Socio 2; Theoretical Perspective

8/3/2019 Socio 2; Theoretical Perspective

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Casusi, Alexander Bernard November 18, 2011

Montes, Joker Socio 2

Pasag, Gian Carlo A.

Madarang, Athena June M.

Tolentino, Ylyza Vhim

BSRT I B

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE


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PROPONENT

A. SOCIOLOGY:1. Comte de Saint -

Simon

2. Auguste Comte

3.

Herbert Spencer

DATE OF

BIRTH

October 17,

1760

January 19,

1798

April27,1820

PLACE OF

BIRTH

Paris, France

Montpellier,

France

England

YEAR/PLACE

OF DEATH

1825; Paris,

France

1857; Paris,

France

1903; Brighton,Sussex, England

SIGNIFICANT

WORKS

He wrote his ideas on

the science of societybased on the law of

human behavior.

He gave the science of

sociology its name andestablished the new

subject in a systematicfashion making him the

father of sociology. Heclassified the existingsciences into a

hierarchy, placingsocial physics at the top

as the queen of thesciences.

He espoused the beliefthat human societiesevolved according to

the principles of naturallaws. He was against

free public education.He became the sub-

editor ofThe

THEORETICAL/

CONCEPTUAL

CONTRIBUTIONS

Modern industrial

socialism andevolutionary

sociology.

He advocated the

idea of positivism orthe use of empirical

investigation tounderstand special

phenomena. Heoutlined his theorythat mans

intellectualdevelopment is an

evolutionaryprocess.

Spencers theory ofevolution stated that:As simple societies

advance, theybecome more

complex anddifferentiated. He

clarified his belief


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4. David EmileDurkheim

April 15,

1858

Paris, France 1917; Paris,

France

Economistin 1848.

He paid greater

attention to thecharacteristics ofgroups, particularly the

cohesion or non-cohesion of religious

groups. He developedthe sociological

positivism of AugusteComte in greater detail.He advanced social

theory along withsocial methodology

with his classic studyon the incidence of

suicide as it varied

from one population toanother and it wasinfluenced by certain

social forces.

that social structures

arise out of social

functions. Hecompared society toan organism which

continually changesto adapt to its

environment.

His best books are:

The DivisionofLaborin Society,The Rulesof

SociologicalMethod, Suicide and

Elementary FormsofReligious Life. He

defined socialphenomena as socialfacts as every way

of acting, fixed ornot, capable of

exercising on theindividual an

external constraint.

Individuals are morethe products ratherthan the creator of

society.


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5. Karl Marx

6. Max Weber

May 5, 1818

April 21,

1864

Germany

Germany

1883; Germany

1920; Germany

He wrote for a radical

publication several

articles on inhumanesocial conditions whicharoused the attention of

government officialswho opposed his views.

He wrote the

CommunistManifesto

in 1847. He wrote the

three volumes ofDasKapital,the firstvolume of which was

published in 1867 andthe last two, published

by Engels only afterMarxs death.

He dwelt on the

significance ofsubjective meanings

people give to theirinteractions with

others. He encouraged

the study not only ofsocial facts andstructures, but also of

social action. Hehypothesized that the

Protestant ethicinfluenced the

capitalism.

Social change was

brought aboutthrough the processof conflict between

two opposingclasses. This was

the first moderntheory of social

change with

emphasis on thesingle, determiningfactor. He

characterized historyas a class struggle

between theoppressed and the

oppressors.

He introduced the

Verstehenmethodinto sociology, a

sympatheticunderstanding.

Subjective

perceptions ofpower, wealth,ownership and social

prestige as well asthe objective aspects

of these factors weresignificant.


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PROPONENT

B. ANTHROPOLOGY1. Lewis Henry

Morgan

2. Edward BurnettTylor

DATE OF

BIRTH

November

21, 1818

October 2,

1832

PLACE OF

BIRTH

Aurora, New

York, UnitedStates

London,

England

YEAR/PLACE

OF DEATH

1881; Rochester,

New York,United States

1917; Wellington,

Somerset,

England

SIGNIFICANT

WORKS

He is the founder of

scientific anthropology.He is known specially

for establishing the

study of kinshipsystems and for hiscomprehensive theory

of social evolution.

He dominated, shaped

and consolidated

anthropology in Britainfor the first fifty yearsof its development. He

wrote AnahuacofMexico andthe

MexicansAncientandModernin 1861. He

use comparative

THEORETICAL /

CONCEPTUAL

CONTRIBUTIONS

His most important

studies were inkinship describing

how different

cultures defined theirclosest relatives andlines of descent. He

was also importantin the development

of the concept ofcultural evolution,

which describescivilization as thefinal and logical

conclusion of allsavage societies.

Tylor showed that

"high" cultures quite

certainly hadoriginated in a stateresembling that of

the "low" culturesstill observable in

some parts of theworld; and that there

was no evidence that


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3. Franz Boas July 9, 1858 Minden,Germany

1942; New York

City

methods with attempts

at statistical

correlations and hisstress on the materialculture.

He gave modern

anthropology itsrigorous scientific

methodology, patternedafter the natural

sciences, and it wasBoas who originatedthe notion of "culture"

as learned behaviors.As an anthropologist he

sought to use science,including his studies of

tribal peoples, to seekout and document the

truth about thesignificance of race. He

had a letter publishedin The Nation that

criticized scientistswho use their fieldwork

as a cover for spying,

any of the latter had

come into being by

"degeneration" froma "higher" conditionof culture. Cultural

evolutionism is atheoretical approach

that seeks to describeand explain long-

term processes of

culture change.

His belief that one

could formulatetheories and

conclusionsonly after thorough

and rigorouscollection andexamination of hard

evidence. Hestrongly believed

that all the greatestadvancements to

scientific knowledgewere worth very

little if one did notalso work to better

society, to improvethe lot of one's

fellow man.


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4. Alfred ReginaldRadcliffe-Brown

January 17,

1881

Birmingham,

England

1955; London,

England

decrying it as

unscrupulous and

dishonest, and arguingthat it could also bringsuspicion and harm in

the future to others whodo fieldwork.

He became the

instrumental in making

anthropology auniversity subject. Hebecame aware of the

work of the FrenchSociologists, Durkheim

and Mauss inparticular,

and thereafter was

concerned primarilywith the

meaning and functionof rites, myths and

institutions.

He claimed that

ritual might express

more than merelymans dependenceon society; even

more basically, itexpresses his

dependence on hiswhole environment,

physical as well as

social. To him, thereare two important

things to be foundout about any ritual

procedures:a.) What it

means to thepeople who

have itb.) What its

socialconsequences

are


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5. BronislawMalinowski April 7,1884 Krakow, Poland 1942; NewHaven,Connecticut

He is remembered asthe father of thefunctionalist school of

anthropology as well asfor his role in

developing the methodsand the primacy of

anthropological

fieldwork. Malinowskifirst rose to prominentnotice through his

studies of PacificIslanders, especially

those conducted amongthe Trobriand Islanders

whose marriage, trade,

and religious customshe studied extensively.

He discovered throughhis work that the so-

called "superstitioussavages" were actually

far more rational andpragmatic than white

colonialists andmissionaries had given

them credit for.

The fact that themind of the"primitive" man was

essentially nodifferent than that of

"civilized" peoples.That is,

although beliefs, mot

ives, and emotionalresponses tosituations might vary

markedly from oneculture to the next (a

fact which woulddisprove the

universality

of Freud's OedipalComplex),

the ability of themind to perceive and

process informationand to formulate

creative, intelligentresponses was the

same regardless ofrace or culture.


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6. Ruth Benedict June 5, 1887 New York City 1948; New YorkCity

She was one of the first

to apply anthropologyto the study ofadvanced societies.

Benedict is bestremembered for her

works dealing with thenational character of

various culture groups,

most famously theJapanese circa WorldWar II. She further

applied and exploredthis insight in work

with a variety ofprimitive cultures. She

was fairly circumspect

about her own sexualorientation. That is,

while she wrote openly,and open-mindedly,

about sexual variationsand deviances within

other cultures, shenever mentioned her

own lesbian affairs.

The individual could

try to follow the lifepath praised byhis/her culture, even

if it conflicted withtheir own inner

inclinations. Or, theycould seek to go

against the norm, to

varying degrees.Like Boas, she didnot wholly buy into

culturaldeterminism, and she

believed that cultureitself was the

product of human

choices.


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7. Margaret Mead December16, 1901

Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania,United States

1978; New York,

New York,United States

She is known in the

study of sex roles inSamoa and other

cultures. Mead'sinterest in psychiatry

had turned her attentionto the problem of the

cultural contextof schizophrenia, and

with this in mind shewent to Bali, a society

where trance and otherforms of dissociation

are culturallysanctioned. For the

theoretical basis of herwork in the field of

culture and personalityMargaret Mead drewheavily on psychology,

especially learningtheory and

psychoanalysis. Inreturn she contributed

significantly to the

development ofpsychoanalytic theoryby emphasizing the

importance of culturein personality

development.

Her theoretical

position is based onthe assumption thatan individual

matures within acultural context

which includes anideological system,

the expectations of

others, andtechniques ofsocialization which

condition not onlyoutward responses

but also innerpsychic structure.

Her concern lay with

predicting thebehavior of

individuals within agiven social context

and not with theorigin of institutions,

the criticism isirrelevant.


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8. Marvin Harris August 18,1927

New York City 2001; New York

City

An early work of

Harris was The Rise of

AnthropologicalTheory:A HistoryofTheoriesof

Culture (1968). Thisbook was recognized to

have merits, though theauthor subsequently

gained a controversial

reputation for format.Harris formulated whathe called cultural

materialism, which wasthe title of a later book

in which he challengedrivals to explicate a due

research strategy to

match his own.His Cultural

Materialism (1979;new edition, 2001)

demonstrated a boxingring tactic in which he

took on all rivals, and itwas unique in

anthropology. Thatedged book caused

offence in somedirections.

Cultural Materialism

- Marvin HarrisCultural Materialism

is an anthropologicalparadigm founded

upon, but notconstrained by,

Marxist Materialisticthought. The term

CulturalMaterialism, first

coined by MarvinHarris in his The

Rise ofAnthropological

Theory (1968).Cultural Materialism

seeks to explaincultural

organization,ideology and

symbolism within amaterialistic

framework.


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REFERENCES:

y Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology, Dr. Epitacio S. Palispis, Revised Edition, Rex Book Store, Inc., 2007y General Sociology: Focus on the Philippines, Isabel S. Panopio, 3rd Edition, Ken, Inc., 1994y http://www.aaanet.org/committees/commissions/centennial/history/096rb.pdfy http://www.cultural-materialism.org/harris.aspy http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/margaretmead.htmly http://www.bookrags.com/biography/margaret-mead/y http://womenshistory.about.com/od/anthropologists/p/margaret_mead.htmy http://www.nndb.com/people/786/000097495/y http://www.nndb.com/people/320/000099023/y http://www.nndb.com/people/861/000097570/y http://www2.truman.edu/~rgraber/cultev/tylor.htmly http://www.nndb.com/people/311/000099014/y http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lewis-henry-morgan-soc/y http://www.nndb.com/people/013/000094728/y http://www.nndb.com/people/303/000099006/y http://www.biography.com/people/auguste-comte-9254680y http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/spencerbio.htmly http://edurkheim.tripod.com/y http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?rubrique66y http://archaeology.about.com/cs/glossary/g/morganlh.htmy http://www.bookrags.com/biography/margaret-mead/y http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lewis-henry-morgan-soc/y http://www.kevinrdshepherd.net/html/6__on_marvin_harris.htmly http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/cultural-materialism.htm

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Socio 2; Theoretical Perspective