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Department of Sociology
Second year option
Sociology of Globalisation L4080B
Spring 2015
! " # global a. world-‐wide; pertaining to or embracing the whole of a group of items etc; total; hence ~ly adv.
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Sociology of Globalisation This module looks at the social, cultural, political and economic aspects of globalisation. It will examine the meaning and definition of globalisation and its history since premodern times to the present day. It will assess perspectives on globalisation from globalist to sceptical and the critical theories of sociologists such as Bauman and Bourdieu. We will discuss globalisation as a modern or postmodern phenomenon and as a discourse as well as a reality. The module will examine the growth of global media corporations and discuss whether these impose western cultural imperialism or if global culture is more heterogeneous and hybrid because of globalisation. We will look at inequalities in human mobility and at gender inequalities in globalisation. We will discuss: American and neo-‐liberal power, global politics and economics; globalisation in global cities; and the rise of China as a world power. Globalisation is a big topic and in choosing what to cover on this module I have tried to avoid too much overlap with modules such as the ones on race, migration and beyond the vote and with third year modules you may take. Topics 1. What is globalisation? Concepts and definitions 2. History: centuries old and premodern globalisation 3. History: modern and postmodern globalisation 4. Critical Perspectives on Globalisation: sceptical, transformationalist and discourse theories 5. Tourists and Vagabonds: Zygmunt Bauman on globalisation 6. The Globalisation of Media and Culture: homogenisation or hybridity? 7. Globalisation and Gender Inequality 8. Assessment and study skills session 9. Bourdieu: cultural imperialism, power and inequality 10. Global Cities: sites of global hybridity and economic hubs? 11. Global Power: the decline of the USA and the Rise of China? 12. Poster presentations Lectures and Seminars There will be a one hour lecture every week and a one hour seminar later in the week on the same topic. The seminar will assume you’ve been to the lecture and done the reading and will be discussing knowledge from the lecture and reading. Under each topic there are a list of questions to help with reading and seminar discussion. Think about how you’d answer the questions when you’re doing the reading and come along to the seminar with answers to as many of the questions as you can. Reading The seminars will be organised on the basis you’ve read for that week. A note, especially for V & E students -‐ you don’t need to read all of the reading listed each week. More than is necessary is
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listed to help with availability, choice and essay writing. There’s no study pack – main readings are on Study Direct to save paper and are starred. General and Introductory Reading Below are some core books that are relevant to a number of the topics. They’re also good introductions to the whole area if you wanted to read something before the module. You don’t need to buy a book as the main reading will be on Study Direct. Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization, 2000 and later edition in 2005, accessible overview on globalisation. Defines globalisation as ‘deterritorialisation’ and sees it as mostly recent. 2005 edn. is substantially revised and expanded. David Held and Anthony McGrew, The Global Transformations Reader, an edited reader of extracts from lots of relevant work on globalisation, editions published in 2000 and 2003. This handbook refers mostly to the 2003 edn. which has slightly different contents and chapter numbering to the 2000 edn. David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, quite a big dense book and a bit old now but useful for the module. Held et al argue for a ‘transformationalist’ view against ‘hyperglobalists’ and ‘sceptics’. Larry Ray, Globalization and Everyday Life, 2007, brief, accessible sociology of globalisation. Charles Lemert et al eds, Globalization: a Reader, 2009 Frank Lechner, Globalization: The Making of World Society, 2009, recent but a bit basic. Andrew Jones, Globalization: Key Thinkers, 2010, overview of some of the key thinkers on globalisation. Chapters 1-‐7, 12-‐13 especially useful. Robert Holton, Globalization and the Nation-‐State, 1998, and Making Globalization, 2005, both succinct, accessible, balanced overviews. Malcolm Waters, Globalization, 1995 and 2000 editions, short readable book on globalisation. Stresses globalisation as cultural. Frank Lechner and John Boli, The Globalization Reader, 2000, collection of short extracts relevant to a number of the topics George Ritzer and Zeynep Atalay, Readings in Globalization, 2010, Part I of the reader is on political economy and Part II is on culture. Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: a very short introduction, 2003, as it says, this is a very short introduction! John Beynon and David Dunkerley, Globalization: the reader, 2000, collection of short extracts with a bias towards cultural issues. Richard Appelbaum and William Robinson eds, Critical Globalization Studies, 2005. Saskia Sassen, A Sociology of Globalization, 2007, looks at the relation between local and national spaces and globalisation. Robin Cohen and Paul Kennedy, Global Sociology, 2000, more relevant to a first year than third year level, but useful as a good basic introduction. Keri E. Iyall Smith, ed, Sociology of Globalization, 2013, a recent reader George Ritzer, Globalization: A basic text, 2010
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Assessment This module is assessed by a group poster presentation in week 12 worth 30% and a 3000 word essay you submit in the summer term worth 70%. There will be more details of these on Study Direct and we will have an assessment and study skills week on the presentations and essays. For dates and times of essay submission see Sussex Direct. See Study Direct for assessment criteria and guidelines. Make sure you are aware of the university definitions and rules on plagiarism and collusion. These will be penalised. There are essay titles in this handbook. If you want to change any of these or make up your own that’s fine. If a title is too broad feel free to pick a more specific angle within it. You can also adapt something from the list of seminar questions for each week. But in all of these cases check the title with me first. Feedback and evaluation I can give you feedback on your presentation and essay ideas and plans and then on your essay and presentation when they are marked. There will be an anonymous online evaluation questionnaire at the end of term for you to assess the module and teaching. Tutors take the feedback seriously. There may also be a mid-‐term feedback session. Your feedback, suggestions or criticism are welcome at any point in the term. Contacts Important information about the module may be sent to you by email (eg any changes to timetabling or information which supplements that in this handbook). You should check your email every day. Tutor and module convenor is Luke Martell, Freeman G50, phone (67)8729, email: [email protected]. My office hours will be posted on my web profile. I work three days a week. I usually don’t work on Tuesday or Thursday although that can vary sometimes. Topic 1 What is Globalisation? Concepts and definitions of globalisation In this topic we will look at different concepts or ideas of globalisation. The aim is to get an understanding of what globalisation is and we can develop this more in later weeks in discussions about actual globalisation in culture, the economy and politics. How does globalisation differ from similar sounding ideas such as internationalisation, imperialism, or world systems? When people describe globalisation what do they mean by notions such as ‘interdependence’, ‘compression’, ‘time-‐space distanciation’, and ‘deterritorialisation’? Is globalisation the same as ‘westernisation’ or something different? What do Held et al mean by extensity, intensity, velocity and impact in assessing globalisation? What characteristics do processes or structures have to make them globalisation? Does defining globalisation matter? -‐ What are examples of globalisation? What makes them globalisation?
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-‐ What makes ‘globalisation’ different from ‘internationalisation’, westernisation, liberalisation and universalisation? (Scholte) -‐ When globalisation is defined as ‘deterritorialisation’ (eg Scholte) what does this mean and how does this differ from other concepts of globalisation? What examples of globalisation meet Scholte’s definition? -‐ Are there any reasons to doubt Scholte’s differentiation of globalisation from these other concepts? -‐ How does globalisation involve ‘interdependence’ or ‘interconnection’? What is the difference between these two? In what ways are regularity or stability important to defining globalisation? What role do inclusivity or distance have in deciding whether something is globalisation or not? -‐ What do concepts such as ‘compression’ (eg Harvey) and ‘time-‐space distanciation’ (eg Giddens) mean? -‐ How is globalisation different from imperialism, world systems, hegemony or empire? -‐ What criteria does something have to meet to be globalisation? -‐ Does defining globalisation matter? If so, why? Is defining globalisation just an academic exercise? In this week and the following ones, we may not always cover all the listed questions in seminars and we might discuss additional ones. These are mainly meant to provide general guidance for the readings and discussion. Main Reading The Scholte pieces overlap so just read one of them and try to read the Osterhammel and Petersson chapters too if you can, they are quite short. Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: a critical introduction 2000 and 2005, a balanced accessible introduction. Scholte argues that ‘deterritorialisation’ is the best way of defining globalisation and that it is mostly post-‐1960s. Chs 1 and 2 are on concepts. Jan Aart Scholte, ‘What is Global about Globalization’ in Part 1 of Held and McGrew, Global Transformations Reader, 1999. Jan Aart Scholte, What Is Globalization? The Definitional Issue – Again, 2002, working paper online and on SyD. J. Osterhammel and N. P. Petersson, Globalization: a short history, 2005, chs 1 and 2, historians who see globalisation as modern, discuss here some of the conceptual issues. Further Reading Malcolm Waters, Globalization, 1995 1st edn and 2000 2nd edn. This is a short accessible introduction to globalisation in two editions. Waters argues that globalisation is most developed in the cultural sphere. In the 2nd edn ch 1 ‘A World of Difference’ looks at some of the concepts, perspectives and history. In the 1st edn look at chs 1-‐3. Robert J. Holton, Making Globalization, 2005, chapter 1, introduction, outlines some of the concepts and perspectives. Chs 3-‐5 also on more details of what globalisation involves. David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, introduction on the different perspectives and
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some conceptual issues about what globalisation is. Also in the Held and McGrew Global Transformations Reader the chapter on ‘Rethinking Globalization’. A. G. Hopkins, 'Introduction' esp pages 15-‐17, in his edited book Globalization in World History, 2002, brief extract but pinpoints some important issues. Justin Rosenberg, The Follies of Globalisation Theory, 2000, argues that globalisation works as a description but not as an explanatory category and that explanations of globalisation lie with classic social theory and capitalism. See introduction especially. Extract in 2003 edition of Held and McGrew The Global Transformations Reader. J. Beynon and D. Dunkerley (eds) , Globalization: the reader, 2000, ‘General introduction’, overview that focuses on culture, bit basic in places. Essay Questions Take an example(s) of globalisation and discuss whether it is globalisation. What criteria does something have to meet to be globalisation? What does Scholte mean by ‘deterritorialisation’ and how adequate is it as a definition of globalisation? What is globalisation? With reference to examples, discuss whether how you define globalisation matters? Topic 2 History: centuries old and premodern globalisation The main aim of this and next week’s topics is to think about the historical location of globalisation. When did it start? When were the bases laid for what is globalisation now? We will be looking at varying views on its history and origins. On timing there are many arguments, sometimes differing because, relating to last week’s topic, people have divergent concepts of globalisation. Has globalisation been going on since the times of ancient empires and world religions? Or since the ages of exploration and trade beyond national boundaries? Since the rise of modernity or capitalism? Is it a post-‐1945 thing? Or has globalisation really only taken off since the growth of information technology and other modern technologies of communication and media from the 1980s onwards? Did it all start with the end of the cold war in 1989? Sociologists are sometimes accused of being too focused on modern and western perspectives that associate globalisation with the rise of industrial capitalism. On the other hand, some argue that it was only with capitalist expansionism and industrial technology, or even only with post-‐industrial information technology of the late twentieth century, that globalisation truly became possible. This week we’ll focus on globalisation as pre-‐modern. World systems theory has been divided between those like Wallerstein who see capitalism as starting in about the 16th century and those like Frank who site capitalist and global connections as far back as 5000 years ago. Janet Abu-‐Lughod traces overlapping circles of global connections to before the 1500s. She emphasises the Eastern origins of global and exchange forms, to counteract some foci on globalisation as the expansion of the West. Hopkins mentions early forms of archaic and proto-‐ globalisation. Nederveen Pieterse sees globalisation as premodern in an analysis that he says avoids the Euro-‐
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centrism of modern-‐focused views. Waters and Scholte identify pre-‐18th century globalisation. But Osterhammel and Petersson are sceptical about whether pre-‐modern transnational processes were really globalisation. -‐ When did globalisation start? What perspectives are there on the starting date of globalisation and why do people disagree about this? -‐ What examples are there of pre-‐modern globalisation? Were pre-‐modern migrations and religions the earliest forms of globalisation? Were empires the first forms of globalisation? What early forms of transnational trade were there? What form did early global imaginings take? -‐ Why might sociology have a tendency to overlook non-‐western or pre-‐modern origins of globalisation? -‐ In what way might pre-‐modern globalisation actually not be globalisation? -‐ How can the way you define globalisation affect how early you see it first occurring? -‐ Looking at criteria for globalisation we discussed last week: how many of these does pre-‐modern globalisation meet? -‐ Are definitions of globalisation as modern too Euro-‐centric? Can Euro-‐centric views of globalisation might be defended? Main Reading J. Osterhammel and N.P. Petersson, Globalization: a short history, 2005, ch. 3, historians who think globalisation is modern discuss pre-‐modern aspects. A.G. Hopkins (ed), Globalization in World History, 2002, edited book of articles on the history of globalisation. See especially the introduction and first article by Hopkins. Further Reading Janet L. Abu-‐Lughod, Before European Hegemony: the world system AD 1250-‐1350, 1989, especially preface and introduction, argues that a non-‐western perspective shows circuits of globalisation in the 13th century. A.G. Frank and B. Gills, eds, The World System: five hundred years or five thousand?, 1993. Sees non-‐western origins to the world system up to 5000 years ago. B.K. Gills and W.R. Thompson, Globalization and Global History, 2006, edited collection of articles on historical dimensions to globalisation. Robert J. Holton, Making Globalization, 2005, ch 2. Brief outline of some perspectives. Robert Holton, Globalization and the Nation-‐State, 1998, ch. 2, says globalisation is long-‐running and not just Western. David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, most of the chapters include a historical section. J. Nederveen Pieterse, Globalization and culture: global melange, 2004, short accessible book sees historical dimensions to cultural globalisation, esp chs 1 and 2 (ch 2 is also available in article form in Futures, 32, 5, 2000). A.G. Hopkins ed., Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local, publication October 2006. P. Stearns, Globalization in World History, 2009
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B. Mazlish and A. Ireye, ed, The Global History Reader, 2004 A.G. Frank, Re-‐Orient; global economy in the Asian Age, 1998, on the role of the non-‐Western world in globalisation. J. M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, 2004, attempt to correct West-‐centric globalisation theory. Jerry Bentley, ‘Globalizing History and Historicizing Globalization’, Globalizations, 1, 1, 2004. Focuses on how academic perspectives can have a longer term historical view and be less Euro-‐centric. Roland Robertson, Globalization, 1992 sees globalisation as pre-‐dating modernity, eg ch 3 especially but others also relevant. George Modelski, Principles of World Politics, 1972 chapter 1, one of the first books to use the word ‘globalisation’ looks at its history P. Hopper, Understanding Cultural Globalization, 2007, chapter 1 on the histories of cultural globalisation. Essay topics Are theories of globalisation as modern too Eurocentric? ‘Five hundred years or five thousand?’ Critically assess theories that globalisation started before the modern period. Does premodern globalisation meet the criteria for globalisation? Topic 3 History: modern and postmodern globalisation This week we will look at perspectives that see globalisation as modern or late (or even post) modern. Osterhammel and Petersson think globalisation is modern, and say that how you define globalisation affects when you think it started. Those who focus on modernity tend to see capitalism, markets, industrial technology and the nation-‐state as vital to the development of globalisation. They view these as modern institutions (although, as we saw last week, some view capitalism and markets as older than this). Others identify globalisation with the post-‐1945 growth of a global economy and international political organisations. Some, like Scholte, see globalisation as primarily post-‐1960s, with IT as crucial. Others see the unification of the world after the cold war as the important stage for globalisation. Some who emphasise discourses and the concept of globalisation as important (eg post-‐structuralist perspectives that we will discuss in a later topic) also highlight more recent days, as ‘globalisation’ has only really been a discourse based on that word since the 1980s. -‐ How can globalisation be seen as a European originating phenomenon? Is it too Euro-‐centric to identify globalisation with the expansion of the West? What were Eastern inputs into Western globalisation? -‐ What is meant when people link globalisation with ‘modernisation’ (eg Giddens) or with capitalism or markets? Is this when it really first started? In what ways might modern technology be the key to the expansion of globalisation?
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-‐ What developments or institutions of modernity facilitated globalisation? How did modern globalisation spread? When were there reversals in modern globalisation? -‐ In what ways is globalisation linked to postmodernism (eg Waters, Harvey, Scholte)? -‐ Is globalisation a post-‐1945, post-‐1960s or post-‐1980s phenomenon rather than a product of older modernity? If so, why and in what way? What phases of globalisation does Scholte identify and why does he see it as becoming full-‐scale after the 1960s? -‐ Globalisation as a discourse has grown since the 1980s – why is that significant in dating globalisation? (Something we will come back to on poststructuralist perspectives). -‐ What are the problems with identifying globalisation with modernity or with late/post-‐modernity? Main Reading J. Osterhammel and N.P. Petersson, Globalization: a short history, 2005, chs 4, 5, and 6 but also 1, 2 and 7. Short chapters by historians who say globalisation is primarily modern. Further Reading Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: a critical introduction 2000 and 2005, Scholte argues that globalisation is mostly a post-‐1960s phenomenon. Ch 3 is on phases of globalisation in history. Robert J. Holton, Making Globalization, ch 2. Brief outline of some perspectives. David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, most of the chapters include a historical section. They say intensity, extensity, velocity and impact of globalisation have increased recently. K. H. O’Rourke and J.G. Williamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth century Atlantic economy, 1999, economic historians use economic data to outline pre-‐1914 globalisation. See also Williamson’s ‘Globalization, Convergence and History’ in The Journal of Economic History 56, 2, 1996. C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 2004, looks at the development of global links between 1780-‐1914. Robbie Robertson, The Three Waves of Globalization: A History of Developing Consciousness, 2003, identifies three waves of globalisation post-‐1500, post-‐1800 and post-‐1945 and raises some fears about the most recent wave. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, 1999 chs 1 and 2 (also in Held and McGrew) give a sceptical perspective arguing that global integration was greater in the belle epoque of 1890-‐1914 than it is now and that what exists now is not really globalisation at all. Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share, a history of British imperialism, 1975, ’84 and ’96 editions, shows some early forms of modern global extension. W. McNeill, The Rise of the West: a history of the human community, 1964 Robert Holton, ‘The inclusion of the non-‐European World in International Society, 1870s-‐1920s: evidence from global networks’, Global Networks, 5, 3, 2005. Malcolm Waters, Globalization, 2000 2nd edn, pp 21-‐25, very brief summary of some modern phases of globalisation according to Waters. P. Hopper, Understanding Cultural Globalization, 2007, chapter 1 on the histories of cultural globalisation.
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David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 1989, esp ch 17, puts forward his neo-‐Marxist view of globalisation as time-‐space compression in a postmodern world. Also in Held and McGrew reader. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, 1990, links globalisation to modernity. Like Ulrich Beck he emphasises the growth of risk and reflexivity. In Held and McGrew ch 7. A. Cameron and R. Palan, The Imagined Economies of Globalization, not explicitly about historical dating, but raise the point about the rise of the discourse of globalization – we will come back to this when we look at post-‐structuralist perspectives. Essay Titles Is globalisation a product of industrial capitalism? Did globalisation take off with the information age? Did globalisation start with the end of the cold war? ‘If conceived as the growth of supraterritorial spaces, then globalisation has unfolded mainly since the 1960s’ (Scholte 1st edn. p. 74). Assess Scholte’s claim about the timing of globalisation. ‘”Globalization” implies more than just the existence of relations between distant places on earth. The term should only be used where such relations acquire a certain degree of regularity and stability and where they affect more than tiny numbers of people’. Osterhammel and Petersson 2005: viii). What effect does this definition have on the dating of globalisation? What effect does taking a non-‐Western perspective have on understanding the origins of globalisation? Did globalisation start with the sailing ship or the computer? Topic 4 Critical perspectives on globalisation: sceptical, transformationalist and discourse theories This week we will look at perspectives on globalisation, and its extent, speed and impact. In particular we will focus on perspectives that question or try to modify globalist outlooks – sceptical, transformationalist and discourse theories. Different perspectives have varying ideas about how far globalisation has occurred – the division usually made is between advocates of globalisation and sceptics about it. Others add a middle road of people who see globalisation as having transformed things but in a way that involves reconfigurations of old structures rather than a complete change towards global forms, and which sees the future as open rather than predetermined (eg see Held et al on transformationalism). This links to the view that there have been waves in globalisation theory with different perspectives (eg Hay and Marsh). Transformationalists like Held et al (and others like Scholte who has a similar view although does not call himself a transformationalist) tend to defend the idea of globalisation against sceptics but try to have a more sophisticated idea of it than has been put forward by globalists. They attempt to set out an intermediary position between globalism and scepticism. But do they add so many qualifications that they end up not talking about globalisation any more but something more in line with what the sceptics outline? Or do they defend globalisation against the sceptics to the extent
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that they are advocating the same as the globalists? Post-‐structuralist (or constructivist) perspectives emphasise culturalist or ideational views of globalisation, that see globalisation as a discourse that people go along with as much as something that is ‘real’. They are influenced by the work of people like Foucault who analyses the power of discourse and Gramsci for whom the notion of hegemony was important. From a discourse theory perspective whether we believe globalisation is happening is more important than whether it really is. Neo-‐Gramscians like Bruff try to take on the insights of discourse theory but embed it in more materialist or economic understandings. -‐ What are the differences between waves of globalisation theories – in terms of method, view of economy/politics/culture, view of global stratification, predictions for the future, and political prescriptions? -‐ What are the differences between ‘globalist’ and ‘sceptical’ perspectives? How do they vary in their understandings of globalisation in the economy, state, and culture? What are the differing political implications of their perspectives? -‐ What arguments do sceptics make against globalists? How do sceptics differ from globalists on the extent of globalisation? How do sceptics and globalists differ on the historical periodisation of globalisation? How do sceptics characterise international relations? Are globalists and sceptics as different as they appear to be? -‐ What do transformationalists say? How do they differ from globalists? How do they differ from sceptics? What is distinctive about transformationalist views on the economy, state, culture and politics? What do transformationalists say about the future direction of globalisation? Are transformationalists different from globalists or sceptics? -‐ What is globalisation in ‘ideational’ or ‘constructivist’ terms? What does it mean to say that globalisation is a ‘discourse’ and how does it operate as a discourse? In what way do narratives, ideas or conceptions of globalisation shape the world as much as ‘real’ processes of globalisation? How does globalisation involve ‘imagined economies’? (Cameron and Palan). How does a neo-‐Gramscian perspective maintain but improve post-‐structuralist perspectives? (Bruff). -‐ What are the limits of sceptical, transformationalist and discourse theory perspectives? Main Reading David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, introduction includes discussions of different perspectives. I. Bruff, ‘Making Sense of the Globalisation Debate when Engaging in Political Economy Analysis’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7, 2, 2005 discusses post-‐structuralist views which he tries to embed in a neo-‐Gramscian materialist analysis. Further Reading Open Democracy (2002) Globalisation after 11 September: the argument of our time, debate between sceptic Paul Hirst and David Held advocating a globalist/transformationalist view.
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Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: a critical introduction 2005 edn, ch. 4. Focus on what he says about constructivist and postmodern perspectives (2000 edn chapter 4 is different). A. Cameron and R. Palan, The Imagined Economies of Globalization, 2004, introduction and ch. 1 discusses waves in globalisation theory as well as perspectives such as Marxist, Gramscian and Culturalist. Their emphasis is on a discourse or post-‐structuralist perspective. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, 1999 ch 1 (also in Held and McGrew reader) sceptical perspective arguing that global integration was greater in the belle epoque of 1890-‐1914 than it is now and that what exists is not really globalisation. David Held and Anthony McGrew (eds), The Global Transformations Reader, 2003, introduction, especially section I ‘Understanding Globalisation’ and conclusion. Andrew Jones, Globalization: Key Thinkers, 2010, chapters 5 and 6 on sceptical and transformational thinkers. Colin Hay and David Marsh, ‘Introduction: demystifying globalisation’ in Hay and Marsh (eds) Demystifying Globalisation. Outlines different waves of globalisation theories. Norman Fairclough and Pete Thomas, ‘Globalization: The Discourse of Globalization and the Globalization of Discourse’, in David Grant et al, The Sage Handbook of Organizational Discourse, 2004. Robert Holton, Making Globalization, 2005, introduction, discusses the three perspectives. E. Kofman and G. Youngs, ‘Introduction: Globalisation -‐ the second wave’ in E. Kofman and G. Youngs, eds, Globalisation: Theory and Practice, 1996, categorise the literature in terms of two waves. A.G. Hopkins, ‘The History of Globalization – and the Globalization of History’ in A.G. Hopkins ed Globalization in World History, 2002, discusses the three perspectives, esp pp 17-‐18. Paul Krugman, Pop Internationalism, 1997, essays by US economist sceptical about globalisation. Justin Rosenberg, 'Globalization Theory: a post-‐mortem', International Politics, 2005, 42. Sceptical analysis from a Marxist point of view. See replies to this article in a subsequent edition of the same journal. And see also his book The Follies of Globalization Theory. Malcolm Waters, Globalization, 1995 1st edn and 2000 2nd edn. In the 2nd edn ch 1 ‘A World of Difference’ looks at some other perspectives. In the 1st edn look at chs 1-‐3. P. Hopper, Understanding Cultural Globalization, 2007, pp 6-‐10 brief overview. Essay Titles Are sceptics about globalisation too sceptical? ‘Central in this respect is the evidence … for the weak development of TNCs and the continued salience of MNCs, and also the ongoing dominance of the advanced countries in both trade and FDI. Such evidence is consistent with a continuing inter-‐national economy, but much less so with a rapidly globalizing hybrid system’. (Hirst and Thompson). Is the world internationalised but not globalised? Is transformationalism a coherent alternative to globalism and scepticism, or a failed compromise? Is the idea of globalisation more important than globalisation the reality? ‘We should take seriously the possibility that globalisation as a discursive construct has real, causal effects on policy outcomes and on the process of globalisation itself … Consequently, the assertions made by the second against the first wave are irrelevant if globalisation becomes a self-‐fulfilling
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prophecy’. (Bruff 2005: 268). Discuss. ‘From ideational perspectives, globalisation has resulted from particular forms and dynamics of consciousness’. (Scholte 131). Discuss. Is globalisation just a discourse? Topic 5 Tourists and Vagabonds: Zygmunt Bauman on globalisation Bauman’s view of globalisation is influenced by both postmodernism and Marxism. He stresses class and inequality, especially in mobility, and the ill-‐effects of globalisation. Bauman says that globalisation leads to the meaning of peoples’ lives being less locally determined and given meaning more by distant things they have less control over. Bauman sees globalisation as leading to social exclusion, and inequalities in the possibilities for mobility. The focus is on mobile elites who are winners, more locally fixed losers from globalisation, or those for whom mobility is a choice and opportunity versus others who are the unwelcome mobile, moving more because of circumstances than choice. There is a polarisation between the free and the trapped, or those for whom mobility is a choice and those for whom it is less so, the tourists and the vagabonds. Our focus will be on the introduction and chs 1 and 4, but look at ch 3 if you have time. Introduction and chapter 1 on Time and Class -‐ In what way does globalisation not mean the same to all of us, but is localising and differentiated? How do local spaces lose their meaning-‐generating capacity and why do fundamentalist and neo-‐tribal responses develop? (pages 1-‐3) -‐ What is different between the experiences of employees, suppliers and shareholders in the company described by Albert J. Dunlap? Why do such differences arise? What does Bauman mean by Absentee Landlords Mark II and how are they different from Absentee Landlords Mark I? (6-‐11) -‐ How, for Bauman, does freedom of movement affect the self-‐constitution of societies? What does Bauman mean when he says distance is a social product? What does he mean when he says that signifiers have been set apart from signifieds and from their carriers and objects? How have developments in the transport of information had effects on social association/dissociation? What does Bauman mean when he says that cheapness of communication leads to mutually incompatible messages? Why were human bodies more important in social relations than they are now? What is ‘cybernating space’ and why is it significant? Why do localities lose their meaning and become something some groups become trapped in? What is the meaning of locality for elites and the poor respectively? Why do some become trapped in meaninglessness and others gain powers of meaning-‐creation? (pages 12-‐18) -‐ What form does the attempt of mobile elites to isolate and insulate themselves from others take? What meanings does isolation have for elites and the poor respectively? What has happened to public spaces in the polarised world, according to Bauman? (pages 20-‐26) Ch. 4 Tourists and Vagabonds -‐ What is being a consumer like, for Bauman, and how does this parallel what globalisation is like? (pages 79-‐85)
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-‐ What is different in the experiences of the ‘high up’ and ‘low down’ in terms of mobility? What, for Bauman, is the significance of the phasing out of entry visas alongside the tightening of passport control? In what way is there stratification by time as well as space? (pages 85-‐89) -‐ What is different in the experiences of mobility by ‘tourists’ and ‘vagabonds’? Why is there a green light for the tourists and a red light for the vagabonds? Why is this not a problem for capital? Why are the tourists and the vagabonds ‘united’? Why do they share the same world despite being so polarised? Why do vagabonds make the tourist’s problems more bearable? Why is the vagabond the tourist’s nightmare? And in what way are the tourists and vagabonds sharply differentiated in their perceptions? Why is talk of hybridity more an act of self-‐definition than an ethnographic understanding? What does Bauman mean when he says postmodernism merely articulates a caste-‐bound experience of the globals? (pages 92-‐102) Ch. 3 After the Nation-‐State – what? -‐ Why, according to Bauman, does the world seem out of control? What was the ‘Great Schism’ and what does its end have to do with things seeming out of control? (55-‐8) -‐ What is the difference between universalisation and globalisation according to Bauman? Why does the demise of state sovereignty paradoxically make statehood so popular? (59-‐65) -‐ Is Bauman right that the economy is progressively exempt from political control? In what way has the state released the brakes on its own demise? How is the extraterritoriality of economic globalisation compatible with political fragmentation or the proliferation of new or weak states (65-‐9). Evaluation -‐ What criticisms are there of Bauman? Where is agency and politics in his account? Is it too deterministic? Does it underestimate the poor? Is globalisation different to universalism? -‐ What are the political implications of Bauman’s theory? Main Reading Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: the human consequences, 1998, a small book with short chapters, chs 1 and 4 are the main priority. Then ch 3 if you have time. (Chs 2 and 5 can be skipped).
Further Reading Zygmunt Bauman, ‘On Glocalisation: Or Globalisation for Some, Localisation for Others’, Thesis Eleven, 54, 1998. Summary of some of his views on globalisation. Also in Peter Beilharz, The Bauman Reader. Nicholas Gane, ‘Chasing the Runaway World: the Politics of Recent Globalization Theory’, Acta Sociologica, 44, 2001, review of books by Giddens, Beck and Bauman. Ulrich Beck, What is Globalization?, 2000, pp 54-‐63, 96-‐7, where Beck discusses Bauman. Martin Shaw, ‘The Political Meaning of Global Change’, International Politics, 31, 1999. Book review which covers Bauman briefly. Linda Brigham, ‘Feeding the Global Spider’, short book review of Bauman’s book at altx.com.
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Mark Davis, 'Bauman on Globalization: the human consequences of a liquid world' chapter 7 in Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Poul Poder eds The Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman, 2008.
Some other publications by Bauman that touch on issues to do with globalisation: Society Under Siege, 2002, Part I, on the political aspects of globalisation Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 2000, esp ch.3 'Time/Space'. Zygmunt 'Modernity and Ambivalence', in M.Featherstone, ed., Global Culture, 1990 and in Theory, Culture and Society, 7, 2/3, 1990. Zygmunt Bauman, 'Searching for a Centre that Holds', in M.Featherstone et al. eds, Global Modernities, 1995. Essay Titles Is Bauman right about the inequalities of globalisation? ‘Tourists and Vagabonds’. Is this a good way to characterise the structure of globalisation? Is Bauman too pessimistic about globalisation? Critically assess Bauman’s theory of the inequalities of globalisation Topic 6 The globalisation of media and culture: homogenisation or hybridity? Many analyses of the globalisation of culture focus on the technological means that have allowed this to happen. What have these technological means been over the ages and how have they been significant? In what ways do they lead to a ‘global village’ and how do they change the relationship between time and space? Is it too determinist to see technology as the cause of it all? How have structural and institutional changes in the media and culture industries affected the globalisation of culture? Are cultural imperialism and homogenisation the best way to describe the effect of changes in the structure of the media? Following from changes in technology and media, we will look at ways culture is said to have been affected by globalisation. What form does globalisation take culturally? How does globalisation change culture? What role do the media play in the development of globalised culture? How does the globalisation of culture change our consciousness? For Robertson globalisation leads to greater ‘relativisation’, for others more ‘reflexivity’ in the way we think, and to some to a new interaction between things like universality and particularity. Some argue that what is happening is ‘Americanisation’ of world culture, a media imperialism where McDonalds and American popular culture, music, and films force homogenisation on the world (eg Ritzer, Schiller and McChesney). Others see the effects of cultural globalisation as leading to a more cosmopolitan world where there is greater diversity and pluralism rather than less, and where hybrid or mixed cultures rather than uniform ones emerge (eg Nederveen Pieterse). Are there reasons to doubt hybridisation as a description of cultural globalisation? Is globalisation leading to the defence of nationalisms and the growth of defensive fundamentalisms that clash with globalisation or westernisation? What forms of power, inequality and conflict are there in the globalisation of culture?
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-‐ What technological developments have led to the globalisation of culture? How have transport, cable systems, cinema, TV, radio and music, and the internet led to the globalisation of culture? What have the most globally transformative technologies been – do we need to look back to things like the sailboat, to mechanised transport, to the telegraph or television or is it the internet which is changing our economic and cultural worlds and our individual lives? -‐ What have money, capitalism and markets got to do with cultural globalisation? -‐ What institutional or structural changes in the media and culture industries have affected the globalisation of culture? What role have news agencies, language and communication conglomerates had in cultural globalisation? -‐ How have transformations in culture and media gone beyond national boundaries and national cultures? What is the homogenisation or McDonaldisation thesis of the globalisation of culture? What are Westernisation or cultural imperialism models of the globalisation of culture? What does the clash of civilisations model say about international cultures? -‐ What does the hybridisation picture of the globalisation of culture show? How are new forms of identity created from the globalisation of culture? What are people referring to when they talk about ‘hybridisation’ or ‘creolisation’? Is this what is really going on in the globalisation of culture? What does bringing the ‘centre to the periphery’ and the ‘periphery to the centre’ mean (Waters)? -‐ What are the limits of the hybridisation thesis? What might a co-‐existence/indifference model of the globalisation of culture be? What inequalities are there in cultural globalisation? -‐ Where does the compression of time and space (Harvey, Giddens etc) come into the relationship between technology and culture? What conflicts and tensions may this involve? What do ‘relativisation’ (eg Robertson) and ‘reflexivity’ (eg Giddens) mean and how are these connected with issues of culture and identity? How does Robertson describe what the globalisation of culture involves? How does it involve universality and particularism at the same time? -‐ What does ‘glocalisation’ mean and how does that explain the globalisation of culture? How does context affect the reception of cultural globalisation? How might cultural globalisation lead to greater nationalism or the revalidation of local or national cultures? In what ways are there differences in production, access, consumption, and reading of globalised media and culture? Main Reading Try to look at a couple of the main readings. David Held et al, Global Transformations, 1999, ch 7 on globalisation, culture and the fate of nations. Looks at the history of cultural globalisation and contemporary changes in the media which affect the globalisation of culture. Kevin Robins, ‘What in the World’s going on?’, in Paul du Gay (ed), Production of Culture/Cultures of Production, also in Held and McGrew reader. On the mobility of cultural processes and things across national boundaries and what effects this has in terms of cultural contacts and clashes. J. Nederveen Pieterse, Globalization and culture: global melange, 2004, on hybrid cultural globalisation with an historical angle, esp (but not only) chs 3 & 4. Versions also in International Sociology, 9, 2, 1994, and in Mike Featherstone et al eds, Global Modernities, 1995
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Further Reading James L. Watson, ‘McDonald’s in Hong Kong: consumerism, dietary change, and the rise of a children’s culture’, in James L. Watson, ed., Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia, 2006 John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, 1995, ch 5, on technological and institutional changes that have led to the globalisation of communication (extract in Held and McGrew Global Transformations Reader). Robert McChesney, ‘The New Global Media: It's a Small World of Big Conglomerates’, The Nation, 29, 1999, also in Held and McGrew Global Transformations Reader Thomas McPhail, Global Communication, 2006, describes the changing structure of the global media with a perspective that emphasises US cultural imperialism and homogenisation. Terry Flew, Understanding Global Media, 2007, looks at the changing structure of the global media from different perspectives and whether this leads to cultural imperialism. Pierre Bourdieu, 'Culture is in Danger', in Firing Back, 2003, polemical criticism of the globalisation of media and culture by radical French sociologist. Daya Kishan Thussu, editor, International Communication: A Reader, 2009 and also by Thussu, International Communication: continuity and change, 2000 Larry Ray, Globalization and Everyday Life, 2007, ch. 4 ‘Virtual Sociality’, on the extent to which the internet has changed social life. Robert McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: communication politics in dubious times, 1999, esp ch. 2, ‘The Media System Goes Global’. Robert McChesney and Edward Herman, The Global Media, 1997 J. Wilma, et al eds, Global Activism, Global Media, 2005, looks at global social movements and the media Tehri Rantanen, The Media and Globalization, 2005, looks at the global media from the point of view of individuals’ and families’ experiences. M. Kraidy, 'Hybridity in Cultural Globalization', Communication Theory, 12, 3, 2002. Critique of hybridity perspectives. See also Kraidy’s book Hybridity, 2005 Jonathan Friedman, ‘The Hybridization of Roots and the Abhorrence of the Bush’, in M. Featherstone and S. Lash, eds, Spaces of Culture: city-‐nation-‐world, 1999, powerful critique of hybridisation theory as an elite class perspective. David Held and Anthony McGrew (eds), The Global Transformations Reader, 2003, Part III, the fate of national culture. John Tomlinson, Globalization and Culture, 1999, says that our lived cultural experiences are becoming separated from territorial location. This is unevenly experienced and culture has become hybrid. Mike Featherstone ed., Global Culture: nationalism, globalization and modernity, 1990. Also available as Theory, Culture and Society, 7, 2/3, 1990. For instance, see the pieces by A.D. Smith and Appadurai but others also. Robert Holton, Cosmopolitanisms, 2009, esp but not only chapter 5, on theories of cosmopolitan culture Robert Holton, Globalization and the Nation-‐State, 1998, ch. 7, discusses homogenisation, polarisation and hybridisation perspectives. Paul Hopper, Understanding Cultural Globalization, 2007, accessible overview
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Arif Dirlik, Review of Frederick Buell's book National Culture and the New Global System, in Journal of World History, 7, 2, 1996, critical points of postcolonial views in studies of the globalisation of culture. Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization, pages 99-‐102, uses Friedman to criticise the cosmopolitan elites who advance the hybridisation thesis Sam Pryke, Nationalism in a Global World, 2009, discusses what becomes of national identity in a global world. Alain Quemin, ‘Globalization and Mixing in the Visual Arts: An Empirical Survey of ‘High Culture’ and Globalization’ International Sociology, 21, 4, July 2006, focuses on high rather than popular culture and questions globalisation theses. Ulrich Beck et al eds, Global America? the cultural consequences of globalization, 2003, edited collection on whether cultural globalisation = Americanisation. Stuart Hall, ‘The Question of Cultural Identity’, in Stuart Hall et al (eds) Modernity and its Futures, 1992, especially the later sections on globalisation. Helmut Anheier et al (eds) Global Civil Society annual books include at the rear records on things like tourism, trade in cultural goods, languages, media, communication, geographical identification, and others. Data clearly presented on the extent of cultural globalisation. Martin Albrow, The Global Age, 1996, ch 7 ‘Configurations of the Global Age: People’. Roland Robertson, Globalization: social theory and global culture, 1992, stresses the relationship between universalisation and particularisation. Frank J. Lechner and John Boli (eds), The Globalization Reader, 2000, Parts VII and VIII on the role of the media and constructing identities. Malcolm Waters, Globalization, 2001 2nd edn chs 6 & 7 on international cultures and globalizing cultures. In the 1st edn it is ch 6 on cultural globalisation. Waters says it is in the cultural or symbolic sphere that globalisation is most advanced. John Beynon and David Dunkerley (eds), Globalization: the reader, Parts A, B and C on culture, media and technology. Alan Scott (ed), The Limits of Globalization, 1997, uses specific case studies to question whether culture has become globalised. Globalizations, 4, 1, 2007, special issue on 'Cultures of Globalization: Coherence, Hybridity and Contestation. Essay titles Did globalisation start with the internet or the sailing ship? ‘Electronic colonialism’. ‘Cultural imperialism’. Do these concepts give a fair picture of media globalisation? Is the globalisation of culture leading to homogenisation or increasing heterogeneity? Is the globalisation of culture just Americanisation? Critically assess the view of cultural globalisation as hybridisation. ‘I discovered that a certain way of representing reality, as hybridity was not a mere intellectual interpretation of the state of contemporary reality, but a politicized position … this identity and interpretation is an aspect of the emergence of a new global cultural elite or class faction that takes its particular form as particular state-‐class structures that pit a cosmopolitan elite against a
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nationalist ‘red-‐neck’ and, by definition, backward-‐looking working class, or remnants thereof’ (Friedman 1999: 230). Discuss. Topic 7 Globalisation and gender inequality In the module we’ve touched on inequalities to do with economics and class. International migration, that Bauman discusses, involves ethnic or cultural inequalities and we will come back to racism when we look at Bourdieu. This week we will look at gender inequalities that result from globalisation. The literature on this area has examined how globalisation has gendered effects. Some of the research focuses on women in developing countries and their experiences of structural adjustment policies or changes in the international division of labour. Other parts of the literature look at the globalisation of traditionally female dominated industries, such as sex work and domestic labour, how these have changed with globalisation and migration, and the effects this has on the lives of women. To some extent there is an emphasis on the effects of the development of capitalism on women, as such focusing on the economic and capitalist causes of global gender inequalities. Other parts of the literature have looked at the growth of a transnational and global dimension to the women’s movement. -‐ In what ways have studies of globalisation been gender-‐neutral? -‐ How have changes in production, trade and finance affected women? What have been the gendered effects of development strategies, global free trade, MNCs, structural adjustment policies, and global organisations like the World Bank and IMF? How is globalising capitalism gendered? -‐ What is specific about unpaid labour and how has it been affected by globalisation? Why has globalisation led to women being drawn into the labour force? What industries and sorts of work have women been drawn into? What have their experience of these forms of work been? Why has female migration increased? -‐ How have changes to the nation-‐state and welfare state due to globalisation affected women? -‐ Is globalisation ‘masculine’? What is gendered about organisations behind globalisation? -‐ How does the gender experience of globalisation cross-‐cut with other forms of stratification? -‐ How is women’s experience of globalisation contradictory? What benefits have there been for women? -‐ How has the women’s movement been affected by globalisation? What aspects of globalisation have led to the globalisation of the women’s movement? -‐ What problems are there with the literature on gender and globalisation? -‐ To what extent are problems identified to do with capitalism rather than globalisation? -‐ How specific are these problems to women? Main Reading Read Moghadam and then dip into the two journals, preferably picking one or two more of the articles mentioned.
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Valentine Moghadam, ‘Gender and Globalization: Female Labor and Women’s Mobilization’, Journal of World-‐Systems Research, 1, 2, 1999, looks at the gendering of work in globalisation and the transnational nature of feminist networks. Critical Sociology, 30, 1, 2004. Special issue on gender and globalisation. Gottfried introduces the articles; Acker’s overview discusses the capitalist basis of gender inequalities in globalisation; others like Salzinger discuss specific case studies. International Sociology, 18, 3, September 2003, special issue on gender and globalisation. Chow overviews some main themes; Pyle and Ward discuss women in global production networks; Moghadam discusses the women’s movement as global; see also other pieces. Further Reading J. Ann Tickner, 'The Gendered Frontiers of Globalization', Globalizations, 1, 1, September 2004. Brief overview of some of the gendered consequences of economic globalisation and how social movements and NGOs have responded. Ruth Pearson, ‘Gender, Globalization and the Reproduction of Labour: Bringing the State Back In’, in S.M. Rai, and G. Waylen, eds, New Frontiers in Feminist Political Economy, 2013 Signs, 26, 4, Summer 2001, edition on globalisation and gender with a more cultural/ discourse emphasis. Tine Davids and Francien van Driel, The Gender Question in Globalization, 2005 edited book. Catherine Eschle, ‘Feminist Studies of Globalization: Beyond Gender? Beyond Economism?’, Global Society, 18, 2, 2010 Marianne Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds, Gender and Global Restructuring, 1999, looks at gendered experiences of global restructuring, and resistances. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild, eds, Global Woman: nannies, maid and sex workers in the new economy, 2003, the experience of female migrant workers globally. Saskia Sassen, Globalization and its Discontents, 1998, chs 5 and 6, expert on global cities looks at gendered experiences in these two chapters. June Nash and Maria Fernandez-‐Kelly, eds, Women, Men and the International Division of Labour, 1984, discusses how the changing international division of labour affects gender inequalities. Kamala Kempadoo and Jo Doezema, eds, Global Sex Workers, 1998, looks at women sex workers in the context of globalisation and migration and workers organisations. Rhacel Salazar Parrenas, Servants of Globalization: women, migration and domestic work, 2001, case studies of the experiences of Filipino migrant domestic workers. Annette Fuentes and Barbara Ehrenreich, Women in the Global Factory, 1985, looks at women working for MNCs. Louise Benería, ‘Globalization, Gender and the Davos Man’, Feminist Economics, 5, 3, 1999, discusses men and women’s different relationships to the market in a global context. Valentine Moghadam, Globalizing Women: transnational feminist networks, 2005, discusses the global nature of the women’s movement. See also her article on the same topic in International Sociology, 15, 1, 2000. International Migration Review, 40, 1, March 2006, special issue on gender and migration M.M. Feree and A.M. Tripp, eds, Global Feminism: transnational women's activism, organising and human rights, 2006
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P. Antrobus, The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies, 2004. L. Briones, Empowering Migrant Women: why agency and rights are not enough, 2009. World Development, 28, 7, 2000, Socialism and Democracy, 18, 1, 2004, special issues on international dimensions of gender inequality Lindio-‐McGovern, L. Globalization, Labor Export and Resistance: A Study of Filipino Migrant Domestic Workers in Global Cities, 2013. Stasiulis, D. K. & Bakan, A. B. 'Regulation and resistance: Strategies of migrant domestic workers in Canada and internationally', Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6 1997 Constable, N., Maid to order in Hong Kong: Stories of migrant workers, 2007 Benhabib, S. & Resnik, J. 2009. Migrations and mobilities: citizenship, borders, and gender, 2009, has two chapters on women's work in migration Marchand, M. H. 2003. 'Challenging globalisation: toward a feminist understanding of resistance', Review of International Studies 29, 1, 2003. Plankey-‐Videla, N. We Are in This Dance Together: Gender, Power and Globalization at a Mexican Garment Firm, 2012 Marchand, M. H. & Runyan, A. S. Gender and Global Restructuring: sightings, sites and resistances, 2010 Essay Topics Has globalisation benefitted women? Analyse the intersection of class and gender inequalities in relation to migrant domestic workers. Are gender divisions in globalisation to do with capitalism or globalisation? Are women active agents in globalisation or passive victims? Discuss women’s experience of globalization in relation to a specific example. Topic 8 Assessment and study skills week This week the lecture and seminar slots will be on essay writing and the poster presentations. I’ll give more details on what we’ll do nearer the time. Topic 9 Bourdieu on Globalisation: cultural imperialism, power and inequality Bourdieu was a radical French sociologist and his view of globalisation reflects these aspects of his identity. He is critical about globalisation and has more of an argument about the alternatives and political agency than Bauman. Bourdieu expresses a very French attitude to globalisation, hostile to neoliberalism and Americanisation and defensive towards the state and public sector. He tackles globalisation both at the level of economics and neoliberalism and of media and culture. His writings on globalisation are short, polemical, critical and angry and often argued in non-‐academic contexts, Bourdieu acting as a public sociologist. Bourdieu argues that globalisation is not inevitable but is the deliberate construction of groups who conceal their own role and take globalisation out of the arena of politics and democratic choice. Bourdieu criticises intellectuals and social scientists
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for being complicit in exploitative processes of globalisation and emphasises the role of social movements and an alternative form of internationalism. His arguments connect both with cultural discussions we have looked at and with some of the more political and economic issues we have touched on. And he raises the issue of immigration and racism. -‐ What does Bourdieu mean when he says globalisation involves a process of ‘unite and rule’? -‐ What does Bourdieu say about ‘the invisible hand of the powerful’? -‐ What does he say about neoliberalism and what has this got to do with globalisation? -‐ What does ‘the tyranny of the market’ involve? -‐ What does Bourdieu think globalisation means for institutions like the state, welfare, the public sector, employment, and democracy? What does he say about the ‘globalisation myth and the welfare state’? How is globalisation a ‘myth’? -‐ What is happening to ‘the left hand of the state’? What does the ‘destruction of a civilisation’ involve? -‐ Who/what is behind globalisation, according to Bourdieu? -‐ In what way does globalisation involve a ‘policy of depoliticisation’? How can this be countered? -‐ What does Bourdieu mean by the ‘Abuse of Power by the Advocates of Reason’? What is the ‘imperialism of the universal’? -‐ What part do Europe, the EU and social democracy play in globalisation, for Bourdieu? -‐ What does Bourdieu think globalisation means for media and culture? -‐ Why does Bourdieu think ‘culture is in danger’? What does globalisation have to do with this? -‐ What does Bourdieu say about ‘the status of foreigners’? What is the significance of ‘the train driver’s remark’? -‐ What is Bourdieu’s critique of the role of intellectuals in relation to globalisation? -‐ What sort of movements does Bourdieu see as organising against globalisation? -‐ What alternative form of internationalism does Bourdieu propose? Main Reading Pierre Bourdieu, Acts of Resistance, 1998 and Firing Back, 2001. Two short collections of brief articles, both with the sub-‐title ‘against the tyranny of the market’. Dip into them and pick out a few short pieces to read. The most relevant extracts are on SyD. Further Reading Pierre Bourdieu, Political Interventions, 2008, especially section 12, ‘Resisting the Neoliberal Counter-‐Revolution’ Pierre Bourdieu and Loic Wacquant, ‘Neoliberal Newspeak: notes on the new planetary vulgate’, Radical Philosophy, 108, 2001 and ‘On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason’, Theory, Culture and Society, 16, 1, 1999. Two similar articles criticising the Americanisation of ideas Pierre Bourdieu, ‘The Politics of Globalisation’, Open Democracy, 2002. Vincent Leitch, ‘Review: Bourdieu against the evils of globalisation’, Symploke, 1-‐2, 2001.
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Jason Maclean, ‘Review Essay: Globalization and the Failure of the Sociological Imagination’, Critical Sociology, 26, 2000, discusses Bourdieu amongst others. Ljubisa Mitrovic, ‘Bourdieu’s criticism of the neoliberal philosophy of development, the myth of mondialization, and the new Europe’, Facta Universitatis, 4, 1, 2005 Bob Lingard et al, ‘Globalising Social Policy in Education: working with Bourdieu’, Journal of Education Policy, 20, 6, 2005. Anna Leander, ‘The Cunning of Imperialist Reason: using Bourdieu inspired constructivism in IPE’, COPRI, 2002. Anna Leander, ‘Review Essay: Pierre Bourdieu on Economics’, Review of International Political Economy, 8, 2, 2001. Max Koch, ‘Bourdieu as a sociologist of the economy and critic of globalisation’, International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 43, 1, 2006. Pierre Bourdieu et al, The Weight of the World, 1999, empirical survey of ‘social suffering’. Essay Questions Are Bourdieu’s critics right? Is globalisation a matter of ‘unite and rule’? Is culture in danger? The ‘invisible hand of the powerful’. Who is behind globalisation? Is globalisation an ‘abuse of power by the advocates of reason’? What is ‘the status of foreigners’ in globalisation? What is the alternative to the globalisation of the powerful? Topic 10 -‐ Global Cities We have looked at the idea of cultures being made more homogeneous or hybrid by globalisation. Certain sorts of cities in the world are seen to be prime locations where globalisation and hybridity are sited. Global cities are an example of local sites for global relations. Cities discussed in this context include London, New York, Paris and Tokyo but there are others in both the rich world and poorer countries that are global cities. Here global means not big, but the site of global processes and mobilities, so some global cities are not the most glamorous or most powerful places, although sometimes they are. A small city could be quite global. Similarly a big city is not necessarily a global one. Saskia Sassen is a well known analyst of global cities. She has looked at them in quite a theoretical and economic way, as command and control centres in networks of what are otherwise dispersed global economic structures. Globalisation requires local centredness precisely because it is so globally dispersed. Cities can be global in political, cultural or social ways as well as economically. Analyses of global cities connect their growth to a more post-‐modern and post-‐fordist flexible world, with migration of the types Bauman discusses, cultural hybridity and new forms of inequality and exclusion. Cities are seen to displace nations as nodes in the global system and can reinvigorate the importance of regions. Analyses of global cities link to the notion of global networks. Instead of control coming
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down to individuals from the state, chief connections are seen as horizontal ones between cities. Global cities can be about hybridity and networks, but also sites of exploitation, imprisonment, inequality, exclusion and conflict. Global cities may be a myth. For some they are a discourse as much as anything else, in a business plan or tourist brochure rather than a reality. -‐ What is a global city? What is the difference between a big or mega city on one hand and a world or global city on the other? What is ‘global’ about global cities – economically, politically, culturally, socially? What does globalisation have to do with global cities? -‐ What do global cities have to do with: post-‐fordism, post industrialism, economic restructuring; migration; cultural hybridity; identity and community; changes in politics? What shape do these take in global cities? -‐ What does Sassen say about global dispersal and centralised command being combined in relation to global cities? -‐ How do global cities connect with global networks? -‐ What do global cities have to do with the decline of the nation-‐state? -‐ What does Sassen say about the way global cities fit in with the interaction of the local and global, and multi-‐scalar organisation? How are these different to pre-‐globalisation organisation? -‐ Does the global shape the local in global cities, or does the local shape the global? (eg Massey) -‐ How does the growth of global cities affect the importance of regions? -‐ How does globalisation help some global cities but make others worse off? -‐ What happens to divisions and inequalities in global cities as a result of their globality? -‐ Are global cities the sites of bringing people together or conflict between them? -‐ What does Paul Gilroy’s shift from post-‐imperial melancholia to conviviality in postcolonial cities involve? (See also Massey on London). -‐ What is ‘postmodern’ about globalising cities? -‐ How much is the global city shaped ‘from below’ and how much ‘from above’? -‐ How is London a global city? (eg Massey) -‐ What are global cities beyond the rich world like? -‐ To what extent are global cities discourses? -‐ Are global cities really global? Is it globalisation that makes global cities global? Main Reading Saskia Sassen, The Sociology of Globalization, 2006, chapter 4 ‘The Global City’. Doreen Massey, World City, 2007, focuses on London, introduction but other parts too Further Reading Neil Brenner and Roger Keil, eds, The Global Cities Reader, 2006, a very useful reader. Saskia Sassen, The Global City, 2001 Paul L. Knox and Peter J. Taylor, World Cities in a World System, 1995 Saskia Sassen, Global Networks, Linked Cities, 2002 Saskia Sassen, Cities in a World Economy, 2006 Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen eds, Globalizing Cities, 1999
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Mark Abrahamson, Global Cities, 2004, patchy but brief and accessible book that aims to connect economic and cultural aspects. Peter Taylor, World City Network, 2003 Linda Krause and Patrick Petro, eds, Global Cities: cinema, architecture, and urbanism in a digital age, 2003, focuses on arts and culture aspects. Yeong-‐Hyun Kim and John R. Short, Cities and Economies, 2008 Anthony D. King, Global Cities, Post-‐imperialism and the internationalisation of London, 1991 Richard Grant, Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana, 2008 Peter Taylor et al eds, Cities in Globalization: Practices, policies and theories, 2006, on inter-‐city relations Neil Brenner, Global cities, Glocal states: global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, 5, 1, 1998, looks at implications for state J.H. Choi et al, Comparing world city networks: a network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity linkages, Global Networks, 6, 1, 2006, looks at network dimension. Diane Davis, Cities in Global Context: A Brief Intellectual History, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29, 1, 2005, historical review of the literature, more about the literature on global cities than the cities. See other articles in the same issue. John Friedmann, Cities in a Global Age: Critical Areas of Theory and Research, 2003 unpublished paper. Josef Gugler, World Cities in Poor Countries: Conclusions from Case Studies of the Principal Regional and Global Players, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 3, 2003, on world cities in poor countries, brief introduction to an edited collection. Josef Gugler, ed, World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality, 2004/2009. Jennifer Robinson, Global and World Cities: A View from off the Map, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26, 3, 2002 Allen Scott, Resurgent Metropolis: Economy, Society and Urbanization in an Interconnected World, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 3, 2008, on role of globalisation in urban resurgence. J. V. Beaverstock et al, A Roster of World Cities, Cities, 16, 6, 1999. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31, 2, 2005, special issue on transnational urbanism and migration. Mark Amen et al eds, Relocating Global Cities: From the Center to the Margins, 2006 UN Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Cities in a Globalizing World: Global report on Human Settlements, 2001. Michael Smith, Transnational Urbanism: locating globalization, 2001. Brenda Yeoh, Global/Globalizing Cities, Progress in Human Geography, 23, 4, 1999, short but useful report on the state of the literature at that point. John Eade, ed, Living the Global City: globalization as local process, 1996, looks at some of the cultural dimensions Oncu A. and Weyland, P. eds, Space, culture, and power: new identities in globalizing cities, 1997, cultural focus Fulong Wu, ed, Globalization and the Chinese City, 2005.
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Peter Taylor et al, Diversity and Power in the World City Network, Cities, 9, 4, 2002, empirical data on power differences between world cities. Paul Gilroy, After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture?, 2004, sees a shift from post-‐imperial melancholia in Britain to convivial culture, especially in urban areas and postcolonial cities world-‐wide. Chris Hamnett, Unequal City: London in the Global Arena, 2003 John Eade, Placing London: from Imperial City to Global City, 2001. Essay Questions Are global cities global? Is London a global city? (or choose another city to discuss) Are global cities about hybridity and networks or power and inequality? Are global cities the sites of bringing people together or conflict between them? Does living in the global city engender cosmopolitan openness? What are the limits of cosmopolitanism? Discuss in relation to interactions in the global city. Topic 11: Global Power: the Decline of the USA and the Rise of China? In this topic we will look at global hegemony and power in the 21st century – political, economic, military and cultural. During the 20th century the hegemony of the British declined and was surpassed by the USA. In the postwar period the world was divided between two superpowers – the USA and the Soviet Union – and the cold war between them. After 1989 some saw the world as changing from bipolar to unipolar. Some see the world order as the ‘end of history’ (with the ideological triumph of liberal capitalism) or a ‘clash of civilisations’ (with cultural clashes replacing ideological ones). Characterisations of the world order as a ‘triad’ see Europe and Asia (especially China) challenging or balancing American power. Other perspectives see China taking over as the world’s superpower, initially economically. But there are questions over the extent of China’s economic rise, its political system, rights and democracy, internal problems to do with environment and inequality, the globality of its culture or military, and how far it has ambitions to be a global power. Will new superpowers arise to replace the USA as the dominant world power, or will the world become more multilateral or power more spread out. Will America remain the world’s leading superpower or is it in decline with China or other powers rising to take its place? -‐ How is America powerful? Is US power necessary? Can the US retain its dominant position using soft power? Is the US a failing imperial state? -‐ Will the emerging world order involve ‘the end of history’, a ‘clash of civilisations’, multi-‐polarity, global governance, or a new world hegemon? -‐ If American power is in decline, why? What will replace it? If it is not in decline, why not? Will Europe or China be new superpowers? -‐ What reasons are there for seeing China as a global power to replace the USA, or for doubting this will happen?
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-‐ Will we become a world without any dominant power? What implications does this have for order and stability? What are the differences between state-‐centred, multilateral, multipolar, global, dualist, hegemonic, imperialist, and triadic models of the political world order? Main reading Michael Cox, Power shift and the death of the West? Not Yet, European Political Science, 10, 3, 2011, says claims China will replace the USA are exaggerated Barry Buzan, A World Order Without Superpowers: Decentred Globalism, International Relations. 25, 1, 2011, on USA, China and EU, says regional great powers are replacing global superpowers Further Reading Ian Clark, China and the United States: a succession of hegemonies, International Affairs, 87, 1, 2011, will China provide a new social hegemony? K. van der Pijl, Is the East Still Red? The Contender State and Class Struggles in China, Globalizations, 9, 4, 2012, Marxist view of China as a state socialist contender to western capitalism Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, 4, 2005, edition on the rise of China, includes Chinese perspectives Lan Xue, The Shifting Global Order: A Dangerous Transition or an Era of Opportunity? Governance, 25, 4, 2012, established powers should be open to the constructive role of emerging powers James Petras, China: Rise, Fall and Re-‐Emergence as a Global Power: The Lessons of History, Global Research, March 2012 G. John Ikenberry, The Rise of China and the Future of the West; Can the Liberal System Survive? Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008, a liberal internationalist view J. Harris, Emerging Third World Powers: China, India and Brazil, Race and Class, 46, 3, 2005, emerging powers as anti-‐imperialism K. Pijl, van der, K., Global Rivalries, 2006, chapter 9 on China Paul Kennedy, America’s Power is on the Wane, Wall Street Journal, January 24th, 2009, an economic focus David Held and Mathias Koenig-‐Archibugi, American Power in the 21st Century, 2004, a reader on this theme including extracts from Kagan, Cooper, Mann, Nye. Barry Buzan and Rosemary Foot eds Does China Matter? 2004 collection of articles assessing whether China's importance has been overestimated. M. Beeson and N. Bisley, eds, Issues in 21st Century World Politics, 2010/13 Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire, 2003, says US imperialism is militarism but incoherent and making the world more dangerou. See also 'The First Failed Empire of this Century' in Held and Koenig-‐Archibugi and also in Review of International Studies 30, 4, October 2004. Robert Kagan, Paradise and Power, 2003, says that the histories of Europe and America have led them in diverging paths, the former is weak and the latter is strong and must use its power, if necessary unilaterally. See also his piece in Held and Koenig-‐Archibugi. Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power, 2002, post-‐9/11 liberal argues that America needs to be multilateral and use soft as well as hard power. See also his 2005 Soft Power and his piece in Held and Koenig-‐Archibugi.
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Jan Nederveeen Pieterse, Globalization or Empire, 2004. See also his articles on this theme in -‐ Third World Quarterly, 27, 6, 2006; New Political Economy 8, 3, 2003; and Theory, Culture and Society 21, 3, 2004. Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations, 2003, especially Part I describes a world order of premodern states, modern states and postmodern states in which the USA’s position is not yet clear. Earlier version The Postmodern State and the World Order, Demos, 2000. See also his piece in Held and Koenig-‐Archibugi. Peter Nolan, China at the Crossroads, 2004, on the challenges facing one contender for the next superpower, says China needs to follow a third way between state and market. Doug Guthrie, China and Globalization, 2006 Ray Kiely, Empire in the Age of Globalisation: US hegemony and neoliberal disorder, 2005, critical view J. Gittings, The Changing Face of China, ch. 14, 2006 on China and the World J. Grasso, et al, Modernization and Revolution in China, 2009, ch 12 on China in the World Niall Ferguson, Colossus: the rise and fall of American Power, 2004, by conservative British historian Martin Jacques, When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World, 2009, says that the rise of China will challenge the western domination of modernity David Harvey, The New Imperialism, 2003, discusses the rise of the USA’s coercive approach in maintaining its role. Will Hutton and Meghand Desai, Does the future really belong to China? Prospect, January 2007 Will Hutton, The Writing on the Wall: China and the West in the 21st Century, 2007 Pierre Bourdieu, 'Unite and Rule', 2000, in Firing Back, critique of American global power Essay Topics Is American power in decline? Will China replace the US as the world’s dominant power? ‘The question remains whether the means have focused too heavily on hard power and not taken enough account of soft power’ (Nye). Will soft power secure America’s continuing dominance? ‘’[E]ffective power requires a combination of four more specific powers: ideological, economic, military, and political. Most regimes wield unequal combinations of them, and some regimes may be quite light on one or two of them. But the new imperialists relied overwhelmingly on military power alone – and indeed on only one part of military power, offensive firepower – and this is insufficient to create Empire’ (Mann in Held and Koenig-‐Archibugi: 52-‐3). Is Mann right that the USA is at the end of its era as an empire? Week 12 Poster presentations I’ll give you more information on this, on Study Direct and in the study skills week, and early on in the term
Hope you enjoyed the module!
