Soe Win Maung

Food Security Policyin Myanmar

Outline

• Agricultural Policy• Food Policy Development• Factors Related to Food Security

– Population– Food Production– Import & Export– Food Availability– Prices– Poverty & Hunger

• Food Security Issues• Food Security Policy Directions

Agricultural Policy …• To emphasize production and utilization of high yielding and good quality

seeds• To conduct training and education activities for farmers and extension staff

to provide advanced agricultural techniques• To inculcate agricultural knowledge into primary and secondary level

students• To spawn qualified agricultural technicians from State Agricultural Institutes

and Yezin Agricultural University• To implement research and development activities for sustainable

agricultural development• To protect farmers' rights and benefits • To assist farmers to get fair price on their produce• To assist in reduction of production cost, increasing high quality crop

production, strengthening and developing the market infrastructure

Agricultural Policy

• To encourage transformation from conventional agriculture to mechanized agriculture

• To undertake renovation and maintenance works for old irrigation, pumping and underground water systems

• To support rural development and poverty reduction activities through development of agriculture sector

• To help strengthen the market and allow the farmers freedom of choice in crop cultivation

• To encourage local and international investment in agriculture sector

• To appropriate and amend the existing agricultural laws and regulations in line with current situation

Source: DAP (2012), “Myanma Agriculture in Brief 2012”

Food Policy Development • Food: Basic human right• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (MDG-1)• Rice, national crop • Summer rice (1992/93)• Regional self-sufficiency• Export marketable surplus• Rice organization (MRF, MAPCO)• Rice reserve (ASEAN)• ASEAN Food Security Information

System (AFSIS)• Cyclone Nargis (2008) • Land: Non-transferable from rice to other crops• Transformation from “Ya” to “Le”

Millennium Development Goal-1

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day

Target 1B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the Proportion of People who suffer from hunger

Myanmar: MDG-1 AchievementTgt Indi Indicator 1995 2000 2015

Target

1.A

1 National Poverty Incidence 32.1 25.6 16.0

2 Poverty Gap Ratio 0.064 0.041

3 Share of Poorest Quintile in National Consumption 11.1 12.0

1.B 4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed - -

5 Employment/Population Ratio 54.3 57.1

6 Proportion of Employed People Living below the National Poverty Line

32.3 25.5

7 Proportion of Own-account and Contributing Family Workers in Total Employment

51.8 54.3

1.C 8 Prevalence of Moderate Underweight Children under Five Years of Age

34.3 32.0 19.3

9 Proportion of the Population below the Minimum Level of Dietary Energy Consumption

10 5

Source: IHLCA Survey (2009/10)

Use of Crops

Source: MNPED (1999), “Review of the Financial, Economic and Social Conditions for 1998/99”

Rice Sufficiency

Source: MOAI (2011), “Review on Rice Sufficiency”

• Per capita consumption rate– Rice (Urban: 12 bsk/ Rural: 15 bsk)– Oil (6 viss) – Pulses (6.5 pyi)

• Seed rate– Rice (2 bsk/ac)

• Waste– Rice (3 bsk/ac)

• Other use– Rice (15 % of Production)

• Processing Outturn– 1 mt of rice/ 100 bsk of paddy– 2 viss of oil/ 1 bsk of groundnut– 6 “ / “ sesamum

Norm

Food Security (4 dimensions)

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

World Food Summit (Oct, 1996)• Availability• Access• Utilization• Stability

Food Security Studies2006

Urban31%

Rural69%

Population

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

RuralUrbangrowth

Gro

wth

Rat

e

Population

KCN

KYH

KYN

CHN

SGI

TNY

BGO

MGW

MDY

MON

RKH

YGN

SHT

AWD

18

30

59

15

69

39

151

124

220

253

89

676

36

227

Population Density per sq.km.Young Population

Food Production

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Production of Fish

Fresh Water FisheriesMarine Fisheries

000 MT

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-100

100200300400500600700800900

1000

Production of MeatBeef

Mutton

Pork

Fowl

Duck

Turkey, Geese, Muscovy Duck and Bar-rock

000'

MT

Food Import

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12Edible vegetable oil and other hydrogenated oils 295.4 178.9 202.4 394.6Milk, Condensed 35.5 40.6 31.0 42.5Milk Powder 6.6 7.2 12.0 16.6Milk and evaporated 1.3 1.1 6.9 9.0Spices 1.4 2.1 2.1 2.4Wheat Flour * 0.3 * 0.2

(USD Million)

Source: CSO (2012), “Statistical Yearbook 2010”

Agri Export

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12Rice 666.4 818.1 536.4 707.2 Maize 120.2 10.4 44.8 166.5 Pulses 1451.4 1231.9 829.4 1296.4

• Black gram 529.8 615.8 456.5 598.1

• Green gram 264.8 303.6 166.3 229.0

• Pigeon pea 471.8 193.9 146.2 319.5

• Gram 85.6 46.2 8.4 78.6

• Other pulses 99.4 72.4 52.0 71.2 Sesamum 19.5 24.4 29.5 35.5 Prawn 18.2 18.8 18.5 18.8

Fish & fish products 136.3 162 144.5 188.2Crab 3.0 7.3 1.7 4.5

(000 mt)

Source: CSO (2012), “Statistical Yearbook 2010”

Food Availability per Head (Kg)

1990/91

1991/92

1992/93

1993/94

1994/95

1995/96

1996/97

1997/98

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

RiceEdible OilPulsesMeatFish

Food Price1

99

7-9

8

19

98

-99

19

99

-00

20

00

-01

20

01

-02

20

02

-03

20

03

-04

20

04

-05

20

05

-06

20

06

-07

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300 Food Price Index(1) Rice

(2) Oil

(3) Fish, Meat & Eggs

(4) Others

General CPI

Food Index

2009-10 146.85 144.84

2010-11 158.93 157.21

2011-12 163.32 157.57

* 2006=100

*1997-98 = 100

Income

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-110

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000per Capita GDP

CurrentConstant

<ADB> ($, Current)

2007 351.0

2008 537.3

2009 595.7

2010 759.1

2011 856.8

Poverty Incidence 2005 2010 % change

Urban 21.5 15.7 -27

Rural 35.8 29.2 -18

Total 32.1 25.6 -20 Source: IHLCA (2011), “MDG Data Report”, Table-9, Page-13.

Kayah

Sagaing

Bago (West)

Mon

Yangon

Kayin

Bago (East)

Shan (South)

Magway

Mandalay

Kachin

Ayeyarwady

Tanintharyi

Shan (North)

Rakhine

Shan (East)

Chin

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Kachin3%

Kayah0%

Kayin1%

Chin3%

Sagaing4%

Tanintharyi

5%Bago (East)

3%Bago

(West)1%

Magway8%

Mandalay17%

Mon3%

Rakhine13%

Yangon7%

Shan (South)

5%

Shan (North)

6%

Shan (East)

2%

Ayeyarwady19%

Food ExpenditureS.N

.Particulars 1989 1997 2001 2006

I. SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD 5.27 5.25 5.37

4.72

II.HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE TOTAL 1795.50

13784.51

29309.73

97699.87

1.FOOD AND BEVERAGES TOTAL 1329.19 9779.45

21077.86

69170.71

Rice 540.49 2695.68 4634.8017891.4

5 Pulses 27.11 229.22 607.98 1842.16 Meat 109.91 1007.86 2874.21 7824.56 Eggs 23.09 210.42 692.45 2369.46 Fish and crustacea (fresh) 93.57 727.06 2588.65 5252.35 Fish and crustacea (dried) 42.29 310.83 531.53 2926.79 Ngapi and nganpyaye 52.41 264.48 475.00 1687.13 Cooking oil and fats 118.49 1248.43 2432.67 5536.11 Fruits and vegetables 57.43 955.55 2110.05 8826.45 Spices and condiments 79.55 563.33 1119.02 4727.99 Beverages 57.13 217.03 458.45 1444.26 Sugar and other food 49.84 276.56 422.82 1136.83 Milk and milk products 18.63 57.87 145.49 342.86 Other miscellaneous food 1/ 59.25 1015.14 1984.76 7362.31

2.NON-FOOD TOTAL 466.31 4005.06 8231.8828529.1

6

Food71%

Non-Food29%

Rice26%

Fruits13%

Meat11%

Oil8%

Others42%

Hunger (Food Poverty Incidence)

2005 2010%

change

Urban 6 2 -59Rural 11 6 -48

Total 10 5 -50

Global Hunger Index (GHI)Score Rank

1990 29.5

1996 25.4

2001 22.5

2009 19.6 53 (84)

2010 18.8 50 (84)

2011 16.3 41 (81)

Sour

ce:

IFPR

I (20

12),”

Glo

bal H

unge

r Ind

ex 2

011”

Source: ADB (2012), “Myanmar in Transition”

Comparison with ASEAN Neighbors

NutritionPer capita consumption (NNC 1997)• Per capita Calorie consumption = 92.4 % of RDA • Per capita Protein consumption = 115.7 % of RDAMalnutrition amongst children under 5 years of age (MICS 2009/10)• Prevalence of Underweight = 22.6 % • “ Overweight = 2%• Prevalence of Stunting (height for age) = 35.1 %• Prevalence of Wasting (weight for height) = 9.4 %Low birth weight (LBW) = 8.6 % (MICS 2009/10)20.5% men & 21.7 % women have a low body mass index (BMI) 7.2% men & 14.5 % women were overweight (BMI>25) 1.4 % men & 3.7 % women were obese (BMI>30) <NNC 2003>Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD), Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), Beriri (Thiamine/ Vitamin B1 deficiency)Water & Sanitation

RDA = Recommended Daily Allowance

Food Security Issues

• Household food security• Food safety• Emergency case• Food prices• Consumer preferences• Nutrition• Equity

Supporting for Food Security• Food Assistant/ Cash transfer• Promoting agricultural production• Income generation• Food outlook, Food balance sheet• Early warning system• Consumption survey, food security studies• Data and information system, Mapping system• Food storage facilities• Monitoring and Evaluation• Emergency management• Peoples’ awareness• Budget

Food Security Policy Directions

• To aim full percent security• To abolish hunger (zero hunger)• To lay down food security policy and programmes• To be prepared for emergencies• To stockpile food reserve• To set up monitoring and surveillance system• To follow integrated approach

Thank You.