VOLUME VIII

THE SUPREME COURTHISTORICAL SOCIETY

NUMBER 2, 1987

Society Plans Twelfth Annual MeetingPlans for the Society's TVvelfth Annual Meeting are being

finalized. The meeting will be held Monday, May 18, 1987 inWashington, D.C. The first event of the day will be the AnnualLecture which will be given in the Restored Supreme CourtChamber in the Capitol building at 2:30 PM. This year'slecture, entitled "The Relationship of Church and State inAmerican Constitutional Law: A Bicentennial Reflection," willbe given by the Honorable Kenneth W Starr, United StatesCircuit Judge, District of Columbia. Judge Starr's legal careerprior to his appointment to the Circuit Court included serviceas a Law Clerk to Chief Justice Warren E. Burger from1977-1980, work in private practice, and service as Counselor tothe Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, 1981-1983.

A special tour of the Supreme Court Building is scheduledfor 4 PM for those interested. The Annual Meeting of the

General Membership will takeplaceat 6:30 PM inthe SupremeCourt Chamber, withthe Meeting ofthe BoardofTrusteestofollow. The reception will begin at 7:00 PM with dinner tofollow at 8 PM. Members will receive formal invitations andreservation cards the first week in April.

Members arereminded thatbecause ofspace limitations andthe popularityofthis event,eachmemberwill be limitedto oneguest. Those members desiring to bringadditional guests areencouraged to make giftsofa year's membership mthe Societyto such guests. One giftmembership would allow a member tobringa spouse and an additional couple to the dinner.

Reservations for the Reception and Dinnerare taken on afirst-come, first-served basis when the reservation card andpayment are received at the Society's office.

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U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Kenneth Starr will deliver the Society's Annual Lecture in the Restored Supreme Court Chamber in the U.S.Capitql building. The Court ceased to convene in this chamber in 1860. For the next 90 years the room served as a law library.

Judges, Lawyers, and the Bicentennial of the Constitution

Chief Justice Warren BurgerChairman, Commission on the Bicentennial of the Constitution

Chief Justice of the United States, 1969-1986

As we approach the Bicentennial of our Constitution, wehave a massive communications task before us. The Americanpeople, by and large, know far too little about the Constitution,how it came into being, and how difficult it was to achieve. Yetwe tend to take it for granted. A1979 Gallup poll, for example,showed that 76 percent of adult Americans did not know thesubject matter of the First Amendment. Four years later, anarticle in U.S. News & World Report noted that nearly 25percent of the 17-year-olds polled thought it was illegal to starta new political party.

To remedy this situation, members of the legal professioncan and should play a leading role in telling the great story ofthe Constitution to the American people. Just as members ofthe legal profession of the late eighteenth century played aleading role in framing this unique document and explaining itto their countrymen, lawyers must play a major role today.

Since the earliest days, there has been a need for public-spirited, articulate men and women to explain the fundamental principles under which we grew from a wilderness with lessthan four milhon people to a world power of nearly 230 million.Men like George Washington, James Madison, and AlexanderHamilton, for example, recognized very early the need for astronger national government to take the place of the loosealliance, beset by regional and parochial differences, thatexisted imder the Articles of Confederation. But it took a greatdeal of effort to get that message across to the American peoplein the late eighteenth century.

When the thirteen former colonies joined together under theArticles of Confederation, they did so as separate, independ-

Chief Justice Warren Burger vacated the Court's center chair citingthe pressing demands of his role as Chairman of the Commission onthe Bicentennial of the Constitution.

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From left to right; George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Each of these men promoted a stronger, more centralizedNational government. They collectively saw the Articles of Confederation as providing too weak an alliance between the states.

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AltonS. Tobey's "AMorePerfect Union" depicts the signing of the Constitution in PhiladelpUa on September 17,1787. The painting wascommissioned byWest PublishingCompany tocommemorate the Bicentennial. This reproductionwas madeavailableto the Society throughthe courtesy of Society Trustee Dwight D. Opperman.

ent, sovereign states. In many respects, the Articles themselvesread like a multilateral treaty among independent nations,reflecting the jealousies among the thirteen states. Article IIIstated: "the said states hereby severally enter into a firm leagueof friendship with each other...," a "firm league of friendship"to carry on a war against a great world power!

The government created by the Articles was extremelyweak, with no power to levy taxes and no authority to raisearmies. One of the states, for example, had paid nothing in theway of taxes or contributions to the Confederation for at leastfive years before the meeting in Philadelphia. The soldiersunder Washington often furnished their own clothing, theirown rifles and sometimes even their own gunpowder. Theseconditions led to death and disease during that harsh winter at

THE SUPREME COURTHISTORICAL SOCIETY

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Editor Alice L. O'Donnell

Assistant Editor David T. Pride

Valley Forge, only a few miles from where the ConstitutionalConvention later met. Indeed, with such a government, it is awonder the Revolution was successful, and that there was anyoccasion to convene delegates in Philadelphia.

The weakness of the Confederation no doubt helped shapethe political philosophies of Washington and some of hisofficers, convincing them that a stronger central governmentwas imperative. John Marshall, for example, was a yoimglieutenant with Washington at ValleyForge during that terriblewinter. His views on the need for a strong national authoritylater led him to fight for ratification of the Constitution in hisnative Virginia. Years later this view influenced the opinions ofthe Supreme Court when Marshall became Chief Justice.Alexander Hamilton, one of Washington's staff officers, sawthat wecould never become a true nation as long as payment oftaxes by the people and by the states was volimtary. Thethirteen states, he said, needed a new structure of government,not one that appealed to "the narrow colonial sphere in whichwe have become accustomed to move" under the Confedera

tion, but rather an "enlarged kind suited to the government ofan independent nation."

Soon after the battle of Yorktown, the rivalries among thestates and regions strained the Confederation almost to thebreaking point and generated serious economic problems.Each state was free to set up trade barriers, each could issue itsown currency, and some treated citizens of other states asaliens. Merchants and businessmen wanted and needed a

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Burger (continued from page three)

system that would open the channels of trade and commerceand in turn stimulate manufacture.

To convert the thirteen state sovereigns into a true nation, itwas imperative that trade barriers be abolished and that thethirteen states have a common currency, a central revenuesystem, a central banking system, a central authority to dealwith commerce between the states and with other nations, andthe power to raise and support armed forces. George Washington and others attempted to resolve some ofthese difficulties—beginning with such efforts as the Mount Vernon conference,which dealt with navigation on the Potomac and ChesapeakeBay — but quickly realized that piecemeal solutions wereinadequate.

Convincing the states of the need for a stronger centralgovernment was no easy task in 1787and 1788,however. Duringthe Eighteenth Century and, indeed, well into the Nineteenth,many people tended to think of themselves as Virginians orNew Yorkers first and Americans second. It is recorded thatduring the Revolution, when New Jersey troops reporting forduty at Valley Forge were asked to swear allegiance to theUnited States, the soldiers declined, saying, "New Jersey is ourcountry."

Another difficulty was a deep-seated fear of strong centralgovernments, stemming no doubt from the fact that theAmerican people had only recently fought a revolution toescape from the distant, strong, insensitive central government in London. This fear was reflected in the action of the

Continental Congress when it met in New York early in 1787 to

This drawing, commemorating the Constitutional Centennial celebrated in 1887 appeared in a two volume report, authored byHampton Carson, on the observances of that celebration.

consider acting on the resolution of the 1786 AnnapolisConvention for a constitutional convention. Washington,Hamilton, Madison and others had worked tirelessly topersuade their countrymen of the need for a true constitutionalconvention. Madison and Hamilton had persuaded the Annapolis convention to invite the states to send delegates to sucha convention in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787, and hadfinally succeeded in getting the Continental Congress toconsider the issue. But the Continental Congress refused toconvene a full-scale constitutional convention. Its mandatewas narrow and explicit: The meeting was called "for the soleand express purpose of revisingthe Articles of Confederation."There was no hint of drafting a new constitution.

Several prominent Americans were so fearful of a strongcentral governmentthat they stronglyopposedthe creation ofa constitution. Many others lacked interest in the whole affair.As a result, of the more than 70 delegates appointed, only 55ever showedup. Rhode Island refused even to send delegates.

The key figures of the Philadelphia Convention werenonetheless undaunted when the delegates finally met in May1787. Despite the odds; Washington, Hamilton, Madison, andthe others had been ableto convince enoughpeopleofthe needfor a stronger central government that the Convention was areality.

I havealwaysfoimdit interesting that most ofthe delegates—33 of them, in fact —had studied law. Four —John Blair ofVirginia, John Dickinson of Delaware, Charles CotesworthPinckney of South Carolina, and John Rutledge of SouthCarolina—had their training at Middle Temple in London; andanother, William Houstoun of Georgia, had been schooled atInner Temple. These men knew something of the history ofRome and Greece as well as France and England. They hadread Locke and Montesquieu. And many had played prominent roles in the revolution.

Getting the delegates to agree on a new constitution,however, requiredas much ifnot morepersuasion than gettingthe states and the Continental Congressto agree to a meeting.The chief obstacle was convincing the delegates that the statesneeded to surrender some authority and sovereignty to a new,unknown, and as yet undefined national government. Thedelegates then had to find a method of electing the nationallegislature that wouldbe acceptable to both the small and thelarge states. The lawyers at the Convention, using theiranalytical and persuasive skills to good advantage, playedleading roles in resolving these great issues. They includedEdmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia and later the firstAttorney General of the United States, John Rutledge andOliver Ellsworth, who later served as Chief Justices of theUnited States, andWilliam Paterson andJames Wilson, wholater became associate justices.

Lawyers alsoledthe fightforratification. We know that TheFederalistPapers, written by three lawyers, played avital role inconvincing the American people of the strengths of theproposed Constitution. Historians recognize those essays byHamilton, Madison andJohn Jay - later our first ChiefJustice—as the best political essays ever written about our system.And John MarshaU, then a 33-year old lawyer, played animportant role in Virginia's ratification convention'by carefullycountering Patrick Henry spowerful oratory with cool, logicalreasoning.

TDday, as the opening of the Bicentennial approaches, weface a challenge not whollyunlike that faced by the Founders:instilling in the hearts and minds of all Americans a deeperappreciation for and a keener imderstanding of our uniqueconstitutional system and the principles on which it is based.The events of the past 40 years have brought home to us veryforcefully that freedom is fragile, particularly in an opensociety whose members —and visiting enemies —are free tochallenge both the principles on which our system of government is based and their application. We cannot defend orproperly practice what we do not understand. We can besthonor the Constitution by giving ourselves and those around usa history and civics lesson on its origin and meaning.

Plans and programs are already being developed throughoutthe country. There will be seminars, lectures, debates,speeches, and essay contests. Television shows will dramatizethe historical events leading up to the Philadelphia Conventionand ratification of the Constitution. Hundreds ofthousands ofwords will be written and spoken as we hold a great Americanbirthday party for our Constitution.

The Judicial Conference of the United States has formed aspecialcommitteeon the Bicentennial,chaired by ChiefJudgeHoward Markey, to promote and coordinate the celebrationwithin the Judiciary. This committee's activities and missionare ably discussed in Judge Markey's article. Similar committees —with membership open to lawyers and others in thecommunity —are being formed in each of the Federal Circuits.Judge Arlin Adams, moreover, chairs a judicial Speakers'Bureau, and some 500 judges have already signed up.

In addition, the American Bar Association is co-sponsoring,with the Bicentennial Commission and USA TODAY/Gannett, Inc., an essay contest for high school students. The topprize will be $10,000 for the national winner. And WestPublishing Company is co-sponsoring, with the Commission, alaw school essay contest. West Publishing has also commissioned a painting of the signing of the Constitution and willplacemorethan 20,000 in American highschools. Aprogram todistribute millions of copies of the Constitution is beingformulated; another program will seek to have millions ofpeople signtheConstitution andtherebyjointhoseremarkablemen at Philadelphia.

Ultimately, however, the Bicentennial's success depends onthe willingness of patriotic Americans to press bicentenmalprograms inhundreds ofcommunities. Lawyers andjudges, asguardians ofthe Constitution, have a special responsibility inthis regard, and I strongly encourage every member of ourprofession to become involved, by joininga localbicentennialcommittee, by taking part in the speakers' bureau, and bytelling church andcommunity groups the greatstoryofhow ourConstitution came into being. I also urge everyone to read andstudy the greatbooks about our Constitution and its history.

We ofthe legal profession, like ourpredecessors two himffiedyears ago, should take the lead in educating the Americanpeople —andall who seek freedom —about the Constitutionand the principles on which it is based. Now, as in 1787, thefuture depends onthe legacy we leave to the generations thatwill follow.

Bicentennial Programs of Interest to Society MembersInternational Symposium David Brewer. Such

The Smithsonian Institution, in cooperation with the Amer- diverse incidents in Stephen Field's life as his disbarmentican Bar Association and the University of Virginia, will —continued onpage tenconvene a symposium on "Constitutional Roots, Rights andResponsibilities which will probe the Constitution's origins,reexamine its fundamental principles and their applicability to ||||||||||||H .,^lllll|||_||||||||||̂ ^the present day, and generate fresh perspectives on theConstitutions role in governance in the coming years. Among mthe symposium speakers will be Supreme Court JusticeWilliam Brennan, Jr., and retired ChiefJustice Warren Burger. ' { ' , \ 1The symposium will begin in Charlottesville at the University lJ|L|I||II^U||̂ ^ jofVirginia, May 18-19,1987, and move to Washington, D.C. atthe Departmental Auditorium on Constitution Avenue, May | | 1J 1' I20-23, 1987. V fi

California Program ||HThe U.S. District Court for the Northern District of \

California Historical Society, in conjunction with the United I |'States District Court for the Northern District of California,has a major program of symposia and public exhibits tocelebrate the Constitutional Bicentennial. The firstevent wasthe opening an exhibit entitled "The Fields and the Law"March the U.S. gan Francisco.

The exhibit the and often il^lllllllllllllllllllllllcareers ofthe Fieldbrothers, Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Associate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. is scheduled to speakat th(Field, and David Dudley Field, author ofthe Field Codes, and Smithsonian's symposium on the Constitution on May 20.

AAssociate Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. is scheduled to speak at theSmithsonian's symposium on the Constitution on May 20.

The Judicial ConferenceCommittee on the Bicentennial of the Constitution

byChief Judge HowardT. Markey, Chairman

At the direction of the Judicial Conference of the UnitedStates in October 1985, Chief Justice Burger appointed aCommittee on the Bicentennialof the Constitution. Insuringwidespread participation, he appointed a district or circuit ' •court judge from each of the thirteen circuits, a judge from the "•highest courts in two states, and achairman. Then Associate "xl^Justice Rehnquist and Justice Powell served for atime on the 0' ,committee. Because of the potential for overlapping activities jP 1with the National Commission on the Bicentennial of theConstitution, of which he is chairman. Chief Justice Burger .joined the Conference Committee.

At its organizational meeting on December 18, 1985, the JCommittee reached conclusions on: (1) its mission; (2) its ;• V* Jmodus operandi; and (3) funding. M

The Committee adopted, as its guidance over its three-year fllife, this mission statement: \ jH

The Commitee shall: wM(a) promote, encourage, and coordinate activities

within the Judicial Branch designed to commemo- ^rate the Bicentennial of the Constitution, including ^^Rits drafting, ratification, history, and importance inthe lives of the American people. ^^^^R

(b) plan and develop such activities, in pursuit of thegoals of ceremony, celebration, scholarship, and

(c) serve clearing house for and dis-semination information about bicentennial

events and plans of individual units of the JudicialBranch. Chief Judge Howard Markey, of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the

Federal Circuit, is the Chairman of the Federal Judicial Conference's

Recognizing the limitations imposed by many factors, the Committee on the Bicentennial and a member of the Society'sCommittee adopted this description of its modus operandi: Executive Committee.

The Committee shall. , different aspects of the Constitution. The ji(a) accomplish its goals primarily by encouraging local j ^ ^ .. -i . . i

Tj- in u .T.- .. .t j <• best suited, however, to contribute to an undJudicial Branch entities to create and f^arry out . , ^tt cxu x- i. xx ..^ , 1 X j Article III or the Constitution has meant to t

projects in their local areas, using volunteers, and xrxujjf ,, , . , T 11 • j freedom in our country for two hundred yelocally generated funds. Locally conceived, ^

1 1 xir- 1 ii 11 j J x J X- x- At the same time, the Committee recognplanned, staffed, funded, and conducted activities x j -x n» j xu x -x u ij i X^ , i-i 1 1 1 X X I not do it all, and that it should make thaare not only more likely to succeed, but are essential . , t j j xu -xx xu x

,. , X , 1 u X- e judges. Indeed, the committee saw that evento accomplishment of the nationwide celebration of refeTence to "Lthe Constitutions Bicentennial, conducted a

(b) committee decisions shall be reached by ™Jonty determined that the chairmanvote. Each Circuit shall have one vote. The Chair- ^ ^ jman votes only in case of a tie. -xxccc u^^uj-x-x j-committees by each district and circuit coi

Thus the Committee serves as a catalyst and clearing house system.for information and ideas. Viewing local committees and their activi

In considering its operation, the Committee noted the need success, the Committee felt that the membeito concentrate on the Judiciary's celebration of the Bicenten- committees should be left solely to the cnial and on its unique role in defending and preserving the Councils) appointing them. The Committee iConstitution. Literally thousands of organizations will be example, to suggest that local committeesencouraged by the National Commission to participate in the judges. Indeed, membership by lawyers, pr(general celebration and educational projects devoted to many and professional persons, clergy, politicians

different aspects of the Constitution. The judiciary should bebest suited, however,to contribute to an understanding ofwhatArticle III of the Constitution has meant to the preservation offreedom in our country for two hundred years.

At the same time, the Committee recognized that it "couldnot do it all," and that it should make that fact clear to alljudges. Indeed, the committee saw that even if it could do it all,it should not, hence, its reference to "Locally conceived,planned, staffed, funded, and conducted activities." To thatend, it was determined that the chairman and each circuit-representing member would request the formation of localcommittees by each district and circuit court in the federalsystem.

Viewing local committees and their activities as the key tosuccess, theCommittee felt thatthe membership ofsuch localcommittees should be left solely to the courts (or CircuitCouncils) appointing them.The Committee sawnoreason, forexample, to suggest that local committees be restricted tojudges. Indeed, membership by lawyers, professors, businessand professional persons, clergy, politicians, etc. was seen as

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ChiefJudge Markey addresses his distinguished colleagues at a meeting of the Judicial Conference's Bicentennial Committee in the Ladies'Dining Room of the Supreme Court building.

adding special dimension to the Judiciary's effort to bothexplain and celebrate the Constitution. That special dimension takes on particular interest in light of the perceivedtendency of many citizens to consider the Constitution as thespecialprovinceof the government or of the Congress or of thecourts,ascontrasted withits dailyrolein the lives ofthe people.For the same reasons, the Committee saw no harm, andsubstantial benefit, in cooperation between local committeesof the Judiciary and committees formed by state courts, bystates, cities, and counties, by local bar associations, by localbusiness entities, etc.

Thoughthe Committee had not, at the time ofits organizational meeting, received its appropriation, it recognized thatwhatever it received would be dissipated long before theCommittee had lived out its term if it were to become a source offunding for local projects. Questions of whether the Committeeshould consider requests for grants andthecriteria evaluatingsuch requests were set aside for future consideration.

As afunding matter, the Committee noted that the Judiciarylacked authority to receive giftsofcashandthat theDirector ofthe Administrative Office had authority to receive non-cashgifts on behalf of the courts, but that each local committeewould have to investigate the propriety ofmethods they mayemploy in arranging for monetary support of their localprojects.

Concerning committee expenditures, the Committee noted

that it has no staff, and that travel costs dictated thatcommittee meetings would be infrequent. The Committeedetermined that it would accomplish its work primarilythrough correspondence and telephone communication.

Time precluded discussion of a long list of projects thatmight be suggested to local committees, but copies weresupplied to members for possible use within the Circuits. Thelist included, in part, exhibits on the Constitution in everyfederal courthouse, "open house" days at court, exchange ofvisits between schools and courts, and distribution by courts ofpamphlets explaining various elements in the court system.

The ensuing months of the Committee's life were devoted totwo fundamentals, obtaining its appropriation and encouraging the formation of local committees. The Chairman appearedbefore and was well received by the Congress, which initiallyappropriated the Committee's request in full. Thereafter, inview of now famous budgetary constraints. Congress reducedthe appropriation by one-third. Formation of local committeeshas, as might be expected, proceeded apace in some circuitsand more slowly in others.

At the thoughtful invitation of Chief Justice Burger, theCommittee Chairman attended the meetings of the NationalCommission. One immediate benefit was acceptance by theCommission of the Chairman's suggestion that the names andaddresses of all members of the Committee and of all its local

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Bicentennial Programs (Continuedfrom pagefive)

during the California gold rush, his later role in decidingimportant constitutional issues during the Gilded Age, and hiscampaign for a presidential nomination are covered. For DavidDudley Field, the exhibit illustrates episodes in his careerranging from his campaigns for codification of the law to hisdefense of "Boss" T\veed in graft trials and his handling ofimportant constitutional cases before the U.S. Supreme Court,providing a fascinating look at a remarkable family thatsignificantly shaped American law. Professor Charles WMcCurdy of the University of Virginia, the leading scholar onJustice Field and a member of the Supreme Court HistoricalSociety, gave the address at the opening of the exhibit in SanFrancisco.

For those unable to visit the exhibit, a book by the same titlepublished by the Northern District of California HistoricalSociety and the Federal Bar Council of New York, is availablethrough the Supreme Court Historical Society's executiveoffices for $3.00, plus $1.00 postage and handling.

The Northern District Court Historical Society is alsosponsoring four symposia on the U.S. Constitution. Symposium I entitled "The Constitution and the Separation ofPowers" was held March 12, 1987 and featured U.S. Court of

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Appeals Judges Abner J. Mikva (District of Columbia), andJudge Joseph T. Sneed (Ninth Circuit) and Louis Fisher,Library of Congress Specialist in American National Government, as speakers.

Symposia II, to be held on May 26th, is entitled, "TheConstitution and Judicial Review." Speakers include JudgeKenneth W Starr of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Districtof Columbia Circuit who will also address the Supreme CourtHistorical Society membership on May 18th as this year'sAnnual Lecturer, Professor of History Jack N. Rakove ofStanford University and Dean Jesse H. Choper of Boalt HallSchool of Law.

Symposium III, scheduled for July 16th, is entitled "TheConstitution and Foreign Relations." Speakers will include theState Department's Abraham D. Sofaer, Professor LouisHenkin of Columbia University and Professor of Law MichaelJ. Glennon of the University of California, Davis.

The last symposium in the series will be held October 26thand is entitled, "The Constitution and Federalism." Speakersfor the symposium include Justice Hans A. Linde of theSupreme Court of Oregon, U.S. Court of Appeals JudgeAnthony Kennedy (Ninth Circuit) and Professor of BusinessAdministration and Public Policy Susan B. Foote of theUniversity of California at Berkeley.

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The Court's new photographs may now be ordered through the Society's executive offices. An 8 x 10 formal black and white group photographis $10.00. Color 11 x 14 group photos are available in either a formal or an informal pose for $21.00 unmatted or $25.00 on an 11 x 13 matsuitable for framing. Photographs of the individual Justices are available in black and white for $10.00 and color for $20.00.

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Tvo and three-quarter inch square lead crystal box, withengraved seal ofthe Supreme Court ofthe United States on thetop panel. Appropriate forkeepingsmall items on a desk, or thetwo halves can be used as coasters. The boxes are individuallygift boxed for convenient gift giving. $9.00

Smoky beveled glass box with the Supreme Court's sealengraved on the lid. The mirrored bottom reflects the seal. Thebox measures 4" x 4" x 2W and has brass trim. $31.50

Publications

Pocket sized Constitution. Contains the text ofthe Constitutionand all amendments through 1986. An easy to read and carrycopy of this important document. $1.00

The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the UnitedStates, 1789-1800. This eagerly awaited first volume of theDocumentary History Project serves as an introduction to theplanned seven-volume history. Volume I, which is in two parts,deals with the structure of the Supreme Court and the ofiicialrecords of its activities from 1789-1800. The volume contains

primary source materials including manuscripts, correspondence, private papers, newspaper articles and official records ofthe period. $75.00

The Illustrated History of the Supreme Court of the UnitedStates by Robert Shnayerson. This book contains portraits andengravings, hand-colored maps and rare archival items,sketches by Cass Gilbert, the architect of the Supreme Courtbuilding, as well as Olustrations of people, places and eventsassociated with the history of the Supreme Court. Its 304 pagescontain a bibliography, a chart ofjustices, and 377 illustrations,including 86 in full color. $48.00

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