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Characteristics of Different types of soils

Black SoilBLACK SOIL Also known as Regur or Black Cotton soil. Dark grey to Black in color. High clay content. Highly moist retentive. Develops cracks in summer. Covers 5.4 lakh sq. km. Highly suitable for cotton. Rich in iron, lime, calcium,Magnesium,carbonates, and alumina.

Red soil

RED SOIL Formed due to weathering of old crystalline rocks. More sandy and less clayey. Rich in iron, small amount of Humus. Poor in phosphorus, nitrogen and lime. Slightly acidic and do not retain moisture. 3.5 lakhs sq.km area. Porous and Friable. Laterite soil

LATERITE SOIL Latin word meaning brick. Formed under high temperature and rainfall with wet and dry spell. Silica is leached due to high rainfall. Remnants of iron and aluminum oxides left behind is know as Laterite. Brown to Yellowish color. Becomes hard when exposed to atmosphere. Used as building material.Desert soil

DESERT SOIL Contains soluble salts. Originated by Mechanical disintegration & wind deposit. Porous and coarse. 90% sand & 5% clay. Rich in Nitrates & Phosphates. Poor in Nitrogen & Humus. Friable, sandy & low moist content. 1.4 Lakh sqkm.Mountain soil

MOUNTAIN SOIL Found in hill slopes. Formed by deposition of organic matter from forest. Rich in humus. Poor in Potash and Lime. Areas: Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh. Crops: Tea, Coffee, Spices & Tropical Fruits.Saline & Alkaline soil

SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL Contains salts like Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium. Infertile, unfit for cultivation. Sandy to loamy in texture. Areas: Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.Peaty & Marshy soil

PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL Occur in Humid region. Formed by accumulation of organic matter. Black in colour. Highly acidic and heavy. Areas: Kottayam & Alleppey in Kerala, Coastal Orissa, Sundarbans of W.B Cohesive soil

A sticky soil, such as clay or silt; its shear strength equals about half its unconfined compressive strength.Soil in which the absorbed water and partical attraction act such that it deforms plastically at different water Contents are known as Cohesive soils or clays. These soils possess higher plasticity . e.g. clays & plastic silt.Residual soils

Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their formation as result of the weathering of the parent rocks. The depth of residual soils depends primarily on climatic conditions and the time of espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are commonly stiff and stable. An important characteristics of residual soil is that the sizes of grains are indefinite.Alluvial soil

ALLUVIAL soil is formed when a soil-carrying stream gradually loses its carrying capacity with decreasing velocity. In slowing down, a river does not have sufficient power to keep the large particles of soil suspended; these particles settle to the riverbed. Further decrease in velocity causes smaller particles to settle. These particles are deposited, finally, at the mouth of the river, where they form DELTAS of fine-grained soil.Marine soil

MARINE soil is formed from materials carried into the seas by streams and by material eroded from the beaches by the tidal action of the waves. Part of the material is carried out and deposited in deep water; part is heaped upon the beaches along the coastAeolian soil

A type of soil that is transported from one place to another by the wind.e.g sand dunes,loess.

Loam

Loamissoilcomposed ofsand,silt, andclayin relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively).[1]Loam soils generally contain more nutrientsandhumusthan sandy soils, have better infiltration and drainage than silty soils, and are easier totillthan clay soils. Loams are gritty, moist, and retain water easily.Clay

Clayis a naturally occurringaluminium silicatecomposed primarily of fine-grainedminerals. Claydepositsare mostly composed ofclay minerals, a subtype ofphyllosilicate minerals, which impartplasticityandharden when fired or dried; they also may contain variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure bypolar attraction.Organic materialswhich do not impart plasticity may also be a part of clay deposits.Glacial soil

Glaciers carry with them soils varying in size from fine grained to huge boulder. Soil get mixed with the ice and are transported far away from their original position. Drift is a general term used for the deposits made by glaciers

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