Socio-cultural Diversity and National Integration

Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD

Objectives

• Explain the socio-cultural diversity profile of the country• Explain the importance of socio-cultural diversity in national

development• Analyze the binding factors for national integration

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• o;sf] kl/efiff b'O{ d'Vo tTj;+u cfwfl/t x'G5 M :jLsfo{tf (Acceptance) / ;Ddfg (Respect/Dignity) • Understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our

individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.• Diversity is a recognizable source of creativity and innovation that can provide a

basis for competitive advantage. On the other hand, diversity is also a cause of misunderstanding, suspicion and conflict in the workplace that can result in absenteeism, poor quality, low morale and loss of competitiveness (Bassett-Jones, 2005)

Dimensions of Diversity

• Qualitative Diversity: – Diverse feature of multicultural society cannot be changed that are

rooted in a common history nor effectively modified by violating fundamental human rights, such as religion, language

• Quantitative Diversity: – Economic diversities can be changed in a society by improving

equality or by making political decision

• ‘We’ a common feeling of us creates the ‘Other’ or ‘They’- diversity crop out

Different Forms of Social Diversity

• Multiculturalism, or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic cultures• Cultural diversity, the respect of different cultures and interculturality• Functional diversity (disability), an alternative term for "special needs,"

"disability," "impairment" or "handicap"• Neurodiversity, a movement in support of civil rights of people with

atypical (different) neurological characteristics• Diversity training, the process of educating people to function in a

diverse environment• Diversity (politics), the political and social policy of encouraging

tolerance for people of different backgrounds

Why Diversity?

• Exploration of differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing (promoting) environment.

•Understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual.

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What are Nepal’s diversities?

• Natural, social, cultural, geographical, linguistic, ethnic and religious

• Base: Geographical diversity of Nepal that has shaped its socio-cultural diversity

• Caste/ethnic diversity: 125 caste/ethnic groups • Linguistic diversity: 123 languages spoken as mother tongue • Religious diversity: 10 types of religions

To UNDERSTAND ALL DIVERSITIES, ONE MUST UNDERSTAND

DEMOGRAPHY

Nepal’s Social Demography

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Dhandi

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NEPAL

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Dhimal

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Hill Brahman

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o

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Lhopa

Walung

Jirel

Thakali

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.46.2 6.2 6.2

4.9

4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9

Top 11 and bottom 14 caste/ethnic groups in terms of household size, Census 2011

Hill Brahman Hill Chhetree Madhesi B/C Madhesi OC - A

Madhesi OC - B

Hill Dalit Madhesi Dalit

Newar M/H Janajati - A

M/H Janajati - B

Tarai Janajati Musalman Others (MPB)

Others undefined

NEPAL80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

92 91

108107

102

87

101

95

87

94

97

101

116

98

94

Sex ratio by broader social groups, Census 2011

Total Fertility Rate

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

6.3 6.27

5.39

3.25

2.52

Year

Total fertility rate by broader social groups, 2011

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

2.01

2.67

2.14

2.953.27 3.33 3.20

1.73

2.422.62

2.37

3.69

2.16

Life expectancy at birth (1981-2011)

1981 1991 2001 2011

49.8

54.3

60.4

66.6

50.9

5561.1

65.4

48.1

53.5

61.6

68Total Male Female

Life expectancy at birth by broader social groups, 2011

50.0

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

73.26

70.32

74.1072.35

65.57

70.4572.26

70.12 69.44 70.4772.87

Population Projection(2011-2031) (Medium variant)

2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

26.5 28.4 30.4 32.1 33.6

Population Projection (in Million)

Population Projection (in Million)

Fig 4.1: Top and bottom ten caste/ethnic groups in terms of percentage of population, Census

2011

Raute (618), Nurang (278) and Kusunda (273) have even less than one thousand populations.

Classification of 125 groups into broader social groups, 2011 Census

SN Social Groups 125 Caste/Ethnic groups1. Hill Brahman Hill Brahman (1)2. Hill Chhetree Chhetree, Thakuri, Sanyasi/Dasnami (3)

3. Madhesi Brahman/ Chhetree (B/C) Tarai Brahmin, Kayastha, Rajput (3)

4. a. Madhesi Other Caste(OC) – A[literacy 50+%]

Amat, Badhaee, Baraee, Dev, Gaderi/Bhedihar, Hajam/Thakur, Haluwai, Kalar, Kalwar, Kamar, Kanu, Kathbaniyan, Koiri/Kushwaha, Kurmi, Lohar, Rajbhar, Rajdhob, Sonar, Sudhi, Teli, Yadav (21)

b. Madhesi Other Caste(OC) – B[literacy <50%]

Bin, Dhandi, Dhankar/Kharikar, Dhunia, Kahar, Kewat, Kori, Kumhar, Lodh, Mali, Mallaha, Natuwa, Nuniya, Nurang, Sarbaria (15)

5. Hill Dalit Badi, Damai/Dholi, Gaine, Kami, Sarki (5)

6. Madhesi Dalit Bantar/Sardar, Chamar/Harijan/Ram, Chidimar, Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi, Halkhor, Khatwe, Musahar, Tatma/Tatwa (10)

7. Newar Newar (1)8. a. Mountain/Hill (M/H)

Janajati–A[literacy 66+%]

Sherpa, Yakkha, Jirel, Kulung, Yamphu, Mewahang Bala, Gharti/Bhujel, Khaling, Darai, Magar, Chhantyal/Chhantel, Aathpariya, Bahing, Rai, Thulung, Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Samgpang, Dura, Chamling, Bantaba, Loharung, Thakali (24)

b. Mountain/Hill (M/H)

Janajati–B[literacy <66%]

Bhote, Bote, Brahmu/Baram, Byasi/Sauka, Chepang, Danuwar, Dolpo, Ghale, Hayu, Hyolmo, Kumal, Kusunda, Lhomi, Lhopa, Majhi, Nachhiring, Pahari, Raji, Raute, Sunuwar, Tamang, Thami, Topkegola, Walung (24)

9. Tarai JanajatiDhanuk, Dhimal, Gangai, Jhangad/Dhagar, Kisan, Koche, Meche, Munda, Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, Rajbansi, Satar/Santhal, Tajpuriya, Tharu (13)

10. Musalman Musalman (1)11. Other (MPB) Marwadi, Punjabi/Sikh, Bangali (MPB) ( (3)12. Other undefined Dalit others, Janajati others, Tarai others, undefined others (4)13. Foreigner Foreign citizens

Hill B

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hesi B

/C

Mad

hesi O

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Mad

hesi O

C - B

Hill D

alit

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hesi D

alit

Newar

M/H

Janaja

ti - A

M/H

Janaja

ti - B

Tarai J

anaja

ti

Musa

lman

Others

(MPB)

Dalit O

thers

Janaja

ti Oth

ers

Terai O

thers

Others

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0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

12.18

19.07

0.83

11.25

2.55

8.12

4.414.99

14.33

7.89

8.59

4.39

0.320.59

0.000.39

0.06 0.03

Percentage distribution of population by broader social groups, Census 2011

Hyo

lmo

Dhu

nia

Badi

Kush

wad

iya

Bin

Mun

da

Bang

ali

Punj

abi/

Sikh

Bara

ee

Byas

i

NEP

AL

Sher

pa

Bhot

e

Badh

aee

Kisa

n

Sunu

war

Sona

r

Rajb

har

Kam

ar

Chid

imar

Nur

ang-50.0

-40.0-30.0-20.0-10.0

0.010.020.030.040.0

29.2224.9021.62

17.5213.9012.709.92 8.54 8.22 6.161.35

-3.14-3.63-4.63-5.03-5.36-8.13-9.33-15.90

-22.83

-41.44

Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in terms of annual growth rate of population, Census 2011

Number of languages reported in different censuses of Nepal

1952/54

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

4436

17 1831

92

123

Number of languagesNumber of languages

Language speakers, 2011 (in %)

44.64

11.67

5.98 5.77 5.11 3.2 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.61 1.89 1.3 1.23 1.030.600000000000

001

Major language Speakers (in %) Major language Speakers in percentage

Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in terms of literacy, Census 2011

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Literacy rates of selected social groups

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

81.972.2

82.1

56.7

41.3

61.9

34.5

80.172.2

61.6 62.5

43.6

79.5

55.7

65.9

Population by Religion

Hinduism

Buddihism Islam

Kirat

Christian

ity

Prakriti Bon

Jainism Bah

ai

Sikhism

Others

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.081.3

9.0 4.2 3.6 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

Chart Title

Hinduism 21551492

Buddihism 2396099

Islam 1162370

Kirat 807169

Christianity 375,699

Prakriti 121,982

Bon 13,006

Jainism 3,214

Bahai 1,283

Sikhism 609

Others 61,581

Integration

• Bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation.• Pre-condition to Integration • Inclusion (which is different from Integration). • Inclusion based on equity, or short-term policies like reservation,

quota system.

What types of Integration, Where?

• Political• Socio-cultural• Economic• Psychological

How Integration Possible?

• Diversity as an asset • Power sharing (Holding Together Federal System – not by

decentralization in unitary system)• Multiple loyalty• Self rule and shared rule• Territorial and non territorial model of federal ruling system • Concept of composed citizens• Inclusive democracy• The most contentious issue: Concept of multinational state.

What are the unifying factors?

• Linguistic • Cultural• Historic • Keep silent on religion : State has no religion• Local Governance and Decentralisation • Economic Prosperity

Tribute to Madiba who materialized Rainbow Colour : “Young people are our greatest treasure”

Thanks