Sociology 163

8/9/2019 Sociology 163

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I. eligion is strong in the 7SA. The 7SA is one of the top threecountries in the !orld !ith the highest degrees of religious a;liationand #elief.A. = claim that they *no! that ?od e"ists and have no dou#t a#outit.C. @6= of Americans pray at least once a day.&. 66= #elieve that a prayer has #een ans!ered4 prayer for healing.'. 6 = are mem#ers of a church or place of !orship.+. 5>= #elieve the 7.S. has special protection from ?od.?. 5@= have unfavora#le vie! of atheist.

. 0e! Age2 focus on spirituality has #ecome the popular since the1 6>8s and has #ecome a form of religion in the modern !orld.

II. agic

Americans are comforta#le !ith practicing rituals that might #e de-nedas magical$ superstitious$ or occult. Beliefs in astrology$ he"ing$charms$ !itchcrafts$ and 7+ s are Duite strong in the 7SA.

A. @= report seeing ghost or spirit of the dead.B. 13= claim to have seen or #een in the presence of angels.C. 33= have had a mystical e"perience. ost #elieve it !as religiouslyinspired.&. 66= have e"perienced dEFG vu or 'S($ a sense of repeating ane"perience$ #eing some!here they have never #een$ or sensing things

are not immediately present.

III. (ossi#le '"planations

A. Separation of church and state in a freeHmar*et environment.1. America is a fertile ground for religious proselyti ing

. America is fervently religious #ecause there are so many churchescompeting for mem#ers to e"pand their congregation.3. (eople are more li*ely to e"perience an emotional religiousconvergence$ as oppose to uncompetitive environment !here religionis protected #y state.

5. Separation of church and state helped e"pand religion. (rotectedreligion from anticlericalism.

B. 0ation of Immigrants1. Immigrants #ring their culture and religion

C. essianic movements and periodic religious revivals in AmericanSociety


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&. ?eorg Simmel8s theory of ur#an culture1. Because people in modern ur#an setting have developed ascreening device$ they have an a#ility to move easily #et!een !orldsHsecular and sacred$ scienti-c and spiritual$ earthly and divine.

7r#an 'cological (erspective

'very city has a characteristic #uilt environment$ consisting of#uildings$ roads$ #ridges$ and other structures. ne of the *ey issues of ur#an sociology is ho! the #uilt environment relates to the !ay peoplelive in$ and use the city.

o! does the #uilt environment get form9 nce formed$ ho! does itrelate to other features of ur#an life9 o! are groups spatially dividedin cities9 o! do people !ith di,erent ethnicity$ race$ and incomelevels a,ect and are a,ected #y the #uilt environment9

I. Chicago School of 7r#an SociologyA. &uring the -rst half of the > th century4

The Chicago school of ur#an sociology had t!o maFor theoreticalcomponents. ne !as$ as !e discussed$ the development of the ur#anecology perspective that sought to e"plain ho! ur#an structures and

natural areas are formed and ho! they change over time.

The second component !as to understand the nature of social life andhuman relationships in the ur#an setting. The focus !as on ur#anismas a !ay of life2 and its conseDuences such as alienation$ anomic$social isolation$ Fuvenile delinDuency$ crime$ mental illness$ suicide$family and married life.

II. 7r#an 'cology (rinciplesA. 0ational areas: cities are li*e social organisms JstructuresKoccupying geographic locations referred to as natural areas.

B. Land%space in any city has certain structural characteristics thatma*e them more e;cient for one particular function in speci-clocations.C. The structural characteristics of cities come into e"istence throughecological processes.

III. 'cological (rocessesA. Competition J#et!een and among groups and activitiesK


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B. &ominance of national areasC. Invasion$ succession and ne! dominance of natural areas

IM. Theoretical propositions from the ur#an ecology perspectiveA. As population and transportation gro!s. 7r#an areas #ecome

speciali ed$ and populations are #oth dispersed and concentrated.B. As ur#an areas #ecome speciali ed$ the greater theecological%spatial segregation of those activities and populations.C. As ur#an areas #ecome speciali ed$ the more e;cient they #ecomefor a particular function.&. hen ecological functions change in the ur#an areas$ land valueschange$ !hich ma*es it possi#le for ne! groups and human activitiesto invade older ecological areas of the city.'cology of +ear

1. The Bro*en indo!2 TheoryH ames N. ilson and ?eorge )elling.

A. The Safe and Clean 0eigh#orhood (rogram2H(eople felt that having o;cers !al*ing ma*es their neigh#orhoodsafer.H o! can a neigh#orhood #e safer !hen crime rate has not gonedo!n9B. The level of pu#lic orderH0eigh#orhoods and pu#lic spaces in communities have particular rulesof #ehaviorHThe fear of disorderly people and strangersH&isreputa#le or unpredicta#le peopleH+oot o;cers elevated the pu#lic order

C. The (hilip Oim#ardo8s '"periment&. The Bro*en indo! Theory: (roposition1. At the community level$ disorder and fear of crime are lin*ed in adevelopmental seDuence.

. 7ntended #ehavior leads to the #rea*do!n of community controls$!hich more li*ely #ecome open to criminal and deviant invasion.3. As untended #ehaviors increase community disorder$ people !ill notfeel safe and fell less con-dent a#out regulating deviant #ehavior

II. The +i"ing indo!s (erspective: Side!al*2 #y itchel &uneierA. 0e! 7ses of Side!al*s in American Cities

1. The deHindustriali ation of the American 'conomy. ace relation in America and 'cology of +ear

B. a*ing a living and the informal life of the side!al*1. The #oo* and maga ine vendor

. The men !ithout accounts3. The pu#lic character

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Sociology 163