Socio-Economic Survey of Mekran District, Balochistan

8/13/2019 Socio-Economic Survey of Mekran District, Balochistan

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Socio-Economic Surveyof theMakran Division of Baluchistan

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SOCIO-ECONOMICSURVEYOFTHEMAKRANDIVISIONOF BALUCHISTAN

byNek Buzdar,Ph.D.


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FOREWARD

Thismonographpresents the findings of aresearchendeavor sponsored by the USAID/Governmentof PakistanBaluchistan AreaDevelopment Project (BALAD). The purposeof the research was to collect information on the socio-economicconditions of MakranDivision for use by Baluchistan'sPlanning and Development Department in project planning. The datawas also to serveas baseline indicators to measure the impact of BALADProject activities on the recipient population. This survey and analysis, conducted overan 18monthperiod, represents apioneering effort, amilestone in survey research in Baluchistan.Data was collected in two of Makran's three districts, Gwadar and Turbat. An analysiswas thenmade of broad social and economicvariables, including ethnicity and

practices, employment, family income and expenditure


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I INTRODUCTION Page1A. IntroductionandMethodology 1B.MakranDivision 3

1.Geographical Location2.Climate3. History4. ResourcesandEconomicActivities5.Tribal Composition6.Religion7.Cooperation Among Individualsand Groups8. Code ofHonor9.StatusofWomen in Makran

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I. DETAILEDSURVEYFINDINGS 8A. Social Organizationand Employment 8


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2.CropingPatterns and Intensity 24 24a. CroppingPatterns 26b. Croping Intensity3.Use ofAgricultural Inputs 26 26a. DraftAnimals 26b. Agricultural Labor

27c. Seeds 27d. Fertilizer/Manure 27e. Insecticides/Pesticides 27f. IrrigationWater284.AverageCropYeilds5.Marketingof Agricultural Produce 29 296.Animal Raising31E.Fisheries311. Fish Varieties 312. FishingGear3.FisheryProductionCosts 32 4.YearlyOutputandValue of FishandOtherMarineProducts 33 5.Marketingof FishandOtherMarineProducts 33


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-2-Table1 showsthepopulationsamplingprocedurewas thereforeadopted.from which the stratified sample was taken.

Table 1Population ofMakran by District

Pct. of TotalDistrict Population Urban Rural 58327 52379urbat 69 43 17112wadar 151 10Panjgur 161 25

District Census Reports",Source: "1981Population CensusOrganization, StatisticsDivision,May 1983.

SinceGwadarand Turbat togetherrepresent 75 percentoftheDivision's total population, it was decidedto limit the surveyto thesetwo threemajoreconomicactivities foundin Makran districts. Also,all(e.g.agricultureand livestock, fishing,commerceand trade)are Theeliminationof adequately representedin the two selecteddistricts.Paniguralso simplified the surveyworksincemostof theTurbatand 100 milesof Turbattown.


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-3-The populationto be surveyedwas definedas all the householdsin TurbatndGwadarsubdivisions. The sampling framewas the tehsilubdistrict) registersofhouseholds. (i.e.Thereare 32,000householdsinurbatand8,500inGwadaraccordingto the 1981 census.(e.g.household)wasassigneda Each elementnumber. After initiallygoingfora5ercent sample, it was decidedthatthehighsamplingvariancesuncovereduring the pretestingjustifiedalarger7.5percentsample size. Aotal of 2,400householdsfromTurbat and638householdsfromGwadarwereurveyed. Theywere selectedby usingacomputerto select rai;domnumbers.

B. Makran Division1. GeographicLocation:Makran As shownonthe accompanyingmap,s the southwestern division of Baluchistan province. It bordersran to thewest,KalatDivisionto the northandeastand the Arabianea to the south. Ithas an area ofabout55,000square kilometers andaopulation ofabout650,000accordingto the 1981 census. Mostof Makranonsists of bare,rugged and scorchedmountains. Threemain ranges runromeastto westparallel to the sea:central and the Makrancoastal, the Makranhe Siahan ranges, the latter one separating Makran fromharan,aformerprincelystate, to the north. Betweenthemountainanges lie valleys which form natural divisions between the threedministrativedistrictsofMakran. The main valleysare namedafter theemi-perennial rivers running through


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-4temporarily occupiedMakranbut effectiveinternal authority was Towards thebeginning of the sixteenthexercisedby local chiefs.century,the Portuguesefoundtheirwayto India and captured several placesalongthe coastof Makran. They foughtbattleswiththeKalmati Baluchandin 1581 AD they burned Pasni and Gwadar. NaseerKhan,the Baluch rulerofKalat,conqueredMakranin about1750 ADand fromthen until the creationof Pakistan,itremainedunderthe dominationof the In 1970itbecameadistrictof Baluchistanandin1986rulers ofKalat.was formed asaseparatedivisionwith3districts (Gwa'dar,Turbat, Panigur).

4. Resourcesand Economic Activities: Makranhas 5.5 millionhectares ofland anda400kilometercoastalongtheArabian Althoughmostof Makranconsistsofunproductivemountains,theSea.valleysinbetween the rangesarefertileandproductivewhenirrigated. The rivers (Rakhshan,Kech,NihingandDasht)are amongMakran'smost Hundreds of Karezes* andKaurjos**usetheriversasprecious resources.theirsource andprovide irrigationto thousandsof hectares. Incoastal Gwadarmostpeople dependon fishingforalivelihood,makingthe sea the During1985-86, about17,500secondmostimportantresourceofMakran.hectareswasunder variousagriculturecropsandover 74,000metric tons offishwereproduced. Afewpeople dependon livestock,mainlyin the The numberofnortheasternandnorthwesternareas of the division.buteconomically


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-5-The dominantclassesconsist ofmembersofthe Gichki, Nausherwani,Mirwani andBizenjotribes,whichtraditionallyownedmostlandandotherroperty in Makran. Althoughsomechanges havesincetaken place,up toboutahalfcenturyagoit was the customthatif memberoftheominantclasses killedacommonBaluch, no bloodcompensationcouldbelaimed. Hakimswould not intermarrywithBaluchandsometimestook thelives of the Hizmatgarwithoutcause. The Baluchform the middleclass andgenerallyown some land. They haveeen locally organizedundercommunityleaders (Kahuda)who settle theirisputes and deal with the dominantclass chiefand the governmentonheirbehalf. The main Baluchtribesfoundin Makranare Rind,Kiazai,ot, Kalmati, Rais, Sangur,Puzh, Gorgezh, Kahudai, Dashti, Rakhshani,Kohi, Mazarzai,Sajidi, Barr,Kashani, Isazai, Wadela, Askani, Noohani,amani, Lundi, Kattawar,Kallagi, Sami, Korak, Perozai, Bangizia,Mirazai, Shahizai, Omarzai, GoahramzaiandSiahPad. The Hizmatgarare represented by the Meds,Darzadag/Nakib, Lcrisandolam. Theyengagemainlyin menial and artisanwork. TheMeds along theoastaremainlyfishermen, the Darzadagare generally landlesswageahorersand Loris do blacksmith,carpentryandotherartisan work.Golamwork as agricultural laborersas well The as domestic servants.raditionallythese classescould not sit at the same matandeatwithhe Baluch. Eventoday,the Baluch nevergive theirdaughters inarriage


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-67. CooperationAmong Individualsand Groups: Likeother

Baluch,Makraniscustomarily raisecontributionsamongthemselveson In Makran,thissystemis calledBijjar. Bijjariscertainoccasions.raised formarriages (Seer),circumcision (BurrukorTahur), the destructionof ahouse by afire (Aas)and whenfines (Malaam)and The personconcernedcompensation (Hon Badal/Mayar) have to be paid.visits his relatives,friends, neighbors andfellowtribesmenand which is given in the form of cash or animalsrequests their assistance,such as sheepandgoats. Givingisvoluntarybutinsome caseschiefs and othermembersof dominantclassesdemandBijjarfrommembersof their own tribesandpoorsubjectsas aright. Cooperationisevidentin other spheres of life as well. The karezesandkaurjos, the mainmeansof irrigation,arecooperatively constructed,maintainedandmanaged throughout the irrigated agricultural areas of Makran. In the rainfedstore flood waters areagricultural areas, embankments to divert andIn the coastal fishingvillagescooperatively constructed and repaired.reciprocal assistance is provided in the making of local boats and nets.People voluntarily participate in cooperative activities but sanctionsand sometimes punishment are faced by non-cooperating individuals. Forinstance,ifakarezco-shareownerrefuses to participate in or contribute to the annual or bi-annual karez cleaning and maintenancework, waterto his fields is stoppedand therehave beencases of burning the offender's standing crops. An individual with just one pair of


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-7f. Topardonany offenseincludingmurder,iffthe offender'sfamilycomesto the aggrieved familyandasksaforwoman forgiveness (Bakhsh/Bashk); g. To stopfighting ifawomanwith the Quranon heread intervenes (NiamKapag).

9. StatusofWomenin Makran:stronger position than their sisters Women in MakranoccupyamuchRelatively higher bridal in other parts ofBaluchistan.prices are paid and the wife hasover what she full controlacquires from her husband.Unlike in most other parts of Baluchistan,isfollowed. the Muslim lawof inheritancehusawomanreceivesa portion ofnd is entitled her parent's propertyo a share in her husband's property if he predeceaseser. Generallyawoman'srelativeeconomic strengthmakes her the moremportantpersonin the household. The husband, havingalreadygivenway mostof his property as bridal payment,remainsmoreorlessependenton his wife. If ahusbandis noton goodtermswithhis wifendwants to remarry, generallyhe cannotafford to do so, because higherridal paymentswill be demandedfrom him. Itmay bementioned thatmongmostBaluchandPathantribesthecustomaryLabb (bridalprice)iseceivedandkeptby the girl's fatherorotherguardian; the girl doesot receive any of it.Alsoin mostplaces otherthanMakran,womendoot inherit any portion


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-8-II. DETAILEDSURVEY FINDINGS

A. Social Organization and Employmemt The3,038 samplefamilies1. Populationand Family ize:Of this 10,936(almost61%) were12hadatotal populationof17,935.years of age and older. The following table shows details regardingfamily size.

Table 3 FamilIy Size

Numberof FamilyMembers Numberof families %ofTotal 181 61-3 1905 634-6828 277-9 124 4Above 9

Mostfamilies (63%) have 4-6members,whilethe numberof relatively small and relativelylarge familiesisremarkably small. Familieswith 4-9membersconstituteabout 90% of the sampled population. Theremaybe reasonsforthis relativelylarge (by Baluchistanstandard)several of Turbatand Gwadarsub-Divisions


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-9-Workingmembers (e.g. the labor force)constitutedabout 61%population. This ishighcomparedto the figureofabout 40%offorthe total "normal" populations. However,in Makrana oy orgirl becomesaworkingmember of the family at the early age of 12 since very few childrenttendschools. AlsoinMakran,as in all subsistencesocieties,men andomen have no retirement ageand generallycontinueworkinguntil death.The Makrani laborforce includesthoseworking in the Gulf/Middle Eastcountriesas soldiers,policemenanddomesticservants. Among thetraditional pursuits/professions, the largestnumberswere engagedincrop farming followedby fishingand animal raising. The datayielded the following picture of atypical Makrani family.hereweresix (5.9)members, ofwhom four (3.60)wereadultworkagemembers wh~letwo (2.30)wereminors. Assumingthateach familyengagesin all Makranprofessions, the averagefamilyhad1.77members engagedinhouseholdwork, 0.21 in fishing,0.42in crop raising,0.07 in animalraising,0.07 intrade0.23by governmentandbusiness, 9.52as laborersand 0.31 wereunemployed. The sinall fractions indicate thatthe sampledpopulations followedmanyandvariedprofessions. The matrixinthefollowingtable shows the numberoffamilies engagedindifferentprofessions/combinationof professions.

Table4


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- 10 -Table 5MainEconomicActivities

PercentNo. of.famillesActivity11339Fishing 331003Farming 9Animal raising 281

Bluecollarjob 707 235Whitecollarjob 139 5165TradeThe largestnumberoffamilieswereengagedinfarming,followedby those The blue collarjobs includedunskilledengagedinblue collarjobs.laborwithinand outside the country, soldiersand domestichelp. were engaged in government and business.Relatively smaller numbers

3. LaborMobility: Until afewdecadesagoMakranwasan people depended on local resources to make aisolated place where mostfirst large scaleexodusof Makraniswasin the 1930s andliving. The1940swhensocial changes insideMakranincluding the abolitionofslavery resultedinthemigration of thousandsof poorandlandlessMakranis to the newly industrialized Karachi. A secondwaveofstartedin the sixties whenof temporary nature,


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the secondhighest )ercentageofmajorearnersgoes to thesetownsinearchofwork. Quetta, the capital ofBaluchistan, does nothaveanyignificantindustries orjobmarket,while Karachi jobsarecompetitivendrequire skillsthatmostMakranisdo not possess. Thereforefewerajorearners seekwork in QuettaorKarach. MostGulfjobsforMakranis havebeen in the Sultanate ofMuscatandman, whichhas traditional andhistorical links withthe region. In958when Gwadarandsurroundingareas, formerlyruled byOman,wereerged into Pakistan, it as agreedbetween the two governmentsthattheultanateofMuscat andOmanwould recruit soldiersforits armyfromhis area. This was doneeveryyearuntil 1982-1983when the practiceas discontinuedfor domesticOmani considerations. Thousandsoflargelynskilledworkers fromMakranstill go to Oman and otherGulfSheikhdoms,lthoughmany havealso been returningduring the lastcoupleofyears.loseto 12% ofthe familiessurveyedhad theirmajorbreadearnersworkinginthe Gulf/Middle East.

4. Social Oranization: Accordingto the original surveylan, comprehensive and detailedinformationon the social life in Makranas to becollected. However,onthe adviceofthe local Deputyommissionerat Turbatmost questions regarding religious sectsandthnicand racial groups weredroppedfrom the questionnaire forreasonsf political sensitivity. The remainingtopicscoveredinthe surveyereethnic and tribal


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Table 7Basis of Leadership No. ofRespondents PercentageCriterion

29889Age 581767Heredity 27Education 3Wealth 814Tribal Affiliationimportant factorAn overwhelming majority indicated that the mostWithinthefamily the mostdeterminingleadershipwas heredity.importantfactorwasage; evenindeterminingvillageleadership,agewas the second most important factor. Tribal territories, hierarchicalother

leadership and in general tribalism of the type existing in mostThose few areaswhich are areasinBaluchistandoes not existin Makran.formof nominal tribal systeminhabitedby the same tribeandwhere somewithout any such system. Yet, tribal,existed in the past, are now role in determiningethnic and religious affiliations play an importantleadership. In the surveytribal affiliationswasthe thirdhighest recent times therankedcategory. The reasonsforthis maybe thatinpreviously lowerandoppressedclassesparticularlythe Darzadag/Nakeeb,


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-13 usuallygold(Sohr), clothesandexpensesforguests(Pardash/Pas-o-daan)andslaves or serviledependents (Bandag). Although formallyno slaveryexistsin Makrantoday, limitedexchangeofBandagisstill customary among rich ruling families. The MakranDistrictGazetteer,writtenaround1905, states thatthe system of exchangeofLabb amongGichkisofKechwas asfollows:

"(1) Two hangams oflandandwaterwithdatetrees; (2) 100piecesof gold (inMakran31 2 Sohror piecesof goldare equal to 1Tolawhichinturn is equal to 0.41 ouncesor 11.64grams); (3)Twelvedresses (six silk and six cotton), 12 articlesofbedding,mattresses,12mosquitocurtainsetc; (4)Twelve "Bandag"(slavessix maleand six female); (5)60Maunds (two tons) ofgrainand60sheep asweddingexpenses (Pas-o-daan)." To this day marriagesgenerally takeplacewithinthe same class orgroupof tribes. Thus the formerruling tribesof Gichki, Mirwari,Nausherwani, MohammadHasani andBezanjomarryeachotherand the bridalpriceisgenerallyvery high. Among the Baluch the Labbislowerbutif aBaluchwantsto get married to a irl from theasuperiortribe/classhe has to pay higher Labb. Labbamong the Darzadag/ Nakeeb, Lori andMedisthe lowest,thereforemanypoorerBaluchpreferto marrygirls fromthesetribes.


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giventhere as bridal price. Butin general, today, the bridal priceis generally confined to cashmoney and gold.

as Sohr (ornaments)are paidThe Pardash(expenses and dresses) aswellatthe time ofmarriagebutlandedproperty (Mirat)is not always immediatelytransferredto the bride/wife'sname. Onlyif the notgood,will she demand relationshipbetweenthehusband and wifeisIfs,o dies beforeherhusband thatthe land be transferred to hername. as bridal payment is equallyall her property including what she received If the wife dies withouther husband and her children.divided between her heirs on herleaving any children, half of her property goes tofather's side.under extremely seriousDivorce among Baluch happens only rarely andInMakran,there are theoretically no obstacles to obtainingconditions. But if the womandemands adivorceandwomencan ask fordivorce.

divorce she loses the bridal paymentwhileifthe husbanddivorces her he has to legallytransferthe landed partof Labbto thewifeifhe has not status already done so. Adivorcedwomanisnot consideredinferiorinAdultry (Siah Kari) ispunishablebyand can always get married again. her bridal payment. If death. Should she escape death, she losesallthe woman is killedand themanadultererescapes, he hasto payahuge "shame fine" (Malam) and compensation for loss of respect/honor (Mayar)

brother of the woman.


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- 15-Althoughless than 100 kms. ofpaved roads, tracksanddirtroadsexistthroughout the Division,mostof the populatedareas ofMakran lieinvalley oasesorcoastal areaswith vehicularaccess formostoftheyear. Forthe survey the fairweatherdirt roadsbetween TurbatandthetownsofGwadar,Pasni, Mandand Hoshab as well as those linkingcoastalvillagesweredefined as mainroads. However,onlymarketsin the maintowns of Turbatand Gwadarweredefined as mainmarkets. The datarevealthatalthoughmost villageswere situatedon or nearthe roads linkingmaintownsandvillages, theywereat some distancefrom the mainmarkets. Similarly,althoughthe distancesof mostvillagesfromhospitals/clinicswerenot great,theywere considerablyfarther from postand telegraph/telephone offices. Turbattown and its suburbsconsistofmorethantwodozen villages andin the surveyall were recordedseparately if they had samplefamilyresidents. Asimilarprocedure was followed forGwadar. Thusany ofthefacilitiesavailable in TurbatandGwadarTownswereconsideredfacilitiesavailable to all the villages. Thisfactmighthaveintroducedabias in the data as most of the villagesaway fromthe maintownshad littleaccessto these facilitieswhichwereconcentratedinandaroundTurbatandGwadar. Thefollowing tablegives detailsofthefacilitiesavailable to families in the survey area:

Table10


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percent,whichishigh byBaluchistan standards.BothTurbatandGwadar

Sub-Divisionslie close to the Divisional headquartersofTurbat,andas is alwaysthe case,schoolingand otherfacilities are concentratedclose to the administrativeheadquarters. The followingtable shnws details of educational levelsby sex and grade.

Table11 Literacy in MakranPercent PercentEducation Percent Percent Percent

Level of total of male of female ofmale of female within within level level 74 16Primary 56 54 84

Middle 23 23 19 90 105 6High 12 14 94College 7 8 1 98 21 95 5University 2 1Morethan halfthe literatepeople in the sampledpopulationwere educated onlyto theprimarylevel while less than2percent hadattended sampledpopulation ofUniversity. In absolute numbersoutofatotal17,936 there were three women with University degrees, five with collegewithmiddle school and363 with


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-17 -On first sight the above data seem inconsistent with provincial data,t is commo,o knowledge sincethat Baluchistan has the least educated people andhe fewestPducational facilities in the country. However,Makran isinany respectsdrastically different and unrepresentative of Baluchistan.he main reason thatBaluchistan in general is economically the leasteveloped withthe least access to modernfacilitips, includingeducation,s becausethe province is extremely sparselypopulated. Small settlementsith5-20 families can lie dozens, sometimes evenhundreds,ofmiles fromach other. This is not the casein Makran. MostofMakran's populationives in two valleyswherealmostadjacentvillagesmake up asingleopulated strip. Almost90percent of thepeopleof PanjgurdistrictRakhshanValley) live in astripabout 15 mileslong on both sides of theakshan river. About the same percentage of the Turbat district populationive inthe 70 milelong oases strip betweenTurhat and Mandon the Iranorder. The thirdMakran districtofGwadarhas about 90percent of itsopulation livingin the fishingvillages of Jiwani, Pishukan, Gwadarandasni. The data inthe above table shouldbe read withthis background inmind. C. Household income and ConsumptionExpenditure

1. Household Income: In the sampledpopulationthe majorccupationswerecrop and animal raising, fishing, government/industryjobsnd laborandtrade. Because of the joint familysystemalarge numberofamilies hadmembersengagedin more than one


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Theaveragenet annual income of the3,038familiestakentogetheris median income ofRs.14,000. The table showslargeRs.21,132 withavariations in bothmedianand averageannual incomesamongthe various the lowestextremeisthe groupof familiesmainlyinvolved groups. Onin animal raisingwithamedianincomeofonly 5000 rupees,whilethe group on the otherextreme i.e the cropraisers, haveamedian incomeof about 32,000rupees. Traders havearelativelylowmedian incomeof Rs.9000. Fishermen andthose involvedinthe service sectorhavesimilar incomes, roughlyequivalent to the meanincome of all familiestaken together. Onereasonforthe largevariationinincomemaybe thatthe cropraising familiesgenerally liveinthe valleyscloseto Turbatand othertowns. They have access to schools, roads and hospitalsas well as to information regardingjob opportunitieswithin andoutsidethe country. AccessibilityFewof these facilities are available to animal raisers.and exposureenable the agricultural families to engage in many professionsincluding jobsin the Gulf/MiddleEastwhereevenan unskilled laborer netsmore thanRs.lO0,000ayear. The data showthat no familiesmainly involvedinanimal raisinghadmembersworkinginthe Gulf/MiddleEast. The huge difference betweerlocal and Gulfwages paid maytherefore explainmuchofthe income differencesinthe survey. Because of lowrainfall andlack of good rangeland the numberofanimals


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- 19 reported in thelatest (1987-88) national economicsurvey. The averagencome of therichest20 percent householdsis about six times thatofhe 20 percentpoorest households.Giventhe medianincome ofRs. 14,000nd an averagefamily size of six members, the percapitaincomeof theampledpopulationis Rs.2,333orabout$133 (at the rate ofRs.17.5tothe dollar). 2. Annual Household ConsumptionExpenditure:arlier,over 20percent ofall As notedhouseholdmembershad at least primaryevel education. Yet notasingle household keptany records ofouseholdexpenditures. The survey enumeratorswere allnterviewed onlymalemembers of the households in all cases; some data

maleand they particularly forfood items, usuallyboughtbywomenand children. For wasprobably provided second handandtherefore somewhat inaccurate, most necessities of life including staplesand otherfood itemsmonthly enumerators used these estimates to arriveat annual figures. Although andsometimes weeklyexpenditurewere estimatedby the interviewee; the wheat (andto alesserextent rice) is staple throughoutMakran,upplementary food consumptionpatterns are sometimes drasticallyifferent indifferentareasof the Division. While fishmakes up theost important componentof the diet inthe coastal Gwadardistrict, onlyried fish (andthatonly occasionally) isavailable to the interiorakranis. While dry dateconstitutesan important food item throughouthe yearinthe interior, dateconsumption incoastal Makran islimited.aklik (broadbeans special toMakran)are aluxury


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The expenditurepatternsfollowamoreorless normal distributionwith

about 62 percentof the households incurring expendituresbetweenrupees 20,000and 50,000peryear.Over90%of the householdslie inthe Ameager3.3expenditure range of 10,000to 50,000rupeesperannum.percentof the householdssurveyedreportedconsumptionexpendituresof over50,000rupees per year. The mainitems of consumptionwerewheatbread, rice, fish, vegetables, andghee,salt meat, driedpulses/beans, dates, sugar,tea, vegetable oiland spices,poultryand eggs,clothing, shoes andsanitaryitems. Several explanationscan be givenforthe fact that expendituresappear to exceedincomes:

a. In all householdincome and expenditure surveys of thistype, interviewees tend to exaggeratee;xpenditure figures showing minimumincome;

b. According to the Government of Baluchistan Bureauof Statisticscostof living estimates, livingexpenses in Makranare45% higher than the Baluchistanaverage;

rare forafamilyin Makranto be dependentonc. Itis sources of incomeweremost probablynotjust one sourceof income. Many


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- 21 -Dates are still the mostimportant andpredominantcropinMakran. Eventoday when a new karez is constructed for irrigation, the first cropgrown all overthe fieldisdates. Theyoung datetrees require much care and intensive use ofwaterand otherinputs. However,afterthetrees are five or sixyears old they require minimal workand careexceptat the time ofartificial pollination and harvest. Date trees continueto grow and produce even after 100 years. Drought years and resultingkarez water fluctuations do not adversely affect production or cause anypermanent damage. Thus traditionally dates afforded a security unmatchedby any other crop.Besidesdates,wheat,barley, rice pulses,vegetables and fodderand,toa limitedextent,citrus, bananaand mangoareraisedin Makran. Verylow ( less than100 mm) rainfall and very high temperatures are notconducive to large scale pasture and range vegetation for animals.Historically the rangelandsof coastal KWarchand Kolwa (nearHoshab)aswell as ZamuranandBuleda supported large numbersofanimals. These ranges have recently deterioratedand fewanimals areraised there now.The natural conditions combined with high demandformeatanimals inneighboring Iran andthe GulfSheikhdoms,encourage the smugglingofanimals to those countries and have made Makran an animal-scarce area.As a result all meat prices in Makran are 20 percent to 40 percent higherthan in the rest of Baluchistan.


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- 22 -Inthe karez and kaurjoirrigatedareas ofKech valley (Turbatand surroundingareas) small land holdingsranging from1/8th ofan acre to There are twomain reasons behindthe small aboutfive acres are normal.land holdingsintheseirrigated areas. First,thepeople ofMakran have generallybeenpoorandkarezor kaurjoconstructionand maintenance costs are veryhigh. Thereforemanycontributors and shareholders were required foreachkarezwhichonaveragecommands amaximumarea of 150 ownedby dozens of people, sometimes acres. Mostkarezes inMakran arebymorethanahundredshareholders. The same istrue forkaurios. Second,most karezes and kaurjos inMakranwere firstconstructed As theMuslimlawof inheritance requires, thegenerations ago. to beginwith) have beenfurtherirrigated landshares (whichwere smallfragmented and redistributed. Differentfactors have affectedland ownership in the rainfed areas. The low annual Makran rainfall (100-150milimeters)cannot supportlarge However,evenscale, economicallyviable agriculture and animal raising.asubsistence standardofliving requires arelativelylargeland area because the landcarryingcapacityis extremely low. Therefore inthe rainfed and animal raisingareas relativelylargelandholdings have developed. The followingtableincludesbothirrigated and rainfedholdings.


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- 23 inKech (Turbat)and Nakeeb in Panjgurareasmadethe best"Dehkan", i.e.wise and hard working famers.During the lasttwo to threedecades Makranhas seen drastic changesinits socio-economic structure in general andits agricultural economyinparticular. Thousands ofyoungmen, particularlyfromthe poorerandowerclasses, leftMakranandheadedforthe neighboringGulfstatestobecomesoldiers, unskilledlaborers and domestic servants. Morethananywhere else in Baluchistan, Makran was a class ridden society and thechangesof the last three decades (mainlybroughtaboutby migrations butalso by education and general exposure to the outside world) have upsetthe existingsocio-economicsystems. In the karez irrigatedareasofKech (Turbat)and Panjgureventherichestlandlordsgenerally do not ownore than 10 acres. "Waja" in Baluchi literally means "Master" and aWajawith even one acre of land will consider it beneath his dianity to workon his land and dirty his hands. Once the lowercultivatingclassesfound work opportunities elsewheretheyno longercaredto workastenants on small tractsof landwith relativelymeagerto negligibleincomes. There isthereforeacurrentsevere scarcityofagriculturallaborin Makranwhichmighthave long termadverseeffectson the localagricultural economy. InMakran an agricultural laborerneeds specialskills. Datecultivation requirescuttingand plantingof suckers,artificial pollination andpickingof fruit in waysand at timesthat cane learntonly aftermanyyears ofexperience. Labor surplusfromotherareas of Baluchistan and the country are not able to fill the vacuum


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- 24 (1)In irrigatedareasthe costof all inputsisborne

by the ownerand the outputexceptthatoffruittreesis sharedon the basisof 1/2 to the tenantand 1/2 to the owner. Incaseof fruit trees the tenant/sharecroppergets only 1/4of the produce.If the tenantpays forall inputsthen, exceptforfruit trees, the produceis divided between the ownerand the tenant on the basis of 1/3rdto the formerand 2/3rd to the latter.

(2)in rainfed areasproduceissharedon the basisof 3/4th to the ownerand1/4thto thetenantwhilethe inputs are paidfor by the owner. Agricultural labor generally receives higher wages than unskilled laborworking inbuildingand construction. During1986-87the averagewagefor six months work in irrigated areas was Rs.lO,O00.

2. Cropping Patterns andIntensity a. Cropping Patterns: There isstill no scarcityof

good fertileagricultural land in Makran but therehas alwaysbeen an acuteshortageofirrigationwater. These natural conditionslimit and determinethe croppingpatterns and intensity. The cropping patterns aredifferentin the rainfed and irrigated areasof Makran.


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- 25 be easily harnessedandthe temporary diversions structures can betterheckthe riverflow.Second,as one gets closerto the sea, undergroundaterbecomes unusableandkarezescannotbe constructed. To sustainuman, animal andplant life, local people are prepared to make theignificant sacrifices involved in constructing large and durableconversionand storagestructures. Two types of sailaba systems arein se in Makran.The first is bothanrrigationandastorage system.Riverwateris diverted to alargeund. Abund of this type at village Nalaintabout 40miles northeastfGwadarwas firstconstructedthree generations ago andithas nevereen breached. This bundnot onlyprovides drinkingwaterfor thevillageutalso irrigates an orchardof mango,citrus, banana andchiku (thenglish name is sapodilla; the tasteis somewhatsimilarto Kiwiimilarbunds are foundall friit).over Dasht and Kolanch. After rain, floodaters fill the bundfordirect use. If it does not rain formore thanaear,the bund waters dry up. Wells are dug beneathandabove thetructure up to 20 feet, where sweetwaterisstill found due to theundwater seepage of previousyears. Bitterandbrackishwaterisateeperlevels. But before deeperwateris needed i.e. afterabout twoears there is alwaysmorerain which fills the bund onceagain. The secon, ty of Sailaba system is mainly for irrigation purposes,ashe river flood water is diverted and large areas areustonce. flood irrigatedarmersconstruct


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- 26 -Summercrops (Kharif):rice, sorgham,sesamum,mashandmung beans, onion,chilies,melons, summervegetablesand summer fodders.

b. Cro in Intensity: Since the land holdingsin the the karezor kaurjoirrigationwaterisanirrigated areas areavailablethroughout theyear,the irrigatedcroppingintensityishigh. On the otherhand, rainfall is scanty, unreliableand untimely,therefore in the rainfedand flood irrigatedareas the croppingintensity isvery

The followingtablepresents the croppingintensity inthelow.irrigated and rainfed areascombined. Table lF

MeanCropping Intensity inMakran

CroppingIntensityAreaunder Area underMean CultivatedAreaSummerCrops WinterCropsAcres/farm Acres/farm Acres/farm

127.58%5.68 4.968.34onThis cropping intensity is high by Baluchistan standards which is,The main reason behind seemsto be the higheraverage,around 80%. total area underirrigated agriculturein Makran.


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- 27 some laborfrom theMiddleEast, is slowly easingthe situation but theshortages remain serious. c. Seed: MakranA100 acre government is still largely a date growing area.ate farm at Turbat was established many years agoiththe stated objectivesofconducting research on local datevarietiesnd introducing improvedvarietiesfrom otherparts ofPakistanand theorld. Theseobjectives havenever been realized, andthe datefarmanager from the Agricultural Extension Services merelyisposes of the dates as well looks after andas fodderandothercropsgrown onthearm. Thers,are hundreds oflocal datepalmvarieties and some of themre consideredto be the best in the world.varieties grown Some ofthe importantdaten Makran include: Halini, Begum Jangi,hapshuk, Muzavati, Sabzo,Dandari, Haragi, Siah dap, Goani, Shakari,rdiki, Ape dandan,Siah Ganok, Dashtiari, Rogini, Ap rogin,Masudi, Kaleri,ussaini, Kunaro, Peshna, Washna,Gogna, Suntgirrag,Musali. Forwheat, imported seed such as Pak-81 and Panwan are usedonasmallcale. Forothercropsthere are no imported andimproved seed. Forereal, vegetableandfoddercrops the peracre expenditure on seedaveraged Rs. 200.

d. Fertilizer/Manure:irrigated In the karez andkaurjoreas of Makran manure and fertilizer are used, particularlyodderandvegetable on


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- 29 completed. Karezesare mostlyjointandcooperativeendeavorsand theemberscontribute for constructionandall laterexpenseson the basisf the numberorfraction of Hangamsowned. Mostkarezes are dividednto 14Hangams; this means thateach Hangamownerhas the right to 12ours of the karezwaterevery7th day. Owning halfaHangamwouldmeanix hours andaquarterHangam three hours of the karezwatereveryeek. AHangamofland is the amountoflandirrigatedby oneHangamofater. This is the only land measurement usedinirrigated areas ofakranandsinceeach karez has adifferentquantity and flowofwater,aangamofland will be different in eachkarezcommandarea. The landmeasurement usedinthe rainfedagriculturalJupt. areas is calledhis termis"apair".also used in mostotherpartsofBaluchistan. Juptn Baluchi meansplowedand sowedby a AJuptisan amount of landwhichcanbepairof bullocks in acroppingyear. So aJupt,ikeaHangam,will be different fromplaceto placedependingon landtructureandthe quality of the pairof bullocks, etc. (Thisnformation will explain the difficulties facedby bothfarmersandnterviewers inarrivingat inputandoutputestimates forastandardlandmeasure likeacre or hectare). 5. Marketing ofAgriculture Produce: Mostagriculturalroduce inMakranislocallyconsumed. Small landholdings, outdatedechnologyandlack of capital constrainlargescale commercialroduction, All agriculture inMakran except


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- 30

thestudy. Thosecoveredin the surveymostlyhad othereconomic Some families, particularlyinoccupationsalongwith animal raising.the urbancenters, had less thanadozensheep andgoats butstill consideredthemselves as primarilyanimal raisers because theirother jobs suchasdailywagelaborwereconsideredtemporaryandparttime. In Kolwa and Dashtareas some peopleraised camelsbutthe flocks (unlike thoseofahundredyears agowhen theyexceededone hundredhead) were onlybetween 10-20 animals. Since the introductionof motorcyclesand scooters,horses havebecomerare in Makran. The average numberof animalsownedby afamily inMakranisshown inthe followingtable:

Table21 Animal Raising in MakranTypeofAnimal AverageNumberOwned/Family

5.74attleMaleCattleFemale 5.73 SheepMale 3.42 Sheep Female 4.01 GoatMale 12.58 GoatFemale 30.28Camel Male 0.80 Camel Female 0.50


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- 31 -E. Fisheries

Marine fisheries have the potential to be oneofthe mostimportantsourceofincreased income for the peopleofBaluchistan. Startingabout0miles westofKarachi andendingat the Iran bordernearly400milesartherwestisthe historicMakrancoast. Mostof this Northern Arabianea coast lies inMakran Division, theremainderlyinginKalatPDivision. During1985 marine fish productionon theMakrancoastwas91,300metric tons valued at nearly 300millionrupees.During recentyears effortshave beenmade tomodernize the fishingndustryin Baluchistan.Pasni, Amodernfish harborisunderconstructionatnotheris planned forGwadarandeffortsare underway to provideadvanced fishingequipment to local fishermen.fishing industrywill Amodernandefficientnotonly improve incomelevels oflocal fishermenut will alsoearn valuable foreign exchange for the country. 1. Fishvarieties: Annex3gives the Englishas wellaluchi names forthe -many asvarieties offishavailable offtheMakran coast. 2. Fishing Gear: The 1906 MakranGazetteer, lists theariousfishingboats usedinMakran at the time as the Mahi-Kush,Batel,akdarandHori. The Yakdarwas imported fromMalabar(India); all thethertypes


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- 32 -Tabl e 22 Fishing Equipment Utilized

AverageEquipmentFishing Numbers of Numbersof per Fi shermenEquipmentEquipment Fishermen2.09339 709Nets 1 0836539Boats 0 93339 315Motors

The table shows thaton average,eachfisherman hadover2netsandat leastoneboat for fishingoperations. Somefishermen hadmorethan one Fiftyboatshadno motors; 86percentofboats hadmotors, the boat. rowed to and from the fishingsails or were simplyrest were fitted withgrounds.

about the cost of the equipment theyFishermen were interviewed wereaverage prices as estimatedby theusing. The following table shows thefishermen.Table23 Value of Fishing EquipmentAverage in Makran (1986-87)


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- 33 equipment repairsas well as diesel andotheroils for motors. Theepreciationcostswerecalculated at aflat rate of 10 percent peryearor all motors,boatsand nets. The depreciationcosts in the aboveable deviateslightly from the 10 percent rate because they are averagedon a family basis.4. Yearly Outputand Value ofFishandOtherMarineroducts: According to the Government of Baluchistan. Directorate ofisheries reports,different types offish and their quantities obtainedin Makran during 1985 were as follows:Species Group Production (MT) Salmon, Trout andSimilarSpeciesTelecosteanFlatFish 3003,900od, Hake, HaddockandSimilarSpeciesHerring,Sardineand NASimilarSpeciesTuna, TrueMackeral andSimilarspecies 15,100 10,600therMarineTelecostean (Perch, Croakers,Bass)Elasmobranches (Shark, Skate, Ray) 41,000 19,500Crustaceans 900900The survey interviewed 339fishermen,whoreportedatotal catch forthereviousyearofalmost12,400tons.fisherman peryear. Thiscomesto 36.5tons perGovernmentofBaluchistanstatistics do


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- 34 -According to BaluchistanFisheries Directorate statistics, since 1973 local consumptionof the total fishcatch has variedbetween10-15percent,the remaining 85-80percentbeingexported to otherplaces within andoutside of Pakistan. Thefishermenthemselves namedSri asmajorfish markets.Lanka, Singapore andHongkongbesidesKarachiLocal Khojas (businessmen,mainlyfromKarachi) have traditionally financed fishingenterprises in Makran. Theyprovidedboats and nets and receivedashare ofthe dailycatchas compensation. At Gwadarthe for providingKhoja financiers received 5percentof the total catchboats and received 50 percentofwhat remained as compensation fornets. so that the skipper (Nahuda), the mateThe remainderwas divided (Janshoo)eachreceived respectively37.5(Sarhang)and the two sailors The shares of thepercent,25 percent,and 18.8percentof the fish.skipper,the mateandthe sailorswereagainboughtby the Khoja businessmentowhomthey mostlyowed money. Althoughthis systemstill operates toalimitedextent,today the the majorAgricultural DevelopmentBank of Pakistanwithbranches in allcoastal towns, has largely replacedKhojasas the main lending Loans are advanced at 12 percentinterest and are generallyinstitution. In oursurvey 27available forthe purchase of nets, boats andmotors.percentof the fishermenworkedon boatsownedby otherswhile 73 percent had theirown boats, althoughmany of the latterowedmoneyto ADBPor


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- 35 fishermen with advance money for their expenses, so theysell are forced toheir catch to them. From amongfisherman sold directly those surveyed not a singlein Turbat and to the Karachi or foreign markets. The fish soldtherpartsofMakranis not necessarily forlocal ornediateconsumption. Alargepart of itis salted, cured,driedandither sold locally or sent to otherparts ofMakran orKarachi. Theollowingtable recordsthe final destination of the Makran fish. Table 25 Marketing of Fish Market Percentof Total PercentofCatch Fishermer, Marketed

Local 43 36Turbat/Gwadar/Pasni etc.Karachi/Overseas 29 1227 52 The obvious discrepancies between the percentageoffishermenmarketingheirproducein particularmarketandtheactual percentageof theroductionsoldinthe same marketneed furtherelaboration. The seaoastal area coveredin theMakran Socio-Economicsurvey includesishermenbig and small, independentand attachedto bigbusinessmen,ubsistencefishermenand thoselinked to commercial


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- 36 -As the questionnairewascomprehensive and longandb.the sample size relativelylarge, an enumerationstaffof 26 was barely Butsurveyadeauateto completethe surveywithinthe required time.

managementwasahuge task beyond the capacityof one ortwo persons. the Initiallysurvey supervisors wereexpectedto effectivelyadministersurveyworkinthe field.Unfortunately qualifiedand experienced could not be found; those appointedwere the best available supervisorsbut did not perform to expectations. Because of the politically tense environment and the presence of forcesoposing the non-residents,the fieldenumerators and supervisors had to spend considerable time explainingthe datacollectionobjectives, time whichcouldmore have been used to check the accuracy and completenessof productivelythe enumerators' work.

c. Forvarious reasons enumerators and supervisorsentire durationcould not be assigned in predetermined places for theof the survey. Such a fixed assignment would have enabled the staff tocollection rather than on daily repeated explanationsconcentrate on dataand efforts toachieve theacceptanceand cooperation of the local community.

d. Being Baluch and reasonably well acquainted with local customs, the enumeratorsmadeevery effort to collectcomplete,


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- 37 -Whathas been achievedthroughtheMakranSocio-Economic surveyis ofxtremeimportance andcouldappropriatelyand deservedly be calledailestonein the field of datacollection foreconomic planningandevelopment in Baluchistan. Makranis undoubtedlyone of the mostemote,neglectedand economically least developed regionsofaluchistan.Probablybecauseof its actual past andpresentdeprivation,tis also the mostpoliticallychargedand active. Bec use all outsidersre regarded with suspicion andbecause this was the firstsurvey of itsind,there was intenseandseriousopposition fromall political groups,articularlystudents organizations. Because of this at leastas muchime was spent explaining to the peoplethe reasons, utilityandmportanceofsuch surveys as on gathering actual field data.xpalantions, involving the dedicatedwork ofsurveyenumerators werextremelyvaluable.These

Those withwhomcontactswere madewereconvincedhat datacollection about an area'shumanand naturalechnology as resources andell as people's social attitudes towardsdevelopment werevital first step on the way to development. It ishopedthat thisurveynot only achieved its primarydata gathering objective butalsopenedwaythe for additional surveys in future.level of interpretation andanalysis has At this point the preliminary. If been kept simple andoreadvancedand detailedstatistical analysisareequired these can easily be performed.3. Recommendations: Since it was a general, rather than aocusedsurvey, itis not possible to makespecific


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List of villages surveyed: A. Turbat Sub-Division1. Aspi Bazar3. Kalati Absar5. Ali Abad7. NewKothwali9. BeendakTanzag11. Grinach13. KoshKalat15. ChahSar17. Gokdan19. Jammak21. Pedrak23. Dashti Bazar25. Sari Kallag27. Bahman29. Shahrak

- 38 -ANNEX - I

2.4.6.8.10.12.14.16.18.20.22.24.26.28.30.32.

Absar Baluchi Absar Korjo-sar Tanzag Sami Peri-kahn Shakahni Bazar Nok Abad Kahn Pusht Shahi Tump Dandel-a-dan (Sami) Jusak Solani Koshk Mullai Bazar Dramacole


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- 39-B. Gwadar Sub-Division87. Suntsar 88. Dalsar89. Puttan 90. Maiting91. HujjatAbad 92. Kaliro93. Dumb 94. Samati95. Kalatoo 96. Gubd96. Majjo 97. Chattan98. Chillo Dap 99. Sisadi100. ZehranDad MohdBazar 101. ZehranL.M Bazar102. Sahjee 103. Pishukan104. Dashti Para 105. Bressi Ward106. Konrak1 Ward 107. Ganzee108. Parthok 109. Jiwani110. KohsarBazar ill. Ra,Si Bazar112. ShazadaBazar 113. ThallarBazar114. Gatri Bazar 115. Bandary

16. Okar 117. Panvan118. Ganz 119. Gwadar120. Usmani Ward 121. Ismaili Ward122. MajidWap-d 123. TobaghWard124. Sheikh UmarWard 125. MirLal DakshWard126. ZahurShahHashmi Ward 127. Komadi Ward128. MasterZareefWard 129. CaptonMuradBaluch


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- 40 -ANNEXII

Listof SurveyStaff KhairMuhammad,Quetta Ayatullah, Mand (Turbat)BashirAhmed,Turbat Muhammad Ibrahim, HotabadAbdul Baqi, Panigur ,MuhammadShoab, Panjgur Syed Muhammad, TurbatMumtaz Ahmed,Turbat MuhammadAli, Turbat Abdul Rehman,Buleda Abdul Malik, PanigurMuhammad Iqbal, Gwadar ImamBakhsh, Gwadar TariqRehman, Quetta SultanAhmed,Mastung MuhammadAslamZehri, Khuzdar Hussain Ali, Turbat


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- 41 -ANNEXIII

Fish Varities ProducedName of Fish

Engl ishSharkRaysCleidsMulletsSmall SpanishMackeralsTunas Mackeral sMarlineDolphin FishQueen fishesTravelliesSeadsGruntsmperorsKingSoldiersLarge croakers

Small croakersBarracudasThread

Bal uchiPaghas Pitan KolgarMarbo Kalgon Ahur Aspi Mahi Amlooshk Sarrum Gishram Bucoo Kumpoo/Ululu Gadier Soroo Kirr/Soli Mu shkoKund


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- 42 Ribbon-tailedRayCowrayTenPounderIndo-Pacific TarpanRainbowSardineWhiteSardineBlueStripeHerringIndian IlishaGizzardShadSardine/Sardi nel1aHilsa ShadAnchovy/ThryssaDorabWolf-herringEelStarryMorayCongerThreadfinSea CatEngravedSea CatFishBlackTipSea CatFishSpotted CatFishGiantCat FishEel Cat FishMilkFishLantern Fish

P1ttan/Shiki Dolunt Mushk/Murri Baga/Nar Pasali Kasha Kasha Beechum Goi Luger Palwar Padani Pashanth Ala Lainduk Riami Sang Sang Bagai SiahGosh Gallo Aasi Kupago Rohila Murra Murra


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- 43 -Small ScaledTerapanSilverSillagoFalse TrevallyCobiaLine Shark SuckerIndian ThreadFinAfricanPampanoShrimpLobsterBlack Fin ScadBlueTrevallyMalabarTrevallyShort Fin ScadArabian ScadSeemPilot FishBlack PamfretTalamyQueen FishGazdani DoubleSpottedQueen FishBig Eye ScadAfricanPampanoLargeSpottedDartCommon DolphinFishMoon FishPonyFish

Gouruk Hashoor Chilanker Sanglore Liching Ushtar/Patar Siah Patar Madag Kikata Bakoi Galbat Patar Seem Talagi ZarKawaook SiahTigalum Saarum SaaramAalari Chumma Sonaph Sanph Amrushk Mit Mit


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- 44 -

Half MourningCroakerSickle FishBat FishDemoi Sella/YellowTailedAnemoneFishKeeledMulletLargeScaleMulletGreatBarracudaFourFingerThreadFinIndian ThreadFinParadiseThread FinSandSmeltDuskySpineFootSurgeon FishWahooKawakawaSkip JackTunaIndianMackerelStripedBonitoSpanishMackerelKingMackerelLong tail TunaLargeHead HairtailSwordFish/SpearFish/Sail Fish

SoliSarando Dateera Banore Murbo Mundi Kund Gwanz Gwanz Gwanz Goloi Mahpari Dateera Bagari Ul us Ahur/Kishki Bangra Chunki/Dantani Gore Kulgan Ahur Tinji Asp


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- 45 -ANNEXIV

SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHYON MAKRAN: AdministrativeReportofBaluchistanAgency,Calcutta1913-14,1923. AhmedM.andQureshi, A.H.1962 MakranCoastFishermen Agri. Pak 13 322-332. AhmedM.M.KhaliluddinandQureshi A.H.1962Shrimp Fisheries ofMakran"Coast Agri.Pk. 13 376-393. AhsanullahM.studies on the commercial catchesof Sardinella Longicepsonakran Coast.Agri. Pk. 17 97-113.Ali, S.Azam"Makran: Its Pastand Future," PakistanReview10:6 (1962), pp.21-22 Ali, S. Moazzam, "Makran: The DatelandofPakistan, "PakistanReview,12:9(1964), pp. 19-20,22 Al-Qadri, S.M.Kamil, "Makran: The RuggedCoast of WestPakistan," PakistanQuarterly 17:1 (1969), pp. 48-55 Asrarullah, "PhysiographyandStructure of


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- 46 -RouteThrough theWesternParts ofMakran," Grant, N.B., "Journal ofa

Journal of the Royal AsiaticSociety5(1839), pp. 328-342 "TheMedsofMakran," IndianAntiquary40 (1911), pp. 147-149Gupte, R.B.,

Harrison,J.V., "Coastal Makran," Geographical Journal 97 (1941), pp. 1-17 Holdich,Thomas Hungerford,Ethnographic and Historical Noteson Makran, Calcutta: Governmentof IndiaSuperintendent of Printing, 1892 Holdich,Thomas Hungerford, "Notes on Ancientand Medieval Mekran," Geographical Journal 9(1897), pp. 416-422 Holdich,Thomas Hungerford, Noteson the Antiquities, Ethnographyand History of Lasbela andMakran,Calcutta. Government of India, Superintendent of Printing,1894. Hughes-Buller,R.and C.F. Minchin,Makran (Volume7of BaluchistanDistrict Gazetteer), Bombay: TimesPress, 1906/1907 InvestmentAdvisoryCenterofPakistan,Socio-Economic Surveyof Rural Areas ofBaluchistan: DistrictGwadar,preparedforUNICEF, 1980 Khandker, N.Alam, "Marine Fisheries of Pakistan," Pakistan Journal of


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- 47 -Pakistan, Governmentof, 1981 DistrictCensus Reportof Panigur,Islamabad: Statistics Division, 1983. Pakistan, Governmentof,1981 DistrictCensus ReportofTurbat, Islamabad: Statistics Division, 1983. Pakistan, Government,DistrictCensus Report: Makran, Islamabad: MinistryofInterior,Statesand FrontierRegion, 1972 Pakistan, Government,DistrictCensus Report: Makran,Karachi:Ministryof Home and KashmirAffairs, 1961 Pakistan, Government of,MarineFishes of Karachi andthe Coast of Sind and Makran, Karachi:Ministry ofFood andAgriculture,1955 Pastner, Carroll, "The Negotiationof Bilateral Endogamy in the MiddleEastern Context: the-Zikri BaluchExample," Journal ofAnthropologicalResearch37:4(1981),pp. 305-318 Pastner, Carroll, "CousinMarriageAmong the Zikri BaluchofCoastalPakistan," Ethnology 18:1 (1979), pp. 31-47 Pastner, Carroll, "The StatusofWomen and Property on aBaluchistanOasis,"inL. Beck and N.Keddie,eds., Women intheMuslimWorld,


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- 48 -Pastner,Stephen, "Cooperationin CrisisAmongBaluchNomads," Asian Affairs, 62:1 (1975), pp. 165-176 Pastner,Stephen, "Ideological Aspectsof Normad-SedentaryContract: ACase fromSouthernBaluchistan," Anthropological Ouarterly44:3 (1971), pp. 173-184 Pastner,Stephen,Camps and Territory Among the Nomads of NorthernMakran District: TheRole of Sedentary Communities inPastoral Social Organization, PhD Dissertation (Brandeis University), 1971

"Clients, Camps andCrews: AdaptionalPastner,Stephenand Carroll,variationin Baluch Social Organization,"in Stephen PastnerandLouis Flam, eds., AnthropologyinPakistan,Karachi: Indus Publications, 1985pp. 61-73 Pastner,Stephenand Carroll, "Adaptionsto State-Level Politics by the SouthernBaluch," in LawrenceZiring, RalphBraibanti,andW.Howard Wriggins,eds., Pakistan: The LongView,Durham, N.C.: DukeUniversity Press,1977, pp. 117-139 Pastner,Stephenand Carroll, "Agriculture,Kinship andPolitics inSouthern Baluchistan,"Man,VII:l (1972), pp. 128-136

Baluchistan,"


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Socio-Economic Survey of Mekran District, Balochistan