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LinkingSoil and Air Quality
Alan J. FranzluebbersEcologist
Watkinsville GA
Air Quality IssuesParticulate Emissions
Air Quality Issues
http://z.about.com/d/phoenix/1/0/c/u/duststorm01.jpg
http://z.about.com/d/phoenix/1/0/c/u/duststorm01.jpg
Particulate Emissions
Air Quality Issues
http://geology.com/news/2005_08_01_archive.html
Particulate Emissions
Air Quality Issues
http://z.about.com/d/phoenix/1/0/c/u/duststorm01.jpg
Particulate Emissions
Air Quality Issues
www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/66570000/images/ammonia1_2006cw.jpg
Ammonia Emissions
Air Quality Issues
www.iger.bbsrc.ac.uk/Ammonia_Inventory/sources.htm
www.iger.bbsrc.ac.uk/Ammonia_Inventory/sources.htm
www.researchtraining.org/moduletext.asp?intModuleID=804
Malodorous Compounds
Air Quality Issues
http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm
Ozone / Smog
Air Quality Issues
www.panna.org/campaigns/drift.html?searchMode
Pesticide Drift / Volatilization
www.pnwwaterweb.com/initiatives/pnw_092.htm
www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/050725.htm
www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/WQ/WQ-19.html
www.btny.purdue.edu/Pubs/PPP/PPP35.htmlArtwork by Stephen Adduci
Air Quality IssuesPesticide Drift / Volatilization
Air Quality IssuesGreenhouse Gas Emissions
Bowen Ratio
Fort Collins CO
Akron COAmes IA
Brookings SD
Bowling Green KY
Mandan ND
Global Concern is in the Air
FromIntergovernmental
Panel onClimate Change
…an essential component of our world
Soil Qualityhttp://cropsoil.psu.edu/extension/livingmulch/sec92c.cfm
www.verp.com/projects/CoL/
www.nps.gov/biso/parknews/index.htm
www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2006/09/time_will_not_w.html
Linking Soil and Air QualitySoil Organic Carbon Sequestration
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/
Mollisols UltisolsAlfisols
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
Soil Organic C (Mg ha-1)Effect of manure application Without With----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-yr studies (n=6) 19.8 + 8.9 19.6 + 8.411 + 8-yr studies (n=8) 30.6 + 11.4 36.8 + 10.6SOC sequestration for all (Mg ha-1 yr-1) 0.26 + 2.15SOC sequestration for >2-yr studies 0.72 + 0.67
Conversion of C in poultry litter to soil organic C was 17 + 15%.
Note: Manure application transfers C from one land to another. Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147.
Animal Manure Application
Soil Organic Carbon SequestrationSoil carbon retention rate from animal manure application is affected by climatic condition:
Temperate or frigid regions (23 + 15%)
Thermic regions (7 + 5%)
Moist regions (8 + 4%)
Dry regions (11 + 14%)
Percentage of carbon applied as manure retained in soil(review of literature in 2001)
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
Minimal disturbance of the soil surface is critical in avoiding soil organic matter loss from erosion and microbial decomposition.
Conservation-Tillage Cropping
Soil Organic Carbon SequestrationIn the USA and Canada, no-tillage cropping can
sequester an average of 0.33 Mg C/ha/yr.
Franzluebbers and Follett (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:1-8
Cold-dry region(6 °C, 400 mm)
0.27 + 0.19 Mg C/ha/yr
Northwest
Hot-dry region(18 °C, 265 mm)
0.30 + 0.21 Mg C/ha/yr
Southwest
Hot-wet region(20 °C, 1325 mm)
0.42 + 0.46 Mg C/ha/yr
Southeast
Cold-wet region(6 °C, 925 mm)
−0.07 + 0.27 Mg C/ha/yrNortheast
Mild region(12 °C, 930 mm)
0.48 + 0.59 Mg C/ha/yr
Central
Soil Organic Carbon SequestrationNo tillage needs high-residue producing cropping
system to be effective.Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
in the Southeastern USA----------------------------------------------------
0.28 + 0.44 Mg C/ha/yr(without cover cropping)
0.53 + 0.45 Mg C/ha/yr(with cover cropping)
Franzluebbers (2005) Soil Tillage Res. 83:120-147.
Photos of 2 no-tillage systems in Virginia USA
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
Surface residue
“Plow layer”of soil
Zone most affected by
management
Zone relatively
unaffected by
management
Stratification Ratio
SOC (0-5 cm).____________.
SOC (15-30 cm)
0-5 cm
15-30 cm
Stratification Ratio of Soil Organic Carbon
Plowed soils tend to have values near 1
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
Years of Conservation Management0 10 20 30 40 50 60
StratificationRatio of
SoilOrganicCarbon(0-5 cm /
12.5-20.3 cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SR = 1.42 + 2.79 (1 - e-0.088 yr), r2 = 0.46
Conservation tillagePasture
Conventional tillage
Causarano et al. (2007) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. (in press)
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
Stratification Ratio of Soil Organic C(0-5 cm / 12.5-20.3 cm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Stock ofSoil
OrganicCarbon
(0-20.3 cm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SOC Stock = 11.7 + 36.8 (1 - e-0.241 SR), r2 = 0.36
Conservation tillagePasture
Conventional tillage
Causarano et al. (2007) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. (in press)
Implications
Several air quality concerns are impacted directly or indirectly by soil quality
Adoption of conservation management systems can help to address both air quality and soil quality concerns
Significant research is being conducted on the mechanisms of soil and air quality deterioration / improvement, but research–extension–education activities are needed to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of system-wide management approaches to these complex natural resource issues
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions with conservation management approaches will reduce the threat of global change and improve the quality of soil