt;
Else Str(x:lO:7,WrkSt);
End;
Function Nun3D(X:Double) : STlO; { Returns a string uith 1E-5 Var WrkSt : Strinsllll:
X < 1E9 shouing 3 significant digits. 1
Begin If x > 99.999999 Then If x > 9.9999999 Then If x > 0.99999999 Then I f x > 0.09999999 Then If x > 0.009999999 Then If x > 0.0009999999 Then If x > 0.00009999999 Then
Else If WrkStCll <> Space Then Hum3D:- WrkSt;
End;
Else Else Else ELse Else Else
,I);
Function Sci2S(x:Single) : ST10. C Converts a nunber to a string'in the format -a.bcE+xy > Var WrkSt : StringE131;
Function SciZD(x:Double) : SrlO; { converts a number to a string Var WrkSt : StringLl31; Begin Str(x:ll,WrkSt); Delete(k'rkSt,B,Z); sci2D:= WrkSt;
End;
in the format -a.bcE+xy 1
*
Function SciJS(x:Single) : ST10; < Converts a rider t o a string in the format -a.bcdE+xy 1 Var UrkSt : Stringl131;
HNF-2418 Page 51
End;
Function Sci?;D(x:Double) : STlO' C Converts a nmber to a s t r i n g ' i n the format -a.bcdE+xy Var WrkSt : string[l31;
> Begin
Str(x:lZ,WrkSt); Delete(UrkSt,9,2); SciJD:= WrkSt;
End;
Var K : Byte; Begin
End. For K:= 1 t o 79 Do LineSt [Kl:= #196; LineSt [Ol:" #79;
-1
/
Page 52 HNF-2418
PROGRAM LISTING - DRALIST.PAS
Const DRABlN = 'DRALIST.'; C A=alpha; 8-beta; P=positron; E=IC electron; G - g a m 3 NucLmt 505;
Type NucRec = Record C 55 bytes per record > Name : 518; C name in standard format, C-14, Co-60 3
Ano.Spac, C atomic mass number; specific activity (Ci/g) > Halflife : Single; C decay halflife (seconds) > HalfStr : Silo; C string with halflife from DRALIST 3 Aaa,Azz, C alpha starting and ending indices 3 Baa,Bzz, C beta starting and ending indices > Paa,Pzz, C positron starting and ending indices 3 Eaa,Erz, C auger 8 internal conversion electron indices ) Gaa,Gzz : Integer; C g a m starting and ending indices 1 NucFlag : Boolean; C general purpose flag 3 End;
Zno : Integer; C atomic nunber of element 3 -_
AlphaPtr = "AlphaArray; AlphaArray = Array[1..3701 of Single; BetaPtr = "BetaArray; BetaArray = Array[1..17501 of Single; PosiPtr = *PosiArray; PosiArray = Array[l..lSOl of Single; ICPtr = "ICArrav: lCArray = Array[l::34001 of Single; GamnaPtr = %amArray; GamArray = Array[1..75DOl of Single;
Const Partist : Arraytl..51 of STlD = ('Alpha','Beta','Positron'.'Auger 8 IC','Gam'); PartAbb : Array[l..51 of Char = (:al,'bI,:pl,'e','g');
Var DraNuc Afrac, Aenw Bfrac, Bave, Benw Pfrac, Pave, Penw Efrac, EensY Gfrac, Genw NucD, NUC
: Array[O..NucLrntl of NUcRec; < nuclide data; zeroth record for sorting 3 C Alpha emission fractions 3
: AlphaPtr; C Alpha energy data 3 C Beta mission fractions 3 C Beta average energy data 3
: BetaPtr; C Beta endpoint energy data 3 C Positron emission fractions 3 C Positron average energy data 3
: PosiPtr; C Positron endpoint energy data > C Auger emission fractions 3
: ICPtr; C Auger energy data > C Gama emission fractions 3
: GamnaPtr; C G a m energy data > C Number in DRALIST 3
: Integer; C Index for general use 3
e
Procedure Get DRALIST(A,B,P,IC,G:Byte); C Creates and-initializes the requested arrays. For exanlple Get DRALIST(O,l,l,1,0) will initialize only the beta, positron an; IC electron arrays for fraction and energy. energy arrays are only initialized if the nwber is >1.
The average >
HNF-2418 Page 53
File of NucRec; File of AlphaArray; File of BetaArray; File of PosiArray; File of ICArray; File of GamnaArray; Integer;
Var Fd
Fb Fa
Fe Fg
Begin
FP
C read DRAL1ST.N > VriteC'Reading General Nuclide Information I ) ; Assign(Fd,DRABIN+'N'); Reset(Fd); J:= -1; While not Eof(Fd) Do Begin Inc(J); Read(Fd,~raNuctJ1); End; Close(Fd); NucD:= J; Writeln(NucD:5,' nuclides were found'); If A > 0 Then Begin C read DRAL1ST.A > Writeln(Blank8, 'Reading Alpha particles'); Nen(Afrac); NeNAengy); AsSign(Fa,DRABINt'A'); Reset(Fa); Read(Fa,Afrac",Aengy); Close(Fa); End;
C read DRAL1ST.B > Writeln(Blank8,'Reading Beta particles'); New(Bfrac); Neu(Bengy); NeNBave); Assign(Fb.DRABIN+'B'); Reset(Fb); If B = 1 Then Read(Fb,BfracA,Bengp) CloseCFb);
Vriteln(Blank8, 'Reading Positrons'); Neu(Pfrac); Neu(Pengy); Neu(Pave1; Assign(Fp,DRABIN+'P'); Reset (Fp); If P = 1 Then Read(Fp,PfracA,PengV) CLoseCFp); End;
If IC > 0 Then Begin C read DRAL1ST.E > Vriteln(Blank8,'Reading Auger & IC electrons'); Neu(Efrac); NeucEengy); Assign(Fe,DRABIN+'E'); ResetcFe); Read(Fe.Efrac^,EengV); close(Fe);
C read DRAL1ST.G > Vri teln(Blank8, 'Reading G a m rays' ); NeMGfrac); Neu(Gengy); Assign(Fg,DRABIN+'G'); ResetCFg); Read(Fg,GfracA,Gengp); CloseCFg); End;
If B > 0 Then Begin
Else .Read(Fb,Bfrac",Bengy*,Bave");
E d ; If P > 0 Then Begin C read DRAL1ST.P >
E k e Read(Fp,Pfrac*,Pengy,Pave");
End; I f G > 0 Then Begin
End;
End.
- .-
/
HNF-2418 Page 54
PROGRAM L I S T I N G - SRCFRAC.PAS
Unit SrcFrac;
C Author: Paul 0. Rittmann, PhO CHP Purpose: Stuff to calculate the fraction of alphas, betas, positrons, and
Usage: Auger/lC electrons emitted from a unit concentration in the source. Calling program m a t call Init-Fermi to initialize variables and open FermiFiLe for reading. by closing FermiFile.
Calling program should end
3
3 (=.. ----------.-----------...------- =';E
........................................................................... ___________-_-_-________________________-----. 3
_________.______________________ Interface
Uses Crt, General;
Const FermiFile = 'FERMl.BiN'; C binary file uith Fermi function values 3 alpha = 137.03599; C fine structure constant mc2 = 510.9991; SourcOflt =2000;C mglcmt assuned source thickness 3 ThickDfLt = Geolroflt = 0.5; C assumed efficiency for detection geometry 3 SpcNl- 500; C nlmber of points at uhich the spectrum i s computed 3 SpcN = SpcN1-1; C constant in more frequent use than SpcNl 3 REpt = 35; C number of beta range-energy conversion data points 3 RApt = 15; C number of alpha range-energy conversion data points 3 SrcNo = 200; C number of thicknesses needed for source integration 3 Nun2 = 100; C number o f elements 3 N W = 420; C nlmber of electron m e n t a in the library 3 keVmin = 9.34; C m i n i m acceptable beta particle energy > SrcVnit = ' mglcm"; REarray = Arraytl..REptl of Single; C electron range-energy from RHH p.123 3 RAarray = Arraytl..RApt] of Single; < Alpha range-energy from RHH p.125 3 BetaSpec = Arraytl..SpcNlI of Double; RangeArray = ArrayCO..SrcNol o f Double; DoubleArray = Arraytl..NumPI of Double;
Symbol : Arraytl..NcmZ,1..21 of Char =
> < rest mass energy of the electron, Kev > _ _ 5; C mg/cm* asslmed shielding thickness 1
Type
Const
(1H 1 , 'He', I L i l , 'Be', '5 I , IC f , 'N I , ' 0 I , 'F I , 'Ne', 'Baa, 'Mg', 'Ala, Isis, 'P I , I S 1 , 'CL', IAr', 'K I , 'Cat, 'Sc', Ilia, 'V 8 , omt, 'Mn', 'Fe ' , 'to', 'Nil, 'CUI, 'zn', 'Gal, 'Gel , 'As', 'Se', 'Br', 'Kr', 'Rb', 'Sr', 'Y I , 'Zr', 'Nb', 'Mo ' , 'Tcl, 'Ru', 'Rh', 'Pd', 'Ag', 'Cd', 'In', 'Sn', 'Sb', 'Te', 1 , 'Xe' , 'Cs', 'Ea', 'La', 'Ce', 'Pr', 'Nd', 1Pm8, Ism', 'EU', 'Gd', 'Tb', 'Dy', 'Hog, 'Er', 'Tm', 'Yb', 'tu', 'Hf', 'Tal, ' U I , ' R e ' , ' O s ' , 'Ir', 'Pt', 'Au', 'Hg', IT[', 'Pb', 'Bi:, 'Po', 'At', 'Rn', IFr', 'Ra', 'Ac', 'Th', 'Pa', 'U I , 'Hp', 'Pus, 'Am', 'Cm', 'Bk', 'Cf', 'Es', 'Fm'); i SgnSt : Arraytfalse..truel of ST8 = ('Electron','Positron');
RangA : RAarray = (0 647 0.957 1 293 1 668 2.108 2 599 3 155 3.788,
EngyA : RAarray = (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, C mglcm' 3
C keV 3
41487: 5.198: 5:974: 6:801: 7.693: 8:5?3: 9:4785;
5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000);
Rang6 : C mglcm'
EngyB : C keV 3
REarray = ( 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20, 3 25 30 40 50' 60' 80' 100' 150' 200' 250' 300' 400,
REarray =(24.5 30 5 35 5 40 44 51 57 63 ?3 83 104 124 500: 600: 800~1000~1500~2000~2500~3000~4000~5000~6000');
1190,1370,17~0,2100,3000,3940,4880,5840,7700,9500,11200~; 143: 161: 164: 225: 255: 310: 363: 485: 595: 700: 800:lOOO:
REai 3
REar
.ray
.ray
= ( 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20, 25 30 40 50' 60' 80' 100' 150' 200' 250' 300' 400,
500: 600: 800~1000~1500~2000~2500~3000~4000~5000~6000'); =(24.5 30 5 35 5 40 44 51 57 63 ?3 83 104 124
143: 161: 164: 225: 255: 310: 363: 485: 595: 700: 800:lOOO: 1190,1370,17~0,2100,3000,3940,4880,5840,7700,9500,11200~;
Var Forbid : Integer; Positron, Al loued, Naybe : Boolean; Emax, Emin, Wmax, Umin, Tfctr,Tdeltal, Tdelta2, EalphaO, Ea LphaR, EbetaR,
C forbiddeness 0 1 2 3 > < true if part/cl; is'an positron, false if electron 3 C Forbid < 2 3 C Forbid = 0 or 2 > c limits on beta particle kinetic energy, keV > C limits on total energy, mct units 3 { factor to calculate successive source thicknesses 3 < inteyation factors used in Combine-Beta-Layers 1 ( energy of alpha which penetrates to Thick0 3 C energy of alpha which penetrates to ThickO+Rmax 3 c energy of beta which penetrates to ThickO+Rmax 1
HNF-2418 Page 55
c c c
Double; C RAarray; C REarray; C
c c
8etaSpec:C
DeltaE, spacing between beta spectrm points 1 Rmax, thickness of source itself > Geometry, geometry correction to detector efficiency 1 ThickO : initial shielding thickness, mglcm' > Aslp : slope to convert thickness to alpha energy 1 Bslp : slope to convert thickness to electron energy > Spec S um , SpecE, SpecF : beta spectrum array 1 Ebeta, Depths PSS, F e r m F F : File of OoubleArray;
cumulative beta probabilities > kinetic energy for beta spectrum array 1
C energies corresponding to source layer thicknesses : RangeArray; C source Layer thicknesses used in integration >
C electron momenta from FermiFile 1 : Doub1eArray;C values for the Fermi function divided by moment
rocedure Init Fermi- Computes thevalueb for the source integration process. >
>
um1
P C
Procedure Beta Spectrum( Z : Integer ); C Reads FermiFTle to initialize the F e r m array, computes and normalizes
the beta spectrm. Uses the global variables FF, Forbid (assigns Values to Allowed and Maybe), Emax (computes Urnax), DeltaE, SpecEtl, SpecFt1 >
Function Range MonoEC Ea1:Single ) : Double; C Cwnputes the-depth from which monoenergetic particles may be detected. The range for alpha particles uses linear interpolation; the range for IC electrons uses semi-log interpolation. The global variable Positron is used to tell them apart. Positron must be true for alphas and false for Auger & IC electrons. Also uses the global variables EalphaO, Ebetatl, and DepthBtI. Returns the value of the depth, in glcm'. >
_ _
Function Combine Beta Layers : Double; < Sums the contrTbutiZns from increasingly deep source layers using the trapezoid rule on exponentially increasing source thicknesses. Simpsons rule is used to integrate the beta spectrm. Uses the global variables Emax, DeltaE, SpecEt1, SpecFtl, Ebetatl and Depthtl. Returns the value of the sum, in glcm'. 1
c==------------------------------------=- ________________..__________________ ---------------I=_________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___-_------------ Implementation c====---------------------------------------------------------------------- __________.____.________________________------------------------------
Procedure Init Fermi. C Computes thevalue; for the source integration process. 1 Var I,K : Integer;
Thick : Double: Begin C compute slopes for alpha range-energy data 1
C locate the alpha energy corresponding to ThickO 1
{ locat; the alpha energy corresponding to ThickOtRmax >
For K:= 1 to Pred(RApt) Do AslpIKl:= (EngyAISucc(K)l - EngyAtKl) I (RangAtSucc(K)I - RangAIKl);
I := 2; While (RangAtII < Thick0) and ( I < RApt) 00 Inc(1); Oec(1). EalphaO:= EngyAtII + Aslptll*(ThickO - RangAtI1); Thick:= ThickO + Rmax; I := 2; While (RangAIII c Thick) and ( I < RApt) DO Inc(l); Dec(1); EalphaR:= EngyAtI1 + AslptIl*(Thick - RangAtI1); For K:= 1 to Pred(REpt) Do
If Thick > RangBtREptl Then Thick:= RangBtREptl; Tfctr:= Exp( Ln(ThicklThick0) 1 SrcNo ); C Logarithmic steps > Tdeltal:= 0.0005*(Tfctr - 1.0); Tdelta2:= O.OOOS*(Tfctr - l.O/Tfctr); Thick:= ThickO; For K:= 0 to SrcNo Do Begin
c compute slopes for beta range-energy data 1
C compute factors for source depth integration for beta & positron 1 Bslp[Kl:= Ln(EngyB tSucc(K)IIEngy8IK1) / Ln(Rang8ISucc(K)l/RangB tK1);
Depths tK1 := Thick.
If Thick > RangBtREptl Then I:= REpt Else Begin I := 2;
n r d i >. C Locate the data koints bracketting Thick and the cutoff beta energy 1
While RancB[11 < Thick Do Inc(1); End; ---..,, EbetatKl:= EngyBtI1 * Exp( Bslptll * Ln(Thick1RangBIII) ); Thick:= Thick * Tfctr; Fnd.
As;i&FF,FermiFile); ResetCFF); Read(FF, Pss); C read momentUm table >
End;
Page 56
Function FermiFunc( P : Double ) : Double; i Returns the unnormalized, weighted Fermi function, P*F(Z,W),
a t momentun P based on values s to red in FERMI.8IN. a c t u a l l y has values for fnbs/P from P.O.01 up t o P=20. I f P is below 0.01, then a values i s extrapolated from the lowest two. I f P exceeds 20, then the func t ion returns zero. >
Note t h a t FERMI.BIN
Var Tmp, Wrk : Extended; Lou, High : Integer;
Begin I f P < 0.01 i PSSL11 1
Tmp:= FermClI; FermiFunc:. Tmp t (Ferm[ZI-Tmp)*(lOO.O*P - 1.0) End Else
If P c 1.0 c PSS[1001 > Wrk:= 100.0 * P; Lou:= Trunc(Wrk); High:= TruncWrk t 0.99999999); Tmp:= FermILoul; I f Lou = High
Then Begin
Then Begin
Then FermiFunc:. Tmp Else FermiFunc:. Tmp + (FerrrD[Highl-Tmp)*(Wrk - LOU)
E d Et%. If P-i-3.0---? Pss12001 >
Then Begin Urk:= 50.0 * P ; LOU:. Trunc(Wrk) + 50; High:= TrunccWrk + 50.99999999); Tmp:= FernOILonl; I f Lou Hioh
If P-i-3.0---? Pss12001 > Then Begin
Urk:= 50.0 * P ; LOU:. Trunc(Wrk) + 50; High:= TrunccWrk + 50.99999999); Tmp:= FernOILonl; I f Lou Hioh
Then FermiFunc:. Tmp Else FermiFunc:= T n p + (FerrrO[Highl-Tmp)*(Wrk
End Else I f P < 8.0 c PSS[3001 >
Wrk:= 20.0 * P ; Lou:= Trunc(Wrk) + 140- High:= TrunccWrk t 140.69999999); Tmp:= Ferm [Lowl; I f Lou = High
End Else
Then Begin
Then FermiFunc:= Tmp Else FermiFunc:. Tmp + (FernU[Highl-Tmp)'(Wrk
I f P c 20.0 c PSSI4201 > Then Begin
Wrk:= 10.0 * P ; Lou:= TruncWrk) + 220; High:= TruncWrk + 220.99999999); Tmp:= Ferm [Lou]; If Lou = High
Then FermjFunc:. Tmp Else FermiFunc:. Tmp + (FernDIHighl-Tmp)*(Wrk ~ lO.O*Pss[Loul)
End Else FermiFunc:= 0.0;
End;
*
Function pBeta ( Var We.Pe.Pe2 : Double ) : Double; i Computes the value of the beta p r o b a b i l i t y func t ion a t a beta energy We
Var Wdf2,PBt : Double; Begin
i n u n i t s o f e lec t ron r e s t mass. Uses the global variables Wmax, Allowed, and Maybe.
Wdf2:. Sqr( Wmax - We ); PBt:= We * Wdf2 * FermiFuncC Pe ); I f ( Atlowed ) Then If ( Maybe ) Then PBeta:= PBt
Else I f ( Maybe ) Then
Else
Pe is the e lec t ron momentun and Pe2=Pe:. Ca l ls FermiFunc. )
Else PBeta:= PBt * ( Pe2 + Wdf2 )
PBeta:= PBt*( Sqr(Pe2 + Wdf2) + 4.0/3.OtPe2*Wdf2
PBeta:= PBt*( Sqr(Pe2 + Wdf2) + 4.0*Pe2*Wdf2 ) * End;
)
(Pe2 + Wdf2);
Procedure Beta Spectrm( 2 : Integer ); i Reads FermiFTte t o i n i t i a l i z e the FernU array, computes and normalizes
HNF-2418 Page 57
the beta spectrm. Uses the global variables FF, Forbid (assigns Values to Allowed and Maybe), Emax (computes Wax), DeltaE, SpecEfl, SpecFcl. 2 i s the atomic nmber of the parent nuclide.
Winc.We.Wmu2, Pe,Pe2,PZA,Sum,Tmp : Double;
If Positron Then FermZ:= 2 - 1
Seek(FF, FermZ); Read(FF, FernD); Allowed:= Forbid < 2; Kmax:= EmaxImc2 + 1.0; DeltaE:= Emax / SpcNl; Winc:= DeltaE / mc2; Sum:= 0.0; PZA:= -2.O*Pi*FermZ/alpha; For I:= I to SpcN Do Begin
> Var 1,FermZ : Integer;
Begin Else FermZ:= 2 + 1;
C read Fermi function table for this atomic n m b e r > Maybe:= not OddCForbid); Wmx2:= Sqr(Umax);
Tmp:= IWinc; We:= 1.0 + Tmp; SpecE[II:= mc2*Tmp; Pe2:= Tmp*(We + 1.0); Pe:= Sqrt(Pe2); Tmp:.; pEeta ( We, Pe, Pe2 ); If Positron Then Tmp:= Tmp * Exp(PZA*We/Pe); SpecFII1:- Tmp: If Odd(1) Then Sum:= Sum + 4'Tmp
Else Sum:= Sum + 2*Tmp; End;
C Simpson's Rule >
PZA:= DeltaE / 3.0; SpecE[SpcNlI:= Emax; SpecF[SpcNIl:= 0.0; SpecSu;nISpcNIl:= 0.0; For I := SpcN downto 1 Do Begin We:= SpecFtIl / Sum; If I = SpcN Then Begin
Sum:= Sum * PZA;
SpecFIll:= We; C store normalized probability > Pe:= We; Pe2:= 4*We; SpecSm[SpcNI := 0.5*We*OeltaE; End Else
If I = Pred(SpcN1 Then Begin Pe:= Pe + 4*We; SpecStmIPred(SpcN)l:= Pe2*PZA; End Else
If Odd(]) Then Begin Pe:= Pe + We; SpecSumIIl:= Pe*PZA + SpecSunISpcNI: End
Pe2:= Pe2 + We; SpecSu;ntll:= PeZ*PZA; End;
Pe2:= PeZ + We; C Simpson's Rule >
Pe2:= Pe2 + SpecF[Succ(I)l + 4*We;
Else Begin Pe:= Pe c SpecF[Succ(l)l + 4*We;
End; End;
- .-
Function Range MonoEC Ea1:Single ) : Double; C Computes the-depth from which monoenergetic particles may be detected.
The range for alpha,particles uses linear interpolation; the range fpr IC electrons uses semi-log interpolation. The global variable Positron i s used to tell them apart. Positron must be true for alphas and false for Auger & IC electrons. Also uses the global variables EalphaO, EbetaIl, and Depthst]. Returns the value of the depth, in glcm'. > TotThick : Double; C fraction detected, glcm' for one particle > TotThick:= 0.0; I : = 2; If Positron
Var I : Integer;
Begin
Then Begin If Eal > EalphaR Then TotThick:;: ThickOcRmax If Ea1 > EalphaO Then Begin
Else
While (EngyA[II < Eal) and ( I < RApt) DO InCCI); O W I ). TotThi;k:= RangAfll + (Eat - EngyA[II)/Aslp[ll;
End End
If Eal > EbetaISrcNol Then TotThick:= ThickOIRmax Else If Ea1 > EbetaIOl Then Begin
Else
While (EngyBIII c Eat) and (I < REpt) Do Inc(1); Dec(1); TotThick:. RangBEII * Exp( Ln(Eal/EngyB[II) / Bslpfll );
End; TotThick:= O.OOI*(TotThick - ThickO); If TotThick < 0.0 Then TotThick:. 0.0; Range-MonaE:= TotThick;
End;
HNF-2418 Page 58
Function Combine-Beta-Layers : Double; C Sums the contributions from increasingly deep source Layers using the
trapezoid rule on exponentially increasing source thicknesses. simpsons rule i s used to integrate the beta spectrm. Uses the global variables Emax, DeltaE, SpecEt1, SpecFC1, Ebetatl and Depthtl. Returns the value of the sm, in g/cm'. 3
VBP .. I,J,K : Integer; Detect, SunHi : Double;
Detect:. 0.0; I := 0; Repeat
C do the integrals 1
C fraction detected, mg/cm2 for one particle > Begin
Emin:= EbetaLll;
If Emin < Emax Then Begin { locate the position of Emin in the beta spectrum 3
C finaily, add the contribution to the total fraction
Else S m H i := SpecSm[KI*Tdel ta2;
K:= 1. While SpecEtK1 < Emin Do Inc(K);
If I = 1 Then SmHi:= SpecSmtKl*Tdeltal
Detect:= Detect + SumHi*DepthB[Il; '
Fndt
detected 3
- .-
Begin
End. Geometry:= G e d f l t ; ThickO:= ThickDfLt; Rmax:= SourcDfLt;
HNF-2418 Page 59
PROGRAM LISTING - NUCLIST.PAS Unit NucList;
C Author: Paul 0 . Rittmann, PhD CHP
> 3 <====------------’---------------------------------------------------------- ......................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___________________________________ ?
Uses Crt, General;
Const MaxNucS = 80; C limit on number of nuclides in a group > NucEXtn = ‘.NUC‘; C default nuclide file name extension 3
Linecount,
fn : Text; C nuclide list file ? Factor
Purpose: Stuff.to read a nuclide list file.
interface
Va r C position in nuclide file for reporting errors >
NUCN : Integer; C number of nuclides in a group > - .- : Double; C scale factor in a nuclide file >
OneLine : ST79; C general purpose string > Nuclide : Arraytl..~axNucsl of ST8; C nuclide name in standard format > AmtVal : Array[l..MexNucsl of Double; < values for each nuclide >
Function Valid-Number(Strt Fini:Byte. Var NewVa1:Double) : Boolean; { Looks through Onetine frb, Strt tlfini for the first valid number which
is stored in NewVaL. Exponential numbers without the E (FORTRAN notation) are accepted. Any c o m a s are removed. >
Returns false if an invalid nmber was found.
Function Nuclide-Block : Boolean- C Finds the information on one n$lide group from the nuclide List in fn.
Returns true if a block was found. Nuclide format is C-14, Co-60. Uses the global variables OneLine and fn. Assigns values to the global variables NucN, Nuclide[], AmtValCl and Factor. Called as part of a repeat Loop, i.e.,
Repeat If Nuclide-Block Then Begin C process info about this block I
For Nuc:; 1 to NucN Do Begin t process information obout this nuclide I End;
End; Until 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ________________________________________--- Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ________________________________________-----
> >
Procedure ReadnTrimcVar f.Text- Var Urds:Boolean; Var Lng:Byte)- C Reads a line from f into Oneiine, and checks for a blank Line:
Leading and trailing blank spaces are removed, as are any double spaces. The first character i s made upper case while the second i s made lower case. If the first character i s not alphabetic, Urds i s set true to indicate a comnent line must be skipped. The length of the string (Lng) is set according to the table below.
OneLine Urds Lng
Blank or “pty false 0 Comnent line true Length Nuclide Line false Length scale Factor false Length
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_________________---.------~---~ Note that Nuclide lines and Scale Factors may or may not be valid input. Note that the first character after the end of OneLine i s blank.
Var CH : Char; J,K : Byte; Begin
I f Eof(f) Then OneLine:= ’ I
Lng:= LengthCOneLine); C remove leading spaces > While (OneLineLlI = Space) and (Lng > 0) Do Begin
DeteteCOneLine,l,l); L n g z LengthCOneLine); End;
If Lng = 0 Then Begin
3
Else Readln(f,OneLine);
C blank line 3
HNF-2418 Page 60
Wrds:= false; Exit End; C remove trailing blanks 3 While OneLineILngl = Space Do DecCLng); OneLinetOl:= Char(Lng);
C remove any double spaces, leaving just one between words 3 K:= Pos(Space,OneLine); J:= Succ(K); If K > 0 Then Begin C at most two gaps are shortened 3 While OneLineIJ] = Space Do Delete(OneLine.J.1); Lng:= Length(0neLine); While (OneLine[J] o Space) and (J < Lng) Do Inc(J);C look for second gap 3 K:= Succ(J); If K < Lng Then Begin
End;
C remove first extras 3
While OneLineLKI = Space Do Delete(OneLine,K,I); Lng:= Length(0neLine) End;
C convert first characters to upper case 3 CH:= UpCase(OneLine[ll); Wrds:= (CH < 'A)) or (CH > 121); ( non-alphabetic character denotes coment 3 OneLine[ll:= CH; CH:= OneL ine I21 ; If (CH > ' a ' ) and (CH i 'C') Then CH:= Chr(Ord(CH) + 32); OneLine[21:= CH;
OneLine[Succ(Lng)l := Space; C make sure the 1st character off the end of the string i s a blank 3
End;
- 2.
Function Va l id -Nwber (S t r t ,F in i :Ey te ; Var NewVal:Double) : Boolean; C Looks through OneLine from Strt to Fini for the first valid rider which
is stored in NewVal. Returns false if an invalid nwber was found. Exponential numbers without the E (FORTRAN notation) are accepted. Any c o m a s are removed. 3
Var CH : Char; UrkSt : ST45; la : Integer;
Begin NeuVal:= 1.0; C skip blanks before ntdnber 3 While OneLineCStrtJ = Space Do IncCStrt); UrkSt:= Copy(OneLine,Strt,Succ(Fini-Strt));
C remove any c m s 3 Repeat
la:= Pos(Cm,UrkSt); Delete(Wrkst,la,l);
Until la = 0; C Insert E if omitted, as in FORTRAN input 3 la:= Pos( 1 - ,UrkSt); If l a i 2 Then la:= Pos('+',Wrkst); If la > 1 Then Begin CH:= WrkSt[Pred(la)l;
C default values for NewVal 3
If (CH c. ' e ' ) and (CH <> 'E') Then Insert('E',WrkSt,Ia); =..A. Lll",
C Insert zero before or after the decimal point, la::: Pos('.',UrkSt); If la = 1 Then Insert('D',WrkSt,l)
Val ( WrkSt ,NewVal, l a ) ; I f la > 0 Then Begin
Valid-#umber:= true;
Else If la = LengthWrkSt) Then WrkSt,:= WrkSt C convert string into a real number 3
Va l id-Number : = false; Exit End;
End;
if
: +
omitted 1
80,; .
*
Function Nuclide Block : Boolean; C Finds the info%ation on one nuclide group f r m the nuclide list in fn.
Returns true if a block was found. Nuclide format is C-14, Co-60. Uses the global variables OneLine and fn. global variables NucN, NuclideIl, AmtValIl and Factor. Called as part of a repeat Loop, i.e.,
For Nuc:= 1 to NucN DO Begin
Assigns values to the
Repeat If Nuclide-Block Then Begin C process info about this block 1
f process information obout this nuclide J End:
End; Unti L
Var CH : Char; I,J,K,NumChar : Byte; NewVal : Double:
3
HNF-2418 Page 61
FctrLine, Comnent : Boolean;
NucN:= 0; Repeat
Begin
ReadnTrim(fn Comnent,NumChar); Inc(LineC0unt); If (Rumchar ; 0 ) and not Comnent Then Begin
IncCNucN); Nuc 1 ide [NucN] := B lank@
Nucl idelNucN, 11 := OneLinelll ; If OneLine121 < 'a' Then NuclidelNucN,21:= Space
FctrLine:= Copy(NuclidelNucN1,l,2) = 'XX'; If FctrLine
store nuclide name ilstandard format 1
Else Nuclide[NucN,21:= OneLinet21;
Then Begin I::: 3- D~cCNUFN); End Else Begin C reah the atomlc mass nunber >
I:= 2; E skip over non-nmerlc characters 1 While (OneLinetII < '0') or (OneLine[ll > ' 9 l ) DO InC(l); NuclidetNucN,31:= Dash; J:= 4 ; E store the nlmeric characters as atomic mass number 1 While (OneLine[I] > a / ' ) and (OneLinetlI i ' : I ) DO Begin
Nuclide tNucN, J1:= OneLinelll ; -_ Inc(J); lnc(l); End;
cH:= OneLinelI1' If (CH = I M s ) 01 (CH = l*l) Then CH:= 'm'; If CH > space Then Begin Nuclide[NucN,JI:= CH; Inc(1); End; If NuclidetNucN,21 = Space Then Begin Delete(NuclidetNucNI,2,1); NuclidelNucN1:= NuclidetNucNl + Space; End;
End; If I > NunChar E no nurber on Line > Then If FctrLine Then Factor:= 1.0
Else If Valid-NLmber(1 NumChar,NeuVal) Else AmtVal[NucNI:= Factor
Then If FctrLine The; Factor:= NeuVal
Else Begin TextAttr:' White. Else AmtVal [NucNl:= Factor*NewVat
Writeln('Inva1id rider in'nuclide list at line ',LineCount,':'); Writeln(0neLine). TextAttr:' Yel low- Writeln; WrftelA('Run Terminated!! Halt; End; . End;
Until NunChar = 0; Nuclide-Block:= HucN > 0;
Correct the nuclide f i l e ! ! ' ) ;
C empty Line 1
End;
End.
HNF-2418
199803 18.1347
DISTRIBUTION
Waste Management Federal Senices of Hanford. Inc,
N. A. Homan
Fluor Daniel Northwest
P. D. Rittmann
Lockheed Martin Services. Inc,
Central Files
Distr-1
MSIN
H6-25
R3-26
_ _ ' B1-07
