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Sociology

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Sociology – As a Science• Sociology is a science of society. It also deals with social group,

social institutions. It study about study of society. It studies, about casual explanation.

• Science is systematic arrangement knowledge by establishing rationality. Science generally deals with experimentation. It always deals with facts. These facts will be existed only when there is empirical evidence (proof). It has important feature for verification. Science is always neutral i.e. will not say good and bad. It deals also with to what time it is valid and also testing is important.

• Experimental method• Case study method• Survey method• Historical method

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Functions of Media

• Information

• Interpretation

• Mobilization

• Transmission of values

• Entertainment

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Role of Media• Information

• Social changes• Reformations• Creating awareness• Enhances

• Interaction• Involving citizens• Public opinions• transparency

• Analysis• Deep insights• Case studies• Cause and effects

• Results• Solve problems• Remedial measures• predict

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Sociological Imagination• Sociological imagination creates a relationship with an

individual and wider society – it helps to comprehend the link between our immediate personal social settings and the remote impersonal social would that surround and helps to shape us.

• It is the ability to view our own society as an outsider, rather from perspective at personal experience

• It allows us to go beyond personal experience and observation to understand broader public issue.

• It can bring new understanding to daily life around us.

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Society

• Society is made up of • Collection of individuals• Mode of behaviour• Consists of people• Mutual awareness • Co-operation and division of labour (Specialization,

skill, talent & potentiality)• Interdependence• Dynamic changes• Social control• Culture

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Culture

• Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

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Features of Culture

• It is learnt

• It is social

• It is shared

• It is transmissive

• It is consistent and integrated

• It is dynamic and adaptative

• It varies from society to society

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Types of Culture• Material Culture

• Consists of man-made objects such as tools, implements, furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams, roads, and in fact, the physical substance which has been changed and used by man.

• It is concerned with the external, mechanical and utilitarian objects.

• It includes technical and material equipments like a printing press, a locomotive, a telephone, a television, a tractor, a machine gun, etc.,

• Non-material Culture• Internal• It consists of words, language, belief, values etc.,• It also includes customs, taste, attitudes, outlook,

feeling and thinking

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Functions of Culture

• It defines the situation

• It is a treasury of knowledge

• Defines attitude, values and goals

• It provides behaviour pattern

• It molds personality

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Elements of Culture

• Cognitive Element :- Mental thought,

• Belief:- Rational and Irrational

• Values and Norms :- Values refers to goodness where in norms refers to rules and regulations

• Signs:- Includes signals and symbols

• Non-normative ways of behaviour:-

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Different Concepts in culture

• Sub-culture :- Segment of a society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores. Folk ways and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society – culture existing within larger society – members of a sub-culture participate in the dominant culture at the same time engage in unique and distinctive form of behaviour. For ex:- slang language, parties, “hippie” culture

• Counter culture :- When a sub-culture deliberately opposes certain aspect of large culture then it is known as counter culture. Counter culture is found among the young.

• Relativism :- it views peoples behaviour from the perspective of their own culture. It places a priority on understanding culture rather than dismissing them as strange cultural relativism employs

Cntd….

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• Xenocentrism :- it is a belief that product style or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate else-where.

• Culture Shock :- any one who feels disoriented, uncertain out of place, fearful when immersed in and unfamiliar culture may be experiencing culture shock

• Ethnocentrism :- it is feeling that one’s own culture is best and rating the other culture perspective. It leads to solidarity within one’s own group that leads to antagonism and hatredness towards other group.

• Cultural Lag :- Ogburn introduced the term cultural lag to refer the period of mat adjustment when the non-material culture is still adapting to new material conditions i.e. the non-material culture is more resistant to change than the material culture

• Culture conflict :- Presence of 2 culture conflicting with each other is called culture conflict. For eg:- The conflict between authoritanism and democratic conservatism v/s modernity

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Institution

• It is described as recognized and established usages governing the relationship between individual and groups.

• It is established forms or conditions of procedure characteristic of group activities.

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Features

• Social in nature

• Universal

• Satisfying needs

• Controlling mechanism

• Permanent

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Functions

• Satisfy needs

• Control the human behaviour

• Simplify actions for the individual

• Assign role and status

• Contribute to unity and uniformity

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Media as an institutionSocial control (Media laws)

Competitive

Assigning role and status (Individual status

is assigned according to the situations and conditions

Timing Symbol

Budget

Satisfy needs (Communication) Information, Instruction, Awareness, Mobilization, Entertainment

Catering needs (Nation building, Management crisis, Social, Economic, Psychological, Political needs

Target (audience)

Norms and Rules & Regulations (Law & Legal status)

Media as an

Institution

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Case StudySocial control (Media laws)

Competitive (With other channels)

Assigning role and status (Individual status

is assigned according to the situations and conditions

Timing (Frequency, Slot) Symbol (Logo)

Budget (Sponsors)

Satisfy needs (Communication) Information, Instruction, Awareness, Mobilization, Entertainment

Catering needs Social, Economic, Psychological, Political needs

Target (audience – Sports, News, Entertainment)

Norms and Rules & Regulations (Law & Legal status)

STAR NET WORK

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Family

Family as an Institution

Primary biological

Father Mother

& Children

Roles

&

Status Interpersonal

Control

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Features

of

Family

Features

of

Family

Features

Formative influenceFormative influence

UniversalityUniversality

Emotional BasisEmotional Basis

ResponsibilityResponsibility

Social RegulationsSocial Regulations

Reward and PunishmentReward and Punishment

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Functions

Primary Secondary

Stable satisfaction of sex needReproductionRearing of childProvision of homeAn instrument of cultural transmissionStatus ascribing function Emotional functions

Economic functionsEducational functionsReligious functionsRecreational functions

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Types

On the basis of Authority

Patriarchal Matriarchal

General

Joint family valuesCo-operation, sacrifice, feeling

of inter-dependence

Nuclear Family Values independence

self-confidence, liberal attitude individuality

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On the Basis of Marriage

Polygamous Polyandrous Monogamous

On the Basis of Residence

Patrilocal Matrilocal Changing Residence

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On the Basis of Ancestry

Pratrilineal Matrilineal

On the Basis of Relations

Affinial FamilyConsanguine Family

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Recent trends in the nuclear family

• Industrialization• Urbanisation• Democratic Ideals• The decline of the influence of Mores and Religious

Beliefs and the Spread of Secular Attitude• The Spirit of Individualism and Romantic Love• Economic Independence of Women• Emancipation of Women• Decline in Birth Rate• Divorce• Parent-Youth conflict

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Functions of Nuclear Family

• Stable satisfaction of sex need

• Procreation and Upbringing of children

• Socialization of children

• Provision of home

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Joint Family• Characteristic Feature

• Depth of Generations• Common Roof• Common Kitchen• Common Worship• Common Property• Exercise of Authority• Arranged Marriages• Procreation• Identification with obligations towards the family• Self-sufficiency

• Features• Economic function• Social function• Recreation function• Social control• Psychological function• Promotes co-operative virtues

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MarriageMarriage is relatively permanent bond• Features of marriage

• Universal• Relationship between man & women• Marriage require special approval• Association with religious and civil ceremony• Creates mutual obligation

• Functions of marriage• Regulation of sex life• It leads to establishment of family• Marriage contribution to emotional & intellectual inter-stimulation• Marriage aims at social solidarity• Endogamy :- marriage with one’s own group• Exogamy :- opposite of endogamy

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Types of Marriage

Group MarriagePolygeny Monogamy

Polygyny (one man marries more than

one women)Polyandry

So (Wife’s sister can get married to husband)

Non-so formal (Husband can marry any

one other than wife’s sister

Faternal(One women can marry

more than one man)

Non-faternal (Wife can more than other

than marry husband’s brothers) eg. draupady

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• Marriage system in India is a part of sacrament. There are different aims in Hindu marriage

• Dharma – social duty

• Praja – desire to give birth

• Rati – Pleasure

• Marriages are associated with elaborate rights and rituals such as

• Creating homas, kanyadana, pani-grahana, mangalyadana, satapadi.

• There are sacred values and beliefs are attached in performing the marriages in India.

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Social Stratification (Caste, Class, Age & Gender)

Stratification is division of society

• Need for social stratification• It encourages to work hard – there will be social motivating• Important role for circulation of elite groups• Important role in promoting economic function• Skill and aptitude – compare with other group.• Social control

• Caste as social stratification• Promoting hierarchical division of society• Idea of pollution is developed lower caste – polluted• Civil & religious disabilities – instability in lower caste • Economic disabilities• Hereditary occupation – No occupational mobility• Political disability – Upper class people occupied power in society. Lower

class not given proper justice

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Class It is a hierarchical division of society – homogeneous group

with respect to attitudes, values, life style

• Class as social stratification • It is based on economic aspect • Based on achieved status• Mobility is possible in class• Defined through wealth (Upper, Middle, lower class)

• Features of Class• Open• Has mobility• Class consciousness• Play an important role – prestige / symbol.• Important role to create stability in society• Life style pattern

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Social class categorization • Upper Upper class – Wealthy aristocratic landed class.

It acts as a reference group. The size is small (niche marketing)

• Lower Upper class:- Top professionals and business man. Earned money (Specialized luxury goods)

• Upper Middle class :- Professional characteristic coming from the middle class. Emphasis on education. The style is gracious and careful (Indulge in conspicuous consumption)

• Lower Middle class:- Common man. Small self-employed business man (Mass marketed goods)

• Working class:- A largest group. Skilled and semi-skilled workers (cheap mass produced items)

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Age as a social stratification• Infant• Child• Adolescence • Adult• Old age• In India there are three age cohorts

• Generation Next, (Younger People – Comprises innovators – they treat parents as providers )

• Generation Now (Rajiv Gandhi generation – wishes to lead a comfortable life, enjoy good quality products and wants value for their money). Their past conditioning forces them to rationalize their actions.

• Generation Past (Independent’s age generation). They follow the Gandian values. Initially they resist to change.

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Gender as social stratification

• Gender :- It is based on social conditioning - • Values are specified – what role a mother father son has

to do. • Females

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ReligionIt is a unified system of belief and practices relative to sacred things i.e. to say things set apart and forbidden

• Components of Religion• Belief in supernatural force• Man’s adjustment with supernatural force• Acts defined as right and sin

• Structural aspects of religion• Theologies and creeds • Ceremony and rituals• Symbolism• Religious code• Sect • Festivals• Sacred Literature

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Functions

• It provides religious experience• It provides peace of mind• It promotes social solidarity, unity and identity• It conserves the value of life• Religion – as an agent of social control• Priestly function of religion• It promotes Welfare• Provides recreation• Explains individual suffering and helps to

integrate personality• Enhances self-importance

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CommunityA community is the total organized social life

of a locality.

• Significance• It provides protection and security• It provides co-operation • It depends on some kind of communication

system (language)• It provides individual opportunity for the

manifestation of talents and abilities

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Social Movement• Meaning

• Collectively organized form• Promote a change• Resist a change

• Features• Collective action• Oriented to social changes (+ & -)• Ideology leadership important role• Organizational framework• Technique and results

• Stages of social movement• Preliminary – stage of unrest• Popular stage• Formalization• Institutionalization• Dissolution

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• Conditions / Reasons• Large no. of people are involved• Reaction – take in strong involvement• Personal values to be involved• Object of dissatisfaction

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Role of media in projecting social movement

• Media – creates – awareness – discontent – among people – i.e. society – it is complicated – macro level – highlight dissatisfaction

• Media – provide information – by collecting information project level of discontent – focus of S. M. – helps in strengthening

• Media – promoting the interest of various people on particular issue – slowly role of leadership comes to existence

• Media tries to give platform to leader – highlights and intensify the issue. Media tries to describe nature, type and role of the leader.

• Media plays important role – legalize the leader – planning, controlling, decision making – taking entire confidence of group – media plays important role – in popularizing ideology – will create set b/w leader and ideology – creates mobilization

• Media promotes – institution – that has been created by the leader which has bureaucratic procedures – leader – propagate tactics and strategies – in order to know how movement grows.

• Media shows how the procedure started continued and failed / success

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Different types of social movement

• Reform movement – bring out change

• Revolutionary movement – Industrial revolution movement

• Revivalist movement – Arya samaj• Resistance movement

• Uthopian movement – put state in perfection.

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Social GroupA social group exist when two or more people are in direct or indirect contact and communication.

• Features of a group• Collection of individuals• interaction among members• mutual awareness• feeling• Group unity and solidarity (unity)• common interest• similar behaviour• group norms• group‘s are dynamic• stability• influence on personality

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• Importance of social group• For survival• Group’s contributes for development of personality• For identification• Helps in promoting social bond

• Classification of social group• In group & out group i.e. it depends upon the tendency• involuntary and voluntary groups• primary group and secondary group• community and association

• Community – Intimate, private, very close Eg. Mahar group• It represents relations that are specific (Foreign business)

• Small group and large group

• Unorganized group – temporary in character. They lack organization. They do not have definite pattern of social interaction. They are temporary in character. For eg. Crowd

• Organized group are called associational group. They have a group structure. The size of group is small as well as big. Social relations are organized.

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Reference GroupA group which serves as point of comparison are known as reference

group

There are 4 circumstances in which a group can be called as reference group

• When some or all the members of a particular group aspire to membership in the reference group

• When the members of the particular group struggle to imitate the members of reference group or try to make their group just like the reference group atleast in some respects.

• when the members of the particular group derive some satisfaction from being distinctive and unlike the members of the reference group in some aspects.

• when the members of a particular group consider the reference group or its members as a standard of comparison.

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Types of Reference Group

• Formal V/s informal• Primary V/s secondary• Aspiration V/s dis-associative

Reference group – application in marketing• Using Celebrities• Use of experts and professionals• Use of spokes man• Common man

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• Social Control• Formal and informal agency of social control• Role of media• Law and administration• Copy write• Intellectual property right• Censorship with regard to film and advertisements• Trademark• Patent• Royalty• Defamation• Right of information

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Sociology of News

It refers to origin structure, operating practices, codes and culture of the contemporary news media – analyzing the consequences of news in the Indian society.

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News• Whatever news happen forms a news. • Unusual, extra-ordinary incident leads to news.• News is every information received from NEWS• It interests a number of persons• Timely report of facts• It is a Stimulating information• Compilation of facts and events• Account of eventsNature of News• News – a report• Idea events and problems• It is real• It is current• It interests people

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• Qualities of News• Accuracy• Balance• Objectivity• Clarify• Impact

• News Elements• Conflicts• Progress• Disaster• Consequence• Prominence• Novelty• Human interest

• News Value• Timeliness• Proximity• Size• Importance• Personal benefit

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Types of News• General Type

• Personal and brief• Speeches and publications, interviews,• Meetings and events

• Simple Types:- Stories that general require little interpretative writing by the reporter • Illness, deaths, funerals• Fires and accidents• Seasons and weather• Crime

• Complex Types:- Stories that generally require interpretation from the reporter’s background of specialized information.• Courts, trial lawsuits• Government and politics• Business, industry, agriculture, labour• Education, research, science• Religion philanthropy, Promotion

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• Special Types:- Stories and articles that encompass a variety of subjects often requiring a high degree of specialized knowledge on the part of the writer• Lifestyles (including social events and consumer

news)• Sports• Entertainment (Films, television, Popular music, art,

theatre, criticism)• Editorials and Editorial columns• Interpretative and investigative

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Based on the following factors:-• Style of writing news reports are of two types

• Straight News :- The facts are presented in a easy and clear style • Descriptive News :-

• Taking into the impact of news on people it is divided into• Spot News• Spread News (Affect the good number of people for a long time – Occupy major

space in news)

• Importance of events• Most important news• Important news• Less importance news

• Depending upon the nature of the news• Thought based news• Expression based news• Research based news• Sensation based news• Personality based news

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Hard V/s Soft News

• Hard News:- Serious news, event centered, the news items are on what, where, when, where and why

• Brought sheet daily covers hard news• Hard news has a date value. Example:- Government

information, session of parliament, introduction of ministry etc.,

• Soft news:- It is a light stuff such as features, human story, sports, entertainment etc.,

• Less important happenings• Depends upon the space availability • It is not event centered• It is more an analysis reason, background and interpretation • It deals with lighter side of the life • It does not have a date value• Now-a-days it is becoming a very important segment