Society of Spectacle

8/13/2019 Society of Spectacle

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T' kwmI am mo graeu o eyne Chae ober Chae Tm

Cark and Brue lwell or he bene o her ade on

many pon o ranlaon I am alo grealy ndebed o

a adehda ublowka or all her help

I hould lke o dedcae he anlaon o he mem-

oo a rue rend o h book, Fredy erlman, who wh

a handl o omrade pblhed n nglh or he frme, and ke p n prn o more han weny year

onald cholonSmhBooyn, 1993

"Seo ed ero



PREFACE TO THE

HIRD RENCH DITON

La c du pcacl ws s pulsh n om

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7



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quion incinall a o f a comll nw ai. ) wa onl bcau h i fuion ha aa occu

wolwi on h conomic an oliical lan ha h



PREFACE

word coud be decared officiay unified. It was, furthermore only because of the grae predicament in which

separated power universay finds itsef tat tis worldneeded unifying post aste so that it might function as

one bloc in a sige consensua organization of the world

market at once traestied and buttressed by the spectaceAnd yet in te end it wi not be nifed

The totalitarian bureaucracy that "substitute ruingcass for the market economy never had much faith

in its own destiny t knew itsef to be nothing but anundeeoped type of ruing cass even as t yearned tobe soething moe Long ago Tesis S8 had estabised

as axiomatic tat Te spectace has its roots in the rtie field of the economy and it is te produce of this

field which must n the end come to dominate the spectacular market

Ts sring of te spectace toward modeization andunifiation togeter with a te oter tendencies toward

the sipifcation of society was what in 198 ed theRussian bureaucracy suddeny and as one man to convert

to te current idlogy of democracy - in other words tote dictatoria eedom of te Market as tempered by the

recognition of te rigts of Hoo Spectator No one inthe West fet the need to spend more than a singe dayconsidering the import and impac of this etraordinar

media eent - proof enoug were proof caed r of tprogress made by te tecniques of te spectace A thatneeded recording was te fact that a sort of geoogca

tremor had apparenty taken place The penomenon was

duy noted dated and deemed sufficienty \el under

9



L

oo a r iml ign h fall of h Brlin alra or an ovr again immial aain h

iconabili of all h ohr f democacn h r ffc of hi cacular mornia

ion r fl in h com iingraion of uia

Thu mor clar n han in h \ wr h iarou rul of h gnral omn of h conom

ma manif Th iorr rnl rigning in h ai no mor han a conqunc. h am fomiabl qu-

ion ha ha bn hauning h worl for o cnurii abou o b o again everywhee: o can h oorb ma o ork onc hir illuion ha bn haran onc forc ha bn fa?

Thi icrning h r mom of ha u-

ian cin who nal xloion w ha j u win

an niioning h arl iaaranc of a wor oci- hich (a ma now u i) il on a b ra

from h mmor of h comur offr a ragicamn ho accac il oon b obiou:

h crumbing of h orli allianc foun onburaucraic mificaion i i n h la anali h mounfaorab orn for h fuur lomn of caial

i oci hi ook houl b ra baring in min ha wawrin ih h lbra innion of oing harm o

cacuar oci hr wa nr anhing ouragouhor abou ha i ha o a.

u bor

Jun 3

0



I

SEPARATION RFCTED

But cetin�v fo the psn , which pees e sign t e hing sig-

nid th py h iginal prnin aity apparanc o

h senc, . lusion on( i sd truh pane. Nay, aced is ld

t b nhnced n pptin s u dec nd iI/u in nc o hat

th highst dge J/uion ms t h hght deg ced.

- Feuerbach, Pfac o the d dt Th Essn f Chisini



O C

W O L F o toe ocete hch oder co-

do o producto pre preet te mee

ccumuto o pecace A tht oce drecty edh becoe ere repreetto

I M A G D AC D O M eery pect oe merge to coo trem d the orer uty o e ot or-

eer Appreheded para y rety uod e

geerty peudoord prt oey object o

cotempto he tedecy tord the peczto ogeotheord d t hghet epreo the ord o te utooou mge here decet decee

te he pectce t geerty cocrete er-

o o e d uch the utoomou moeet o

oe

T P C AC L AP P AR t oce ocety te

prt o ocety d me o ucto A prt o

ocety t tht ector here tteto cocou-

e coerge. Beg oted d precey or tht

reo th ector the ocu o uo d e co-coue te uty t poe merey the oc -

guge o geerzed eprto

4 P CAC I O coecto o ge rther t oc retop betee peope th edted

b ge

PCACL CANO be udertood ether deb

erte dtorto o the u ord or product o the



SEPARTION R ED

chnology o h a dnaon o f ag. far

br wd a a wlanchauung ha ha bn acual-

d ranlad no h aral ral a world wrand no an obc orc

UNDROO N I OALIY h pcacl boh h

ouco and h goal o h donan od of producon

no ohng addd o h ral world no a dco-

ra ln o o pak n h conrary, h ry

har o ocy ral unraly. n all pcc anfa

on nw or propaganda adrng or h acual con

up on o nrann h pcacl po h

pralng odl o ocal l . h onprn cl

braon of a choc arad mad n h phr o produc

on and h conua rul o ha choc n for a

n conn h cacl r a oal jucaon or hcondon and a o h ng y. rhr nur

h rmat r o ha jucaon for go

alo all pn oud h producon proc l

THE HEOMNON O PARAIN par and parcl of

h uny of h world, o a global ocal pra ha ha

pl up no raly on h on hand and ag on hohr Socal pracc whch h pcacl auonoy

chall ng alo h ral oaly o whch h pcacl

ubordna. S o d p h r n h oaly, howr

ha h pcacl abl o rg a apparn goal Th

languag of h pcacl copod o sign o h do

nan orgzaon o producon gn whch ar a h

a h ula ndproduc o ha organzaon.



O C

8 TH PCE C O be e in b oppoion oonee oil ii fo he ihoom beween el

i n imge wi ll uie on eihe ie of n uh iinion Thu he pele hough i un eli on i

he i ielf pou ofel i iewie lie el

i ffe he meil ul of he pele mehnim of onemplion inoping he peuloe n lening h oe poiie uppo. h ie

heefoe h i he of objeie eli . n ee onep i e i ple on one ie o he ohe h no

founion p fom i n fomion ino i opoieeli eup wihin he pele n he ple i

el Thi eipol lienion i he eene une

pinning of oie i exi

N WO R L D H all h been une on i heh i momen of flehoo

TH ONP OF he pele bng ogehe n expl in wie nge o f ppenl ip � phenomen

ieiie n on mong uh phenomen e heppene o f he pele he ppene of oil

ogniion of pene h nee o be gpe in igenel uh neoo on i own em he pee polim he peominne of pene n e

h ll humn life whih i o ll ol life i meeppene. Bu n iique pble of ppehening he

pele eenil he mu expoe i iible

negion offe n negion of li fe h h nntd

a ual



O R D R O D R he pecacle man

ncn and haeve ce may haen deme a ew

aca dncn ae caed . anaye he pecace mean alkng anguage me degee he

degee n ac ha e ae bged engage he meh

dgy he cey hch he pecace ge expe

n. F wha he pecace expee he a pacce ne pacua ecnmc and cal man

peak ha anada.

a he hca

mmen by hch we happen be gened

H P M N F e a an enmu p

y u each and beynd dpue. A ay : ey

hng ha appea gd; whaee gd appea

he aude ha demand n pncpe he ame pa

e accepance ha ha aeady ecued by mean eemng ncneby and ndeed by mnpl

zan he eam appeaance

H eenaly augca he mpe

rean ha mean and end ae denca heun ha ne e n he empe mden pay.

ce he ene gbe bakng n he pepeua amh wn gly.

4 H LR H R R mde ndual

cey ha nhng uu upecal abu n

he cnay h cey baed n he pecace n he

m ndamena way. he pecace a he peec

mage he ung ecnmc de end ae nhng and



O V O P �

deeoet i tog t e ony tig ito i

te pete to deeop i ite

1 t H E D P E E P A K G G or tig rodued tey re o rodued geer go o te rtio-

ity o e yte d te ded eooi etor

direty reoibe r te nuture o n eergroig

o igeoet te pte i te chief pdu o

preetdy oiety

6 H PEE UE iing u beig to it ito te extet tt te eooy rougt te uder

it y For te pete i iy te eooi re

deeopig f ief t oe itu irror ed up to

te produtio o tig d ditortig obetition

o te roduer

ERLER G E i te eonoy' dointio o oi

ie etied oiou dogrdig o bei ito havitt et it t o u edeor e preet

tge i i oi ie i opetey tke oer by teuuted produt o te eooy eti geer-

ized it o havi to perig: eetie igut o derie bot it iedite retige nd it uti-e rio dtre ro erne. At te e tie

idiidu reity eig direty depedet o oi

oer d opetey ed by tt oer ued

oi rter deed it i ony iu idiid

u reity i tt it i oed to appea

6



P C

1 8 OR O O WOM t rl world bco rl gmr g r trord to rl bg gbl

gt wc r c otor o trclk bor c t pctcl ob o cu world t o

logr drcly prcptbl to b seen dr cl

d do t tbl tt ould lt

u o gt to pcl lc o occupdby touc mot btrct o t , d mot

ly dcd, g urlly t mo rdly dbl to prtdy octy grlzd btrcto

ot to y owvr t pctcl l prcpbl o kd y y td by t

r ccl by dto mu rom u

ctty ccb o y proctd rw or corrcto

t t oppot o dlogu Wrr rprto

tk o dpdt c t pccl tbl rul

PL I R o ll wk o t roc

o Wt plooy wc w tmp o udrd ctty by m o ctgor o o dd

t pctcl rpo o ct dployt o t

ry tccl rtoly o wc t ploopcl trdo g r o r rom rlzg ploopy t pc

cl ploop rlty d ur t rl l oryo o u o pculo

O O P O C t owr o ld ougt

d ougt o ltd powr d uc t rb bl o mcp tl ro tology pc



T T T

le he aeal enn f he elg n ha ehnqe have pelle he elg

n whh han beng ne lae he wn pwehe ve pwe ha ha been wenhe f he bhe lenhe ene have nw been bghwn eah h he eahbn ape f fe ha have bee he peneable an aee

he able ena ffe n he hape f a fala pa-ae n lnge pee n he heaven b n plae nea whn aeal lfe elf he peale hene a ehn gal ven f he ex lng f han

pwe n a wl ben an he pefen f epa-an w han beng

N G A T H E RE AL M f nee ean a al

ea eang wl l ean a al nee he pe-ale he ba ea f e e n han expeng nhng e han wh f eep he peale he gaan f ha leep

H E AC TH T he paa pwe f e eha eahe elf f ef an eab he elf n he

peale a nepenen eal an nl be explane he elfleavage an elnane aea peenn ha pwefl pae

T HE R F he peale le ha e f all alvn flab he peazan fw he peal-ze e pae b he peale ha f pean f

al he ave a f pla epeenave f

8



A O

hirarhial soiy a s own or an h sor o honly isours whih ha soy alows s o har

hs h mos morn asp o h spa is aso aoom h mos arha.

4 B M ANS F S P AL h rng orr sourssnlssly upon sl n an unnrrup monoogu oslpras h spa i s h s porra o powr nh ag o powrs oalaran rl or h onons osn h shsi apparan o pr ojyin spaar rlaionshps onas hr ru harar asraonshps wn hman ings an wn asss;a son aur hs sms o mpos nsapa awsupon our nvironmn Bu h spa is no mansh na ouom o a hnia opmn pr

as al; on h onrary, h soy o h spa s a orm ha hooss is own hnia onn

h spa unrsoo n h imi sns o hosmass mia ha ar is mos suiyng spral man

isaon sms a ms o inang soiy n hshap o a mr appa i sho rmmr hahs apparaus has nohing nral ao i, an ha i

answrs prsly o h ns o h spals nrnaynams h soa rrmns o h ag whh ops sh hns an m ony hrogh hrmiaon i h amnisraion o soy an al onawn pop now pns on h inrnon o shnsan" ommuniaion, s as hs ommnaon s ssnially oway h onnraon o h

mia hus amons o h monopoaon y h amn

9



isaos of he eising sysem of he meas o puse

hei paila fom of admiisaio. he soial leav-

age ha he speale epesses is insepaable fom hemoden Sae whih as he podu of he soial divisio

of labo and he ogan of lass le is he geneal m of

all soial division

PAR A O I alpha and omega of he speale.

Religious onemplaion in is ealies fom was he ou-

ome of he esablishmen of he soial divisio of labo

ad he fomaio of lasses. Powe daped iself in he

owad gab of a myial ode fom he begining I

fome imes he aegoy of he saed usied he os-

mi and oologial odeig of higs ha bes seved he

ieess of he mases epoudig pon ad embellish-

ing wha soiey oud ot deier Thus powe as a sepa-ae ealm has alwas had a speaula aspe b mass

allegiane o ozen eligious imagey was oigially a shaedakowledgme of loss, a imagiay ompesaio fo

a pove of eal soial aiviy ha was sill widely fel

o be a uniesal fa of life The moden speale by

oas depis wha soiey a dever, b wihi his

depiio wha is pemied is igidly disingished fom wha is possible The speale peseves onsiousness

as paial hages in he odiios of eisee poeed

The speale is selfgeneaed ad i makes p is o

ules i is a speious fom of he saed And i makes no

see of wha s amely hieahial powe evolvig

o is o in is sepaaeess hanks o an ieasig po-

duiviy based on an ee moe efned diision of labo



E P O P E E C E D

an r gratr omminution o f maingorn gsturs, an an rwining mart n t ours of tis

opmnt all ommunity an ritia awarnss aas to ; nor a tos fors, wi wr a ysparating to grow normousy in rngt , yt foun away to reie

6 H GE N ER A IZ ED SE ARA IO N of workr an proutas spl t n of any omprnsi iw of t joon, as wl as t n of irt prsonal ommuniationtwn prours s t aumulation of ainat pro-uts pros, an as t prouti pross gts moronntrat, onsistny an ommuniation om txusi assts of t systms managrs triump ofan onomi systm foun on sparation as to t

prolearazaio of e world.

27 OWING TO HE VERY suss of tis sparat syst ofproution, wos prout is sparation itslf, tat fun-amnta ara of prin wi was assoiat in ar-ir soitis wit an iniiuals prinipal work is ingtransform at last at t aing g of t systm's

oution into a ram of nonwor, of inatiity uinatiity, owr, i s y no mans manipat from pro-uti atiity: it rmains in tra to tat atiity, in anunasy an worsipfu sujtion to proutions nsan rsuts; in it is itsf a prout of t rationalityof proution r an no from apart from ati-ity, an witin t spta al atiity is ann a or-

olary of t fat tat al real atiity as n foriy

2



soc C

hld it th glbl struti th sptl.

S wht is rrrd t s "libri frm wr tht is

irsd lisur tim is librti ithr withi brisl r rm th wrld lbr hs brught it big.

2 8 HE EGNNG EOO sstm is ud isl-ti; t th sm tim it is irulr prss dsigd t

prdu islti. Islti udpis thlg d

thlg islts i its tur; ll Bds prpsd b th

sptulr sstm rm rs t tlvisis ls srv s

wps fr tht sstm s it strivs t rifr th islti "th ll rwd h sptl is tiull

rdisvrig its w bsi ssumptis d h tim

i mr rt mr

OGN O sptl lis i th wrld's lssf uit d its mssi xpsi i th dr prid

dmstrts hw ttl ths lss hs b th bstrt

tur ll idividul wrk s prduti i g

rl, ds prt xprssi i th sptl whs vr

me f beB cee is prisl bstrti h

sptl divids th wrld it tw prts f whih

is hld up s slrprstti t th wrld d is suprir t th wrld h sptl is simpl th mmlgug tht bridgs this divisi Spttrs r lkd

l b w rltiship t th vr tr htmitis thir islti m thr h sptl

thus uits wht is sprt ut it uits it l i itssepeess



."

0 POR ON m n umiin h cnmp jc (hich i ucm i

unhinking civi) k ik i: m cnm-p h h iv m diy cgniz hi

n nd in img n ppd y minn ym h h unnd i n xinc nd

hi n di h pcc niy i pc

h cing ujc i dmn y c

h iniviu' n gu n ng hi n u

h h mn h pn hm him pc m n pcc

i vyh.

WORR D O O pduc hmv y pduc

c inpnn mv h uce i p

ucin h i undnc i gn i pin

y i pduc ny n abudace of dipoeio Aim U pc cmfei m i n in

puc ccumu h pcc i mp hi

n d mp n h c h iy

i n i y h vy p hv n ncm u v hmv u in i c

E P FON in ciy i h cnc

mnucu nin cnmic gh cpnd

m niy h gh hi picu c

inui pducin mhing rows ng ih h

mvmn cnmy i cn ny in-

n h inhid c h cnmic p

m i incpin



TH SOCI TY OF THE SPCTACLE

3 3 THH EAAD RO h poduc an o

and o, and r o pofully h poduc of y

dal of h od Th lo h lf co o bngh on c aon h o da call h c u off fo

ha l f

TH PEALE I ata accuulad o h pon h

bco ag



HE COODT AS PETAE

The commodity can on�v be understood in its undistorted essence when itbecomes the uniersal categov of sociev as a whole. Only in this context

does the recation produced by commodiv relations assume decisie impor-

tance both for the ojectie eolution of society and for the stance adopted

by men towards it On�v then does the commodit become crucial for the

subugation of men's consciousness to the forms in which this recation nds

expression As labor is progressiely rationalized and mechanized mans

lack of wil is reinforced by the way in which his actiity becomes less andless actie and more and more m.

- Lk History and Class Consciousness



THE SO V OF E 5PECAC

FMV M N of th sptal onsists in this itarrogats to i tslf rthing that i n human atiit ists

in a uid stat so as to possss i t in a ongald fon asthings that bing th ga xpro of liing alu

ha bom lusil abstrat alu n ths signs wrogniz our old nm th ommodit whih apparsat rst sight a r triial thing and asil undrstood twhih is in rat a r ur thing abounding in taphsial subtltis

6 W HV th prinipl of ommodit ftishismth domination of soit b things whos qualitis arat th sam tim prptibl nd imprptibl b thsnss" his prinipl is absolutl lfilld in th sp

tal whr th prptibl world is rplad b a st of

imags that r suprior to that world t at th sam timimpos thmsls as l prptibl

7 WO D H S CAC holds up to iw is at onr and lwr it is th word of th ommodit rul-ing or all ld prin h omodt world s thusshown a ra for its logi s on wth mns strang-

nt from on anothr and from th sum total of whatth produ.

8 H SS F QUAIY so obious at r ll of thlanguag of h sptal from th objts it lads to thbhaior it rgulats mrl hos th basi traits of aral prodution pross that shuns ralit h ommod-

t form is haratrizd lusil b slfualn

6



C S C C E

t lly attat at th qattat

what t dlp ad t a ly dlp wth th

attat

P E HE AC that t ld qalty th dlp

mt tll bjt qa dlpmt t th qaltat

Th th ptal btas th fat that t mt tally

bak th bd f t w abda Thgh th t t lally pt h ad th t alady t

at th al ll whh wa th mmdty gal

tadad a tadad that t ha b abl t l p t by

tg th whl plat t a gl wld at

0 THE DLOM f th f f pdt th reuociou hitr that ha blt a mdd h d

t f t f hma p (dtd a th dt f uri ad th t th dlpmt

ha b th ba f all hma tp h alm f

mmdt ha mat th ttt wth a atalmy f a pl al Th pdt f m

mdt whh mpl th hg f a aty f pdt amg dpdt pd wa lg abl t ta

a ataal apt mbdd a magal m atty wh t qattat wa makd Wh

t td th al dt f lagal tad

ad aptal amlt hw h pdt

fly tablhd ttal hgmy th my

Th t my th bam what th mmdty

th ht th ampa f t had hw tlf

t b amly a p f qattat dlpmt Th



S C I Y O P E C C

uncasing poymnt of conomic pow i n t sap ofcommoitis as tansfigu uman labo into laboas

commoity, into wagabo, an vntualy givn is toan abndance tanks to wic t basic poblm of su-viva, toug ov, is sov in suc a way tat it i s notispos of, but is at fov copping up again at aig lvl conomic gowt libats socitis fom tnatua pssus occasion by ti stugg fo suiva,but ty stil must b libat fom ti libatos. ndependence of t commoity as spa to t nticonomy ov wic t commoity now igns conomy tansfoms t wo, but it tansfoms it into a

wol of t conomy psuonatu in wic aboas bcom ainat mans tat suc abo main inits svic infinity, an inasmuc as tis stang

activity is answab only to itsf it is abl in tun tonoll al socialy pmissib ffots an pojcts units bann. n ts cicumstancs an abunanc of commoitis, wic is to say an abunanc of commoity a-tions, can b no mo tan an agened ral.

4 COMMODYS DOMNON ov t conomy was

at st cis in a covt mann conomy itslf,t matia basis of socia li f, was nit pciv nounstoo not poply known pcisly bcaus of its

familiaity. n a socity w conct commoitisw fw an fa btwn, it was t ominanc of monytat sm to pay t ol of missay, invst wit fulautoity by an unknown pow it t coming of t

inustia voution, t ivision of abo spcic to tat

8



C\ODIY SPAL

roltion anfatring yt an a protionfor a worl arkt, t ooity rg in it fll-

g for a a for apiring to t oplt olonia-tion of oial li f t wa at ti ont too tat politialonoy tali itf a at on t oinant inan t in of o i nation

4 HE EE ORRONDS to t itorial onat wi t ooity oplt it ooniation ofoial lif. t i not jt tat t rlationip to o-oiti i now plai n to ooiti ar now ltat tr i to ; t worl w i t worl of t

ooity growt of t itatorip of oonoi proion i ot tni an intni inaratr n t lat intriali rgion i prn

i alray flt in t for of iprialit oination yto ara tat la t worl in protiity n t

aan tor tl oial pa i ontinallying lankt y trat aftr trat of ooitiit t ant of t oall on intrial rol-tion, alinat onption i a to ainat protion a an inapal ty of t a ney of

labor old i tranfor orall into t oal ood. yl i t t in train tat t aintain at allot: t total ooity t rt i n fragn-tary fo to a fragntary iniial opltly t off

fro t onrt ation of t for of protiono ti n t alray pializ in of oination

i frtr rokn own into pialti a oiol

ogy appli pyology yrnti iology an o



E O C I E Y O E E C C

on whh oeree he elfregulaon of eery phae ofhe proe

4 H R A A P R M IV age of apal aumulaon polal eonomy rea he poli a a merewo" who mu reee on he mnmum neear o

,

guaranee h laorpower an neer oner h m n h leure n h humany hee ea ofhe rulng la areree j u a oon a o grea an aunane o omo

e egn o e proue ha a urplu olaoraon requre of he worker ll oa uen he worker nqueon oer ha hey are no longer naraly uj e o he oal onemp o learl ul no eery apeof he oanzaon an managemen of prouon neahey n ha eery ay one work oer hey are reaelke grownup wh a grea how of olue an polene n her new role a onumer. he iy of e

coody nally aen o he worker leure anhumany for he mple reaon ha polal eonomy now an an mu rng hee phere uner way hu ha he oay o fhuman eene falluner he regme o fhe perfee enal of man

44 HE P CAL a permanen opum war wage o make mpole o nguh goo from omoe orrue afaon from a ural ha nreae aorngo own log onumale ural nreae nfa eaue onnue o enhrne epran he reaon here nohng byodaugmene ura an no en

o growh, ha ural elf elong o he realm



T E C O M O Y P C C E

of dispossession: it my gid poety bt it cnnot tn-scend it

45 O MAT I O N WIC S t once the most dnced sec-to of moden indsty nd the epitome of its pcticeconfonts the wod of the commodity with contdic-tion tht it mst somehow esoe: the sme technicinfstcte tht is cpbe of oishing bo mst tthe sme time pesee o s commodity nd indeed

s the soe geneto of commodities f tomtion o fotht mtte ny mechnisms een ess dic ones thtcn incese podctiity e to be peented fom edc-ing sociy necessy botime to n nccepty owee new foms of empoyment he to be ceted hppy sotion pesents itsef in the gowth of the teti-y o seice secto in esponse to the immense stin onthe sppy ines of the my esponsibe fo distitingnd hyping the commodities of the moment he coinci-dence is net: on the one hnd the system is fced withthe necessity of eintegting newy edndnt bo; on

he ohe he ve fcosness of he needs ssocedwith the commodities on offe cs ot whoe bttey

of esee foces

6 XCAN VAL COD ony he isen s the poyof se e t the ictoy it eenty won with its ownwepons cete the peconditions fo its estishment

s n tonomos powe By ctiting hmn se end monopoizing tht e's fiment echnge e

eenty gined the ppe hnd he pocess of echnge



E SOCIY OF E SCCL

ecame indistingishale from any conceiale tilitytherey pacing se ale at its mercy tarting ot as the

condottiere of se ale exchange ae ended p wag-ing a war that was entirely its own

4 HE FA I N G RA of se ae which is a constant ofthe capitaist economy gies rise to a new form of pria-tion within the realm of agmented srial this is notto say that this realm is emancipated from the old poerty:

on the contrary it reires the ast majority to tae partas wage worers in the nending prsit of it s ends areirement to which as eeryone nows one mst eithersmit or die t is the reality o tis sitation te factthat een in its most impoerished form (food shelter)se ale has no existence otside the ilsory riches of

agmented srial that is the real asis for the generalacceptance of illsion in the consmption of modern co-

modities he rea consmer ths ecomes a consmer ofillsion he commodity is this i sion which i s in factrea and the spectacle is its most general form.

4 U S A WAS formery impicit in exchange ale n

terms of the spectacles topsytry ogic howeer it hasto e expli cit for the ery reason that its own effectieexistence has een eroded y the oerdeeopment of the

commodity economy and that a conterfeit ife cals fora psedojstification

49 H S CAC S AN O H R facet of money which is

the astract genera eiaent of al commodities Bt



O O

wheea mne n ml m ha mnae ea he epeenan nveal eqvalene ha

he ehangeal vee g whe e ae nhewe mpale he peae n ll evelp

men mne' men ape n he peale he al

he mm w vle n ne pee a he

genea eqvalen whaeve e a a whle an e

an he peale mne r ctepat

hee he al e ha alea een aee heal aa epeenan The peale n

he evan peudue alea n el, hepee le

I A I E M E a pel enm an

ane he nenae e al la eme

vle eng all eal an appeaane ha inee ha a p Capal n nge e nv

le ene eemnng he me pn. a

mae apal pea he pephe whee

ame he m angle e Se n engh

an eah eme apal ahl pa

E EC MYS MP a nepenen pe neval al pel m ha neahe e ha

m evenall e he ec eces ha wa he

nhangng a eale ee. Replang ha nee

he nee ne enm evepmen

an nl mean eplang he aan pma hman

nee nw me n he m mma manne a eae

le manae penee a whh me wn



F

in he en o jus one nel he pseuonee or he

reign o n uonoous eono o oninue Suh n

eono irrevobl breks ll ies ih uheni neeso he preise e ree h i eerges ro al u-cu h s epenen on i ihou knoing i

Whever is onsious ers ou. \Vhever is unon

sious reins unlerble ne ree hoever surel

his oo us l ino ruins? Freu

5 By H E M E soie isovers h i is oningen on he

eono he eono hs in poin o beoe on

ingen on soie vin gron s suberrnen ore

unil i ou eer e sovereign he eono proees o

lose is poer Where eonoi i s here e o shll

be he subje n onl rise ou o soie h is ou

o the sruggle h soie eboies he possibili o subjes eising epens on he ouoe o he ss

sruggle hih us ou o be he prou n he pro

uer o hisors eonoi ounion

5 OO O D R n he esire or onsios

ness o eher n inissolubl onsiue h proje hih

in is negive or hs s is gol he boliion o lssesn he ire possession b he orkers o ever spe

o heir ivi he opposie o his proje is he soi-

e o he spele here he ooi oneplesise in orl o is on king

34



III

UNT AND SON

WTHN pPEARANES

lv new polemic about the conceps "one dds nto tw ad two Jus o i Joldng on philophil Jront n th oun. Th

dbate s a struggl betwen thos who ar Jor nd thos who ar ginst

the mteriaist dlect, struggle btwn tw concpton oj the world:

proletrian concpton and th bourgos concepion Thoe who mn

ta t oe did into two is th Jundmntl law j thngs r on

th sd o he mailst dlc; s wh mantan that Jndmn

tal law o ngs tht two Jus nto one ar against th maeralst dalct Th tw ds ha drwn a clr l darto btwen them

ad ther rgmn r dmetriclly oppsd This polmiC s a rn,

on th dologcl lvel o th cut and omplx l truggle takng pla

n hn nd n the world

- Rd Fg (Peking) September 964



r h S C

54 K M D R S C Y te te pectace at ce

te a e. bt ty ge a pt

A t emege te pectace wee t ctact te ctacte by te a eea f t meag

peete a ty a ty a

R U G G S W F R S a wc ae bee

etabe te ppe g te ame cec

mc ytem ae t cay pae a ea atag

m actaty tee tgge patae f a ea ty

a t te w tage a e a wt eac at

S S AY tat te pectace am batte

betwee cmpetg e aeate pwe ae t

a ea tey expe te ytem ee a cfct

e eepmet a w a te eatey ctactyteet te cae act cae tat ecg

ze te ytem a te t way t cae t a ef temee t Jt a te eepmet te mt

aace ecme e cae betwee feet

agea ttataa ecmc maagemet by a tatebeacacy a te ct f te cte g

e cam emcam ae ewe gyffeetate wt epect t me pct a

pwe By ptg p tee geat feece we ap-

peag t ctea te a feet e te pectace abe t ptay tem a make f acay tct

ca ytem Bt fm te tapt te acta ea

t a mee sos t cea tat te peccty f eac

bme e a ea ytem a ct a



U ' VS O W S

g cy h h k h p f i f p-i h cy i cpilim

THE OC Y H g h pcc i ig

mi uvlp gi lly hugh h

xci f cmic hgmy I mi hmi i cpciy as he soe of he speae M ci-

y h hu ly iv h ci ufc f vy

ci v wh h mi i f cmicpii i il cig y pccu m I c

m h g f ulig c pi v hcl' ciui much i pp pu-

g cv i my f m f v-ui lc vuii A f h uucic

pw h u i um f iuii cui

i ciy h i w pculi pccl u hi ply igl p i h vchig pcc g

pugi hc vi upp v

if i i c mifi h pcc my my

i vii f ci cmmuici cl

wh viw fm h pi f h ym' gl

fuciig h my iff pc

f wrdde dvisio of speauar aks.

58 HOGH DGED O mii h iig

whl h ivii f pccul i chiy i

w h civy vlpig p f h h

pcc h i i h fi l f h cmy

i i h puc f h il which mu i h

cm min h pccu m whv i

7



H E sa OF S L

ologicl or polictt brrir of protctioni kind myb t up by locl pctcl with drm o utrky.

9 B E H D T H E G L ITTER of th pctcl' itrction mod-rn ocity li in thrll to th globl domintion of baalzg trnd tht lo domint it t ch point whrth mot dvnc form of commodiy conumption hvmingly brodn th pnoply of rol nd objct vil- to choo from h vtig of rligion nd o thfmily (till th chif mchnim for th ping on of clpowr nd thu too th vtig of th morl rpriontht th intitution nur cn now b mlly com

bind with th rhtoricl dvoccy of plur i h lif in ution i fr ll prouc olly foof pudogrtiiction which till mboi rprion

mug ccptnc of wht i t i li wi uit comptibl with purly pctculr rbllioun for th im-pl ron tht ditifction itlfbcom commoity oon th conomic of lunc n wy of ppy-ing it prouction mthod to thi prticulr rw mtil

6 ED TRS RE SECTCULR rprnttion of liv-

ing humn bing itilling th nc of th pctcl'bnlity into img of poibl rol trdom i ivr-ifiction in th mblnc o f lif th objct of n idn-tifiction with mr pprnc which i intndd tocompnt for th crumbling of irctly xprincd i -vrifiction of productiv ctivity. lbriti gur vr-iou ty oflif n vriou viw of ocity which nyon

i uppodly to mbrc nd puru in global mn



U N T Y D V N W T P

n hmslvs ncntons ofth nccssbl slts ofsoc l lbo thy m mc bypocts of tht lbo n

pojct ths abov labo so tht thy ppa as ts goalh bypocts n ston powr n re th

pow to c n th ls to consm whch a thlpha n th omg of pocss tht s nv stonn th fom cs govmnt pow ssms th pson fom of th psost n th scon sts ofconsmpton cnvas fo ots as psopow ov lflv Bt jst s non of ths clstl ctvts tly

gobal, nth o thy off ny chocs

6 H E N D V UA W H O n th svc of th spctacl splc n staoms spotlght s n fact th oppost of nnvl, n as clly th nmy of th nvl n

hmslf s of th nl n oths n ntng th spctacl s mol to b nt wth h noncs llatonomy n o hmslf to nt wth th gnl lwof obnc to th cos of thngs ts of consmpton thogh otwly psntng ffnt psonltytyps actally show ch o f ths typs noyng an lccss to th whol lm of consmpton n ng

ctly th sam stsfacton thfom ts of csonmanwhl mst possss th fll ang of accpt hmnalts all ocl ffncs btwn thm a ths cnc ot by th ocl ilary whch s an nscapablmplcaton of th sppos clnc n vy sphKhshchv h to bcom gnal n o to hv bnsponsbl fo th otcom of th battl of sk not

on th bttll bt twnty ys lat s mst of th



H O O H

tte. n Kenney the ortor sve hmself so to spekn even elvere hs own nerl orton, n the sense

tht heoore orenson st wote speeches for Kenneyssccessor n the very style tht h one so mch to crete the e mns person he mrbe peope whoperson the system re nee wel known for not bengwht they seem to be they hve cheve gretness by

embrcng eve of relty ower thn ht of the mostnsgnfcnt nv fe n everyone knows t

6 H E F A E C H C E offere by spectclr bnncebse on the jtposton on the one hn, of compet

ng yet mtly renforcng spectcles n on the otherhn, of roes for the most prt gne by n emboe n objects tht re t once eclsve n ntercon-

necte evoves nto contest mong phntom tesment to elct evoton to ntttve trvlty hsflse concts of ncent vntge tn to be ressctteregonlsms or rcsms whose job t now s o nvest vlgr rnkngs n the herrches of consmpton wth mgcl ontoogc sperorty. ence too the neverenngsccesson of ptry contests from compettve sports to

electons tht re tterly ncpble of rosng ny trlyplayfl feengs. erever the consmpton of bnncehs estblshe tself, there s one spectclr ntgonsmwhch s wys t the forefront of the rnge of lsoryrole s: the ntgonsm between yoth n lthoo orhere n t n the sense of someone who s mster ofhsown fe s nowher} to be fon n yoh mplyng

chnge n wht ests s by no mens proper to people

0



U N D V N W R C E

h r ung Rthr t chrctr n cnmctm th dnmm f cptm t i th ru

tht r ung tng thml tt th c thrnd uurp n nthr pc

A S AC AR AG O S M cnc th uof pover· Dffrng frm f ng lntn cntnd

n th mur f t frdm f cc rtu f

th fct tht th r ll un n rl rpr cntr-

dctn. Dpndng n th n f t prtcur tg fprt ht t uppd t nc t dn utn th

pccl m oetraed r dffu n frm n tr

c t n mr thn n mg f hrmn mt

ln n dr t t t cntr f mfrtun

C O N R D O R M f th pctc rmlchrctr rucrc cptlm thug t m n

ccn b rrd tchnu fr uttrng tt

pr r mr ckrd md cnm n n

t mt dncd cptm m c n t n mmnt

f cr Burucrtc prprt tf cncntrt n

tt th ndu urucr rltn th nrp

f th cnm nr mt tcmmunt f urucrt h mmrhp n th cm

munt And cmmt pructn l l p

n urucrtc tm cntrt n frm thcmmdt th urucrc pprprt th tlt f

cl lr n t t ll ck ct e boc ct' url h ctrhp f t urucrtc

cnm cnnt l t pt m n gnfct



T S O F S T L

margin o choice ecase i t has ha to make the choicesitsel an ecase any choice mae inepenently o it

even the most trivial concerning oo say or msic amonts to a eclaration o war to the eath on the reacracy. his ictatorship mst thereore e attene bypemanent violence ts spectacle imposes an image o thegoo which i s a rsm o eerything that eists ociay

an this is sally concentrate in a single inivial thegarantor o the systems totalitarian cohesiveness. very

one mst ientiy magically with this asolte celebrityor isappear. or this igre is the master o noteingconsme an the heroic image appropriate to the bol xploo constitte y primitive accmlationaccelerate y terror. every hinese ha s to sty a oan in eect b ao this is becase there is o

o bhe omini on o the spectacle i n its concentrate

or eans the ominion too o the police.

65 E D I FF U E F R o the spectacle is associate with theanance o comoities with the niste evelopment o moern capitaism . ere each commoity consiere in isolation is jstie y an appeal to the graner

o commoity proction in general a proction orwhich the spectacle is an apologetic catalog he claimsj ostling or position on the stage o the aent economys

integrate spectacle are not always compatile howeverimilarly ierent star commoities s imltaneosy pro

mote conicting approaches to the organization o society; ths the spectaclar logc o the atomoile arges

or a perect traic ow entaling the estrction o the



U NI TY A i V I IO W H PE C

old city centers whereas the spectacle of the city itself

calls for these same ancient sections to be turned into

museums. So the already questionable satisfaction alleg-edly derived from the onumption f the whole is adulter-

ated om the outset because the real consumer can only

get his hands on a succession offrgnt of this commod

ity heaven fragments each of which naturally lacks any

of the qual ascribed to the whole.

AH DIVIDA OMMODIY fights for itself cannot

acknowledge the others and asires to imose ts presence

eerywhere as though it were alone The spectacle is the

eic poem of this stri fe a strife that no fall of l ium can

bring to an end. f arms and the man the spectacle does

not sing but rather of passions and the commodty Wi thin

this blind struggle each commodity following where pas-sion leads, unconsciously actualies something of a highe

order than itself: the commodity's becoming worldly coin

cies with the worlds being transformed into commodi-

ties So it is that, thanks to the cunning of the commodit

whereas all parcula commodities wear themselves out in

the ght the commodity a abat fo continues on i ts

way to absolute selfrealiation

TH AIAI HA the commodity in its abun-

dance an no longer suply by virtue of its use value i s now

sought i n an acknowledgment o f its alue ua commodty.A use of the commoity arises that is sufficient nto itself;

what this means for the consumer is an outpouring of reli-

gious eal in honor o f the commodi tys sovereign freedom



T S O C T O F T C L

avs onusiasm o parular prous ul anoos y ommunaions ma ar popaga

w lignng p A ilm sparks a ason a or amagan launs a han o lus a in spins o aln o prous sr a im ply xpsss a a as mass o ommoiis om moan mo as asuiy oms a ommoiy n isown ig Kyans a a no pa o u om as rgs w puas o som uxury pou o a nra ak an o in a spr a rmov om ao oignal us ar loun winss o a mysalslaanonmn o ansnn spii o om-moy. omon o olls kyains a av r-nly n manuaur o sol pupos o ngoll mig sa o aumulang ommo

iy's dlges

glorious okns o ommoy'simmann psn among aul n s way riman prolaims is nmay w ommoy ollowing in oosps o ol rligous issm wi sanspor onvulsionas an miraulous urs

ssm o ommoiy also aivs is momn o auvo only e sll in vin manwl is

asi us o sumisson

68 T IS D U T LE S impossil o onras psuon

mpos y gn o mo onsumrsm wi anyaun n or s a is no isl ually mn y soiy an is isoy Bu ommoy in sag o s aunan ass o an asolu rak in

ogani vlopmn o soal ns ommoi

44



A N D V S O N W T H I N A S

ys meanal aumula unleases a imie aif-alt fae f w all lvn ese s same Te

umlave pwe f s aunmus ealm f aeeessaly eveywee eals a falifiat lie

E I M A G E F e lssful unan f sey unsumpn suspens seef w ea e ealy

f vsn nlv unl e ne slusnmen us n e,

spee f aual nsumpn a an evey new p-

u s sppse ffe a ama su e ln-

awae pmse lan f al nsumpn As su s

eemnusly pesene as e unque an ulmae p

u Bu as w e fasnale apn f seemnly ae

asa s ames w u u in e en e

ne y a wle enean, s e wule snulay

f an je an e ffee e eae es nly f as een masspue Te sle eal saus aan a

mee je f s k s ave ee plae, w-eve ey, a e very ene f sal lfe an ale as e

evelan f e al f e pun pess Bu een

s speaula pese evapaes n vulay as sn

as e je s aken me y a sume an ene y

all e nsumes A s pn s essenal pvery,e naual ume f e pvey f s pn, sas

eveale lae F y s me ae pu wll

ave een assne supply e sysem w s usan, a wll n un e emann s mmen f alam

0 I C I U A L R E S S f eplaeme means a

fake afan an elp u e epse as ps

4.



E I T Y F T A C

chng, n s chngs occur i n th gnr conitions o prouction omthing tht cn ssrt its own unchnging

xcnc with uncontst rrognc nonth-ss his i s s tru oth concntrt s o th i s vr-sion o th spctc n ony th tem nurs tinjus i ny obsot prouct cn cst si by th vryorcs tht promot his ris. ch nw i o th vr-

tising inustry impicity cnowgs th on or.iwis vry tim prsoniction o totitrin powris cips, th iusion o community tht hs grnttht gur unnimous support is xpos s mr sumo soitus without i usions.

7 HTVER LY CLI to prmnnc in th spctcis oun o n chng n must chng s tht ountion

chngs. h spctc, though quintssntiy ogmtic,cn yt prouc no soi ogm othing is stb or itthis is its ntur stt, bit th stt most t os withits ntur inci ntion.

E U R E U TY th spctc procims mss thcss ivision on which th r unity o th cpitist mo

o prouction is bs. ht obigs th proucrs to pr-ticipt in th construction o th wor is so wht sprts thm rom it. ht brings togthr mn ibrtrom oc n ntion imittions is so wht kpsthm prt. ht pushs or grtr rtionity is sowht nourishs t h irrtionity o hirrchic xpo it-tion n rprssion. ht crts socitys strct powr

so crts its concrt unrom.



IV

HE PROLETARAT AS

UBJECT AND ERESENTTON

The qual right ofll to th nd njoyment wrld, th destrc-tn o all author the ngan oall al etnt th bottm

r the ron d'e th Mrh 18th inutn n th hrer o the

frme orgnztin that uhd t ith n arm

Ee prlmntire r /nrrtin mr



T S O O F H S , C L

7 HE RE L E EN T a ale egnng ntngvee e f e ent e gee

ped n te en pee an t ibl nea v wa anlate n e pal plane eevelpen f te fe f ptn a aeed el elan f pn; eve at e a le t ntng n eveng ta a fel eenale eae hal .

74 T I ECUE an eng ave t een tut nt an nt patpatn n te la an te ggle w nte at e fnd eelvelge t vew elatnp n a leaee annee n qetn a n gal ae f wateveee w pn telf even tg e la nn-

etapal vn f te al ea a vewte pve pgen g w a n-

le a telf e e f tat t f te bf an n te elfpn f e lvnge vng eng ae an pe f wld

ta f t an ng t ex a coo of ow a.

7 5 HE L TRUGG f e ng evlna peeed n te e f te gee ave evlved ntane w te gt f w e aletw a l al nng ta n nen pl ee e eanng f a t ape neane ln f evetng at an n e pe

t d lve al epaan



T E R E T A I A S S R R N T T N

O R L T wa no longe a matte of intepeting thewold, ut athe of intepeting the wold' tanfoma-

tion nauch a he did o or than intepet that tan-fonation howeve egel wa meely the ploopalculm ination of phi loophy e ought to unetand a

wold that ad il. uch hitoical thought wa tillpat of that concioune which come on the cene too

late and upplie a j utifcation ate the act t thu tan-

cended epaation ut it di o i o ol . egelpaadoxical potue, which uodinate the meaning ofall eality to it hitoical culmination, while at the ametime evealing thi meaning y poclaiming i to e that

culmination aie fom the iple fact that the geatthine of the ougeoi evolution o the eventeenth aneighteenth centuie tove in hi philoophy eely

econciliation with the eult o thoe evolution vena a philoophy of the ougeoi evolution, it doe notefect the entie poce of that evolution ut onl y itconcluding phae t i thu a philoophy not of the evolution ut of the etoation" (Kal Koch, hee onegel and evolution") egel pefomed the ta of thephiloophe the gloifcation of what exit" fo the

lat time, ut even fo hi what exited could only ethe totality of the movement of hitoy. ince the x

al poition of thought wa nevethele maintained thicould e ad only y identifying that thought with apeeiting poject of the piit of that aolute heoicfoce which ha done what it willed an willed what itha done that foce whoe achievement i the peent o

philoophy a it expie in the am of tuly hitoical

49



T i Y A L

thnng an n o ongr gorfy ts word wthot dnyngt for vn n ordr to xprss tsf t mst assm that

t tota story n wh t as vstd rytng as omto an nd and ta t ony ort apa of rng ontrt or fashood as n adjornd

\H T H E L R AT dmonstrats trogh ts ownatons that stora toght as not aftr a forgottnand ost tsf that toghts csis ar ngatd tat t sam tm th adty of ts d s onrmd

I T T H U HT A b savd ony f t omsprata thoght and t prat of th protarat as a

rvotonarv ass annot ss than stora onsos-nss appd to th totalty of ts word t thort-

a strands of th rlir worrs' movmnt stmom rta onfrontaton wth gan togt andts gos for arx as for trnr and Bann

9 H AIT ars thory from th glan

mtod s tslf nspara from that torys roton-ary haratr tat s to say from t s trth t s ndr t

aspt tat th ratonsp twn arx and g asgnay n gnord ndrstood or vn dnondas th wa pont of what as n faaosy transformdnto a arxst dg porng th ssthansntprdtons of t Mifs of 1848 onrnng th mm-n of protaran rvoton n rmany Brnstn pr-fty dsrd ts onnton twn t data

mthod and a hstora ig id: hstora



A A U B A

atoggton o goly tan that th oon-t o poltal ona wold ha p to top

t wold nophnl n a ax who y thatpod had alady o a o tnt o th on-oy w t not pol to ogn h th ta

o a l ngrng loyalty to gl antthtal dalt omwhh ax no o than ngl had n opltlyanpatd hl n w o th gnal tln oth tm th wa all th o atal to h"

0 H V I THT ax td n od to alag"th thoght o th ogo olton y tanplant-ng t wa no tal ttton o th atal lop-mnt o th o o podton o th nolng o thglan pt on t way to t no wth t n

t t ojtaton ng ndtnghal om talnaton, and t h toal wond lang no a ohtoy on t o al no l ong ha an d. hatax d wa to dolh gl dad tan wthpt to what o along wth th oplao o ap xtnal agnt o what n hoy thn-owad a nothng to now yon what t tl dd

By ontat t h ontplaton o th ont o thonoy n th do nant thoght o pntay ot n a oid lgay o th dial apto th glan attpt to at a la yt ththoght an appoatoy on whh no long ha thdnon o th onpt whh no long ha any n

o glan to ty t a th ont that t

dgnd to lad a to o th wol wh thoght



S F A

n o onger a any ae a eor woe mehana deveomen n effe domnae e word deveopmen ovr

a Marx' proje he proje of a ono orywereby e qana ve ream ha are from e bnddeveopmen of prely eonom rodve fore wodbe ranformed no a qaave apropraon of horye rq of polcal cooy he r a of d

of prory Of a he nrmen o f prodon, hegreae rodve ower e revoonary a ef"

8 1 H CS TY o f Marx nkng wh ennkng l e n raonal gra o f he fore aaly awork n oet ndamenay, og, Marx' eory ebyod ene wh only reerved whn nama ranended by . For Marx e rl and

by no mean e law

ha a o e nderood Weknow ony a nge ene" ay T Gra dolohe ene of ory"

8 2 H U RG E I S E R hogh eager o gve ory a en fondaon, nege e fa ha he ene avaabe o m erany ave been fonded aong

wh e eonomy on ory On e oer and, hory fndamenay depenen on eonom knowledgeonly o ong a reman merey cooc or Hory nervenon n e eonomy (a goba proe ha afer a apable of angng own ba en preondon) a n fa been overooked by en oerver o a degree wel raed by e van alaon

of oe oal wo be eved a ey old aeran



H S U B J E C T A N D E P R N

xa pdy f ss Nw a nna nk-ng by Sa as sdd n mpnsang f

dny f ss sam yp f asnngaks s dla balan f a pmann nm amny If s mas sn f sy and bng nd s gan pj f ansndng nmy and akng pssssn f sy ann sl f b sn n aa. T nay p n f w, slng as psss n spsng nn a sy n psn pd an b masd y mans f snfknwldg, as fald d sf f a s bgs as

3 T UTI STRDS n sasm g y d a sal s n f xsng salganzan a pply s ald nasm as y dny

sy nasm, a s, as y dny sgg axss, alng w any mmn f ms b ynd mmabl pfn f mag f a appy syN w, bas y dny sn On nay pans w mply n a snf nkng, n fm n w s ad mpsd slf n pdng ns T gal was pfn f s

anal sysm Ty any d n k pn msls as pps dsamd, f y d fmly n sal pw f snf pf and n n asf SanSmnsm n s f pw y snHw dd y magn Smba wnds a wandd b ed mg b wn by fgng? A sam, pans sn nan dd n xnd

knwdg f fa a sal gps a abl

5



H E S O C Y O F T H P E T L

hve vested nterests n stts q fres t ther dspsl

eqpped t mntn t nd ndeed frms f flse n

ssness desgned t bttress ther pstns Ther def thngs ths lgged fr behnd the hstrl relty f

he develpment f sene self whh ws by ths tme

lrgely gveed y the il ded rsng frm ftrs

sh s thse mentned bve whh determned nt

nly wht ws nsdered sentflly eptble t ls

jst wht mght beme n bet f sent reserh

he tpn slsts remned prsners t the ieticmer f epudi the tuth nd they vewed ths trth

n rdne wth ts pre bstrt mge the frm n

whh t hd estblshed tself t mh erler mment

n sl develpment s Srel nted the tpns t

m s ther mdel fr the dsvery nd demnstr

tn f the lws f sety: ther neptn f hrmnys hstle t hstry ws the prdt lglly engh

f n ttempted ppltn t sety f the sene lest

dependent n hsty Ths neptn ws ntrded nd

prmted wth n epermentl ngensness wrthy f

ewtnsm nd the smlng ftre ntnlly eved by

the tpns plyed " rle n her sl sene nlgs

t tht plyed by nert n rtnl mehns Mtiuxpu ue re du poltt

84 THE ENF DEERM sde f Mrs thght wsndeed wht mde t vlnerbe t "delgtn the

breh ws pened n Mrs wn lfetme nd gretly

wdened n hs theretl egy t the wrkers mve

ment he dvent f the sbjet f hstry ws nse



7 O

qnly s bak vn frhr as onomis h hisoriasin par xlln as dpndd on mor and mor

as garanor of h nssiy of is on fr ngaionn his ay reutoar prte h only ru agn of

his ngaion ndd o b hrs ou of horys ld of

vision aloghr bam imporan painly o sdy

onomi dvlopmn and on mor o ap ih

glian ranqilliy h sffrin i imposd ha sf

frng hos oom as sill a gravyard of good inn-

ions All of a sddn i as disovrd ha aordin

o h sin of rvolions, ooue ow awaae o he ee too oo and ndd o b agh is

ory has provd s and all ho hogh lik s rongnls old ri in 5. " has mad i lar ha h

sa of onomi dvlopmn on h Coninn a ha

m as no by a lon ay rip hrogho his lifarx phld his horys niary sandpoin y in h

expoto o ha hory h as dran ono h rod of

h dominan forms of hoh in ha h ndrook riiqs of parilar disiplins and noably ha of h n

damnal sin of bori soiy poliial onomy as in his milad form lar akn as dniiv ha

Marxs hory bam Marxism

8 H WAS F Marx's hory is narally par and

parl of h aknss of h rvolionar srl of h

rolaria of his im h orking lass faild o ina

gra prmann rvolion in 4 and h Commn

n do in isolaion Rolionary hory as h sill

nabl o om ino fll possssion of is on xisn



T H E S O C I Y O F S P A L

Tha Ma shld hav b cd ddi ad

hi ha h i h dachm schal wk i

h Bish Msm ca l hav had a dbiliai c h h isl Wha is cai is ha h sciic

cclsis ha Ma dw ab h dlpm

h wki class al wih h aizaial pac-

ic dd h wld la bcm bsacls

paia cscisss

86 A OREA shcmis a siei ds

plaia i b h i h c ih m h psii cm dw i h d h

iicai h plaia wih h bisi whrepe o he revouioar seizure o power

8 A RLY AS h }aieo h dmsa hsciic liimac paia pw b cii a s

qc pcds l svd mdd Ma's hisical hki his appach ld him dd a lia

md h dvlpm mds pdci accd

i which a ach sa class ss wld d ih

i a vlia csii sci a la i

h cmm i h cdi casss Th plaics his hw a ha s as h Asiaic md pdci as Ma himsl bsvd i ah c

ci psvd is sasis i spi class cic s

jaquerie ss v vhw h bas ad

sla vl i h aci wld v dd h l

m. Th is hi h ia md ss sih is

h ac ha e boureoiie is he o reouoar as ha



P O I C N P T I O

has eer een vcorious; he only lass, also, or whh hedeeomen o he eonomy was he ase and onse

qene o s are o soey he same smed ewled Marx o negle he eonom roe o he Sae n hemanagemen o a ass soey I he rsng borgeoseaears o hae lberaed he eonomy rom he Sae, hss re only o he exen ha he Sae was ormerly hensrmen o lass oresson n a statc economy Theborgeose deeo ed s aonomos eonom owerdrng he medea erod when he Sae had been weakened, when dalsm was breakng a sale eqbrmbeween owers he modern Sae, on he oher hand,whh rs sored he deelong borgeose hankso he meranle sysem and hen wen on, n he meo lasser are, asser asser, o beome he borgeo

ses on State was eenay o emerge as weder o aower enral o he anned managemen o he economcprocess Marx was aready able nder he rbr o Bonaarsm, araey o de a oreshadowng o modernSae brearay n ha son o aa and Sae whhesablshed aals naona ower oer labor and a b ahory desgned o manan soa serde"; he

borgeose hs renoned any hsora exsene beyonds own redon o he eonom hsory o ngs andermed sel o be ondemned aong wh he oherlasses o a ke ola nly" Aready dsernbe nolne here are he sooola bases o he modernseale, whh n a negae way denes he rolearaas the on pretender to hstorca exstence

5



O H P A L E

8 8 H L TW lasss a rally orrspond o Marxsory wo pur asss a wo rus o

s anayss nds o brng o for ar bourgosand proara Ts ar also ony wo roluonary asss n sory bu y ar roluonary undrdfrn ondons bourgos rouon s a faaompl. prolaran rouon s a proj formulad on bass of arlr rouon bu dfrngqualaly from To ngl orgnaly of bourgoss soral rol srs ony o onal onrorgnay of prolaran proj w an nowr unss adans undr s own bannr and omso grps w proigousnss of s own ams" bourgos am o powr baus was ass of dopng onomy proara w nr om o

mboy powr unlss boms s o onsousnes grow of fors of produon anno n slfguaran s asson o powr no n ndrya nras n dsposssson a s grow nasNor an any Jaobnsyl szur o f a b a manso a nd T prolara anno mak us of any deoogydsgnd o pass para goals o as gnral o ns baus

anno manan any para ray a s ruly s own

89 T I T U a durng a ran prod of s parpaon n sruggl of proara Marx orrad alu of sn pron ndd wn so far ns dron a prod l usons of onomsmw an nlual j usfaon owr larly nr

fll pry msf o su llusons n a wlknown lr



O L R T S O

of 7 Deember 167, aomanyng an are rzngCapta w e msef ad wren and w Enges

was sosed o b s as f were a of an oonenMarx eary ndaed e ms of s senf sane:Te aor's ujecv endeny mosed on m eras by s oa oson and s as) a s osay e way n w e msef res and orrays foroers e ae oome of e resen movemene resen soa roess as nong wasoever odo w s rea anayss" By s ensrng e endenos onsons" of s own obeve anayss and byneroang an ron eras" aroos of e nsenf oes sosedy mosed" on m Marx n effereveas e meodooga key o akng e wo asesof e maer

90 T U S N knowedge and aon ms be eeedwn e sora srgge sef n s a way a eaof ese oes deends for s vadaon on oer aonses e roearan ass as a sbje s s organz-ng of revo onary srgges and s organzng ofa e omt o revouo : s s e on a w e

prcta odto o coou ms be assembed ande eory of raxs verfed by vre of s ransforma-on no eorynrae Ts voa sse of organzaon owever reeved b e sanes aenon fromrevoonary eory drng e fondng erod of eworkers movemen e very erod wen a eorys ossessed e nary araer w ad nered

from sora og (and w ad rgy vowed

59



I E A

to dop nto a ntary htora ai. A t trndot organzaton bam th o o f rotonary tho

ry iot aowng th tnt of that thory to biodby tat and h rarha mthod borrowd fromth borgo roton Th form of organaton d-opd bqnty by th workr momnt on th baof th drton of thory ha tndd n trn to barth ontrton of a ntary thory to bra thory pntad nto a arty of pazd and fagmntary typof knowdg. Th doogay anatd thory annotn rognz th prata raton of th ntary htora thoght that t ha b trayd whnr that r-aton mrg n pontano workr trgg on thontrary a t an d o hp to rpr t and dtroy ammory of t Yt h h tora form thrown p by th

trgg ar th ry prata mdm that thory ndn ordr to b t Thy ar n fat a rqrmnt o f th-ory bt on that ha not bn gn thorta xpron.Th ot for xamp wr not a thorta do-ry and to go bak n farthr th hght theortiatrth attand by th ntatona Workngmn Ao-aton wa t own xtn rcc.

9 AR SSSS I N th Frt nttona tr na-bd t to fr tf from th ond nn that thdomnant do ogy ontnd for a tm to xr pont from wthn Bt th dfat and rpron that t oononfrontd broght to th rfa a ont btwn twoonpton of th protaran roton ah of whh

had an authoiaa dmnon p ng th abandonmnt

0



T H O L I A T U T N T A T

e nsus seemanpan e wrkng ass Te r beween Marxss an Bakunnss w een

uay beame an rrenable ne ad a dual aspe na bre b upn e quesn pwer n a urereunary sey and upn e urren rganan e memen and b e ppsng ans reerseder wn psn n mng rm ne ese ssues e er Bakunn denuned as an usn e dea alasses ud be absed by means an auraran use Sae pwer wang a s urse wud ead erensrn a bureaura rulng ass and e darsp e ms knwedgeable (r se repued be e ms knwedgeabe) Marx w eld a embned mauran, enm nradns n ene and, and e demra eduan e wrkers

n e er and wuld redue e prlearan Sae'sre e sr pase needed ge e samp egay new sa relans brug n beng by bjee ars arged Bakunn and s supprers w eauraransm a nsprara e e a ad deberaely paed se abe e I nernana w e arebraned nenn mpsng n sey an rrespnsble

darsp e ms relunary (r se seldesgnaed as su) Bakunn unquesnaby rerued llwers n jus su a ass n e mds e ppularempes we mus be e nbe p s gudng e Relun, n by any knd er pwer bu by e levedarsp all ur alles a darsp wu badgeswu a es wu any a saus, an

erere all e mre pwerul as des n arry e

1



S O P C A

rappng of power." wa eary a a beween woideooges of worker revouon ea eboded a par-

ay orre rque bu ea avng o e uny ofora houg, apred o e ef up a an deoogaauori� Powerfu organaon ong em he GeanSoa Demoray and he Iberan Anar ederaonwoud ubequeny fahfuy erve one or e oer ofee deooge n every ae e reu produed wagreay dfferen from he one oug

9 T FAT THA e anar regard e goa of e proearan revouon a immediatey preent a one egrea reng and e grea weakne of e rea anarrugge (I refer o e rugge of colectivist anarm; eam of anarm n ndvdua varan are augh

abe) Coev anarm rean ony e termina pointof e hora oug of modern a rugge and unondona demand a pon be aaned nany eoed n yema onemp for meodI rque o f he poitical struggle onequeny reanan abra one whe ommen o he eonomrugg e framed ony n erm of e m rage of a den

ve ouon o b e aeved a one roke on e eonombaeground ef on e day of e genera rke ornurreon Te anar agenda e ulment o anideal. Anarm e s] ideoogica negaon of e Saeand of ae a o ay of e very oa preondon of any eparaed de oogy I an ideology o purereedom w make everyng equa and eew any

uggeon of hora ev poon w fue



H P R O E A R A A S S J E C A D R E P R E S E A O

al arta dmands nto a sngl dmand as gvn anarsm t grat mrt of rrsntng t rfsa of xstng

ondtons from t standont of t wo of f notmrly from t standont of som artlar rtal salzaton On t otr and t fat tat ts fson ofdmands s nvsagd n t absot at t wm of tndvdal and n advan of any atazaton as doomdanarsm to an norn tat s only too asy to dsrn t dotrn rqrs no mor tan t rtratonand t rntrodton nto a artlar strgg of tsam sm l and anomassng da t sam ndont tat anarsm as dntd from t rst as tmovmnts sol and ntr goal Ts Baknn on qttng t Jra Fdraton n 873, fond t asy to wrt tatDrng t last nn yars mor tan nog das for t

salvaton of t world av bn dvlod n t Intrnatonal (f t world an b savd by das) and I d anyon to om wt a nw on Ts s t tm not fordas bt for aton for dds No dobt ts atttd rsrvs t ommtmnt of t trly stora togt oft roltarat to t noton tat das mst bom ratal bt t lavs t grond of story by assmng tat t

adqat forms of ts transton to rat av aradybn dsovrd and ar no longr sbjt to varaton

9 T ANARCHISTS wos dologal frvor ary dstngsd tm from t rst of t workrs movmntxtndd ts sazaton of tasks nto tr own ranksso offrng a ostab ld of aton wtn any anar

st organzaton to t roagandsts and dfndrs of



H H S P E A

anarh doog and h mdor of h awa on rnford b fa ha r n ua a

wa gnra onnd o h ron of a uh o funhangng ruh An dooga r for unanmyn h akng of don ndd o faor h unonrodr of owr w n h organzaon f, b a of frdom and rvouo nar anarm a omarab unanm oband b omarab manfrom h o on h ar rad uror hrfua o dnguh bwn h ood uaon of amnor groud n ongong rugg and a nw o of fr nddua a d m and agan o rmann oaon of anar wn h m for ommondon arrv on nd on nk of ounanarh nurron n San a hav bn onand

and ruhd a a oa

94 T ILLUSI ON MO R O LSS uhd n a gnun anarhm ha of ann mmnn of arvouon wh bau w b mad nananou bound o vada bo h anar d oog and h formof raa organzaon ha ow from n 96 anar

m ra dd ad a oa rouon ng u mo advand mod of roaran owr vr razdEn r hough rnn o ra for on ngha gnra nurron wa dad b an arm ronunamno urhrmor namuh a h rouonwa no omd n ar da Frano njongrong forgn bakng a a m whn h r of nr

naona roaran movm ad arad bn dfad



E R O L S U J N D R E P E N A O N

hd pwe haf h u whe bu fe adh wke pa f a b ed h

Repuba amp he azd aah mmped apab f bad h vu m

f afeuad hem h mvm' ad-

beam em m ha a bu

ae ha wa dma he u a p-

eeded he v wa

5 T E ORODOX ARXSM" f h Sd aa

wa h f h a eu a

d whh aeed ha wh uh eded

bje em pe ad h adual -

f h e b a wk a duad b

h aza h d humd upa a-

m fah pea ek h u wh a cempave eva f he u f h. S u f uh wa

h aud wh h a dme f a a h

hw ha ve h a ma f h a

p h upa' ad al Fu) que

A ea f h va had apab f

d ah m ha hah mmea eha a-

ae fme lfd p beva DasFiazapial ha z h f am

" ue a wha paa aude huld be

adped. i h a ad

qu ah pa ef he ev f ha e

The wh he udad ha a

ad f h eua paa a ua ha

huh wa f i mre ad hi es ha he



T H E S O C ; v F P E A L

ptcl tttude to be dopted old ony fall v o h

ra whh ha ho daly nad.

6 TH IE h soaldora organzaon

lad ha organzaon n h hands of teche wh o wr

sosd o da h workng ass and h organa

onal for adod orrsondd rfly o h sor of

assv ang ha hs md Th araon o f h

soalss of h Sond nrnaona n h oa and

ono srggs was onr nogh b as ro

fondy uctl Thrs was a anfsly efot ra

arrd on n h na of an uoy revoluto was

nvabl ha hs dology of rvoo n shold fondr

on h vry sss of hos who rolad . Th s

ng aar o f arlanary rrsnavs and jo rnass

whn h ovn noragd o wh o had n anyas bn rrd fro h borgos ngnsa o

rs a borgos syl o f f wh h radno n

braray d vn hos drawn n hrogh ndsral

srgg and of workngass bakgrond no r bro

krs o f abor radrs n laborowr as a oody o

b bogh and sod l any ohr For h avy of all

hs o o hav rand any rvolonary aswhasovr aas wod hav had o nd sf on

vnnly nab o wh a rfors on h o

no lan ha was rfly ab o ora on h

oa n h sha of h soa doras' lgals

agaon. Th "sn o f h soa doras vohd

for h nvably of sh a aradoa orrn hs

ory, howvr, gav h o a vry .

66



H P R O A R A A B A R R A

97 H W CTRDCTN that Bernsten, beng thesocal democrat farthest removed from oltcal deo

ogy, and the one who most nabashedly embraced themethodoogy of borgeos scence, was honest enogh todraw atenton to the reformsm of the Engl sh workersmovement, whch dd wthot revoltonary deologyatogether, also attested to t bt only hstorcal develoment tsef cod demonstrate t beyond a ossbltyof dobt hogh rey to all knds of llsons n otherareas, Bernsten had rejected the noton that a crss ofcatasm mst mraclosly occr, ths forcng th e handof the socalsts, who declned to assme any revoltonary mantle n the absence of sch a egtmatng eventThe rofond soca heava set n tran by the FrstWorld War, thogh t rased conscosness on a wde

scae, roved twce over that the socademocratc herarchy had fale to edcate the German workers n a revotonary way, that t had faled, n short, to u hem

no heorecan the frst tme was when the overwhemng majorty of the arty lent ts sort to the mera

st war the second tme was when, n defeat, the artycrshed the Sartacst revotonares he sometme

worker Ebert stl beeved n sn declarng that hehated revoton l ke s n" He also roved hmself to b ea ne herad of that mage o ocam whch was so on toemerge as t he mortal enemy o f th e roletarat of Rssaand elsewhere, by recsely artclatng the agenda of thsnew form of aenaton Socasm," sad Ebert, meansworkng hard



T H E S O C I E Y O F T S P E C A L

8 RXIS I K R Lnn as smply a ath and

nsstnt Katskyst appld th reuar de

thd Maxsm h ndtns xstng n Rssandtns that dd nt pt th st mst

pat psd n paall ashn by th nd nt

natnal h task dtng th pltaat m th-

t by mans a dsplnd landstn paty nd

th ntl ntltas h had bm "pssna

vtnas gav s t a gnn pofeon and

n dsnnd t mak mpats th any pssnal

stata aptalst sty vn had sh an vt

psppsng th attanmnt an advand b-

gs dvlpmnt bn thn th p h ast

pltal gm t mak) In nsqn th spaty

th pssn n qstn bam that al ca

maaeme

D V th a and th laps nt-

natnal sa dmay n a t th athtaan

dlga adasm th Bshvks as ab t ast

ts nt ass th gb h bldy nd th ks

mvmnts dmat llsns mad a Rssa th

hl ld and Blshsm gnng v th st v-ltnay t pnd p by ths p ss ppsd

ts hahal and dlga md t th ptaat

all nts as th ay t tak Rssan t th lnglass. Lnn nv pahd th Snd ntnatnas

Maxsm bng a vltnay ide bt nly

havng asd t b sh an dlgy

68



P R O U B J C A N D I O

100 TH I A M I R I CA M M N whe Bohe r-mphed fo ielf R d ol demory ogh

oroy fo he old old o rk he deegro o order o hg h le he ore o

he oder pee re h w he moe whe

image of he oking la roe rd oppoo o

he workg l e

! J N A L L A R R R V U I N wroe Ro e-brg De Re ahe or 21 eember 98, "he oppo-

e oroed oe oher e o e: l g

progrm g progr he pree reolo

he roop h proe he od order ed o ere

g he me o he rlg e eee der he

ber o oldemor pry he erl qe-

o o he reolo were poed opely d hoely he or Cpm or olm he o dob or

heo wold be pobe ody mog he brod pro-

er me Th ew dy beore dero

he rdl rre wh he er proer o-

ered he ere o he ew odo brogh o beg

by he whoe proe whh hd goe beore d o whh

he image o he workg hd rgey orbed):he per orgo o he rlg order deee

d o reg o ppere der whh o e-

rl qeo old y oger be opely d hoeypoed By h e he reolory ge o he proe-

r hd beoe boh he elee d he he

rel o geer] o o oey



T H T S L

0 H O R G I Z O O he plei dig he

Bhi mde emmd m he de f Ru

i d fm h dii fm he uiy ug

gl f he mm i h ded ui

Rui d l mdid l h dii

dd y hi fm f gizi i he diei

f h ueuiy e h i hd u

iuy ied fm i egiig; d h epeed

ig f h m f he up k mem he Hi hdu hi aa f he 98-90 pid

ig h iludd h ile ihili f i dil miiy fuh fiid h mplee ufld

ig f pe h ed eu ud fuduy pe

ilf h d h y pi pli

lui Th Blhi py juid ielf i m f

he eiy f S mpy h ped defe f h pe f he e, d i ue i

hi que ud h py i h i uy , mly

h py f h we f he prleaa hih eeilly

dildged l i fm f ehip

O R W R S h iu di f Rui

il dmy hd egged i uld de hih dii e m ppiiu f h eh

f zim he e f he ugeii he eigh

i h f h p mjiy he deii l

e pyed y elized d mili pli d

h pi fi pidd h lui h

i did h f h hd fgud i e

f h hyphee my he luiy uuy



H T R \ R t

whh laed e l a he head o he roeara eedhe Sae and roeeded o moe a new orm o a rle

on oey A rly orgeo revolon wa molea l o a demora daorh o worker and eaan"had no rea meanng and a or he rolearan ower ohe ove od no be mananed a one agan hea o ma andhodng eaan agan a naona andnernaona Whe reaon and agan own eeaed and aenaed rereenaon n he hae o a worker'

ary o abole maer o he Sae, o he eonomy,o he mean o exreon and (eore ong o hoghroky and Parv heory o ermanen revolon whh enn n ee eoed n Arl 1917 wa honly eoy ha held re or onre ha were award rom he on o vew o he oa deveomen o

he orgeoe, even here ony aed one hennown qany o he rearay la ower hadome no ay In he many lahe wh e Bo hevkleaderh enn wa he mo onen deender o heonenraon o daora ower n he hand o hreme deoogal rereenaon. He nvaraby had headvanage over h oonen beae h e hamoned ol

on ha owed ogaly rom he earer hoe made byhe mnory ha now exered abole ower a demoray reed o eaan on he Stae e hod be by heame oken reed o worer, and hene ao o Commn non leader, o ary member n genera, andeven, n he end o he hghe rank o he ary' herarhy A he Tenh Congre a he Kronad ove wa

beng down by re o arm and delged n lander,

7



H H E A L

enin assed a jdgment o n te etis brearas o eorkers Oosition te ogi o wi Sain wod

aer extend ino a eret diision o te word Herew s or o tere wi a gn in yor and bt notas an oosition. \Ve ae ad enog o oosiion.

4 D G I T E e soe owner o a a apiali, tebrearay a rst sered ts ower inernay b eneringaer Kronsad, and nder e New Eonom Poi,nto a emorary aane wi e easanry exernay,n arae asion, it deended is ower b sng e regimened workers o e brearati arties o te irdnernaiona o bak Rssian dioma o saotagereotionar moemens and o sort borgeois goernments on wose sor in te internatona sere i was

oning (e Komintang in te Cina o 1925-192Poar ronts in San and rane e). n rsit o issereaiaion, oweer, breara soe en roeeded means o terror eerised agains e easanr,o ee isor's most bra rimte amaon oaia eer T e indsriaiaion o t e Stain era reeaste brear r are: te roonging o e reign

o e eonomy and e saaging o a essentia ases o market soiety no eas t e instittion o aborasomodi e eonom in is indeendene s sowedse so orogy abe to dominae soie as o rereae or is own roses tat ass domination wi isessentia o its oeraion t roed, in oter words ate borgeosie ad reaed a ower so aonomos tat,

so ong as i endred it od een do witot a borgeoi



L E T I A B N E � T T

e Te ttaltaran bureauray wa nt n Brun Rene te lat rertywnng a n try r t

wa merey a uttute rug ca r te market enmyA ttterng atat rerty ytem wa relae by annerr ern tel me e ere anocetted a te ete rerty te bureaurata T unereee tye rung a wa ke-we a reetn enm unereement an ta n agena beyn rreng t bakwarne n ar-

tuar art te wr e erara tatt ramewrk r t ea remake te atat rulng awa ue by te arty te wrker rgane n teburge mel earato A Antn Clga nte rte et ne Stan rn nal uetn rganatn turne ut t be a uetn (Le

ad Reouo)

5 H oheree o the eate te reutnary egy w ennm wa te get untart eren gerne te management a reaty tat wa retant t wt Stalnm t elgy reere t wn nerent eene. egy wa n nger a wean

but an en n te But a le tat an n lnger be alenge beme a rm mane Eentuay bt realty an te ga ugt le n a ttaltaran egyramng tat wateer t a wa a there a wa a al rmtm te etae tat a nnete-e aye an eenta art n te etale wrlweeement e eg tat tk n matera rm n

t ntet n t tranrm te wr enmay a

73



E O C V O P E A C

capa aue age ha doe ucceeded oly

ug poce ehod o rar peptin

06 I D O LO G I C AL O AL AR I A cla poer he

poer o a ord ed o head he roger he

cla he ore orceuly procla ha doe o

e ad regh ere r ad oreo o aer

oexece. h a ar a odey goe ho

eer or ocal oexece uppoed o cocde

h he n plus ult o horcal deeope hch

deed oed o alble eaderhp hough eery

here edece he bureacracy obged o be a ca

percepbe o cocoue hu akg he hoe

o ocal e uahoabe ad ae he ocal orga-

ao o he abolue le repoe o h udaeal

coradco

0 ALSM WAS a reg o eror thn he bureaucrac

ca he error o hch he bureaucracy' poer a

ouded a bod o rke he cla el becaue h

cla had o ega ba o juridcal au a a properyo

g cla ha coud be exeded o each o eber

dduay rea popreorhp a aked becaue had becoe a oer oly by ea o ale cocoue ae cocoue ca aa abolue poer oy

hrough aboue error here a l real oe oo ah Meber o he ulg bureaucrac ca hae he rgh

o oerhp oer ocey oy colecey a parcpa

a bac e hey hae o play he par o he proleara

goerg a ocal oce hey are acor ahul o he



T H O E T A A T S U A T A T

x o f oogca braya Y r ffcv arcpaon n s conrf bng as o b rcv as ra

o bracra can ndvday assr s rg o owrbcas o rov msf a socas roaran woav o rsn msf as oos of a bracraw o prov msf a bracra s mpossb bcas oca r of bracracy s a bracracyos no xs s ac bracra s compy n-n on a cnra garan from oogy wc acnowgs cocv parcaon n socas owr ofll uch uruct t do not lquidt. As a gro bracras may b sa o ma a csons b cosvnss of r cass can ony b ns by concnraon of r rrorsc owr n on rson n srson ross ony pracca r of n owe

owr o a own an ncangab bonary as vr sbjc o rvson an s a powr odc wo apa xacy wo was a bracra, annc an ownr s word aon sngs proarans" n owr from raors n ay of M ao anWa Sr T aomz bracra co fn sar ssnc of s j rca sas ony n ron of

an a or d an masr of wor wo as msf n s way o b abso rson an for womr xss no gr y of sr ord of wobcoms ray conscos of wa s v , nvrsa m g of aca y by a owr of srconwc xrcss agans conras soo of ssbjcs" H s a onc powr a dns

of domnaon an p owr a vasas a

75



H O 0 T H E A

08 B TH TI M ID L GY become aboute becaue it po-ee aboue power a been tranforme from a frag-

mentary knowedge into a totaiaran lie truly hitorcatnkng a for t par been o uttery annlated tat h-tory tef even at the eve o f the mot emprica knowl-ege can no onger exit Totataran bureaucratic ocetylve in a perpetual preent in whc everyting tat hahappened earier eit for it oey a a pace acceibeto t polce project areay formulate by Napoleonta t of monarccally drecting the energy of memorie ha thu been mae concrete in a permanent manpulaton o f te pat and th no t ut n repect o f te pat'meanng but even n repect o f the ct themeve Teprce pa for ti emancpaton from al htorcal real-ty though i the o o f te ratonal orientation ndpen-

abe to captalim a a hora ocal We knowhow much the centic applicaton of an deoogy gonemad a cot Rua one need ony thnk of the Lyenkoaco. Te interna contradcton beettng totaitaranbureaucracy in it admintraton of an nutriaize ocety t mutaneou need for ratonaity and refualo t ao contitute one of it cef hortcoming a

compare wt noal capitalt deveopment Jut a thebureaucracy cannot reolve te queton of agricu tre acaptam oe o too it tu out eventually to be infe-rior to captalim in ndutral production whch t eekto plan n an autortarian manner on te twn bae ofa compete lack of reaim and an aderence to an al-emracng le



T E P R O E T A A S U N R O

9 B W T H wo w vouio wokmovm w o b io o o ,

o ii buu o o o ioiiim vi boow i oiio om om oii p i ou iRui Fim w mp o bouoi oomo i n eis £om u o ii poi ubvio; i w ate o eBe i pi-li oi, w oi o urviv ou miiio o m o o ioiio i om o miv iio i i mmu ioiio owv ivib bo mpo imm iio u o m wbi w impo v ou im m o i o i io mi, piv pop mol

o io o bouoi o w b oworviv, iv mobii bo bou-oii umpo wok piik bu o ii o iiuio b impo o vouio oim i w o i um iooili Fim p i o w i w vio uio o i o piipio i

ommui b i puovu , boo Fim i u o i ompl iou b mo oo z o m b viv i pu o o momo m o oiioi i uio I i u oo i omio o mo pl w bi k o i p i uio o

wok movm o o oui o o p

77



H E E A

d scit But insmuc s scis ppns s b coses d mininin cpitist rdr i ws nrm nu i sud b disdd b mrrin nd srnr rms is rdr i t sud rn d prs nm tcpitis Sts

0 H TH U I A N U R U R s succssu

disncumbrd its r ics buris prprt snd-in in t w its mn r t cnm nc id dpd tis cnm in ccrdnc wi is wnpurpss nd nc i d cid rcniin rm wi-ut s r pwr n trs i su nj iswn wrd in rnquii nd rm rbirrinss wic i ws sti is subjctd i rr pr-

cdd t nu nc t Slinism its binnins Suc dnunciin ws bund wr t rmin tlinisrbirr unpind nd subjc cninu djustmnr t simp rsn t he deooca asood a hadaended e bureaucras brh oud never be exposed. burcc cnn ibriz is itr cuur rpitic bcus its xistnc s css dpnds n is

mnp n i d wic r i s cumbr-smnss is is s itl wnrsip Admitd tisid s st t pssin t inrmd is riinsitin n t pitss triii wic is t is t rins t pprssi r pribitin st susin cmptiin nd din t nirt tut cpi burucrc is tus pss tid tn id n nr bi b nn W inspird



H P R O R S U C R R S N

rror now inpir driion b u vn hi riion wouddiappar wr i no for h fa ha h rror i mok

il urk in h win o i i ha a h vr momnwhn h buraura amp o dmonra i up-riori on apialim own round i i xpo a api-alim oor cou Ju a i aua hi or i a od wihi udiial au, and i rud mainaind inoran inonradiion wih i ini prnion o i wih ovi wih h bouroii in h produion of an abundanof ommoii i mid b h fa ha an abundanof hi kind onain i o imi idoog, and i na aompanid b h frdom o hoo from anunimid ran of paular fal arnaiv a pudo-frdom bu on whih for a ha, i inompaiblwih h buraura idolo

T T P R A G E in h buraura dvop-mn i idooia i o ownrhip i arad oap-in rnaiona a powr up on h naiona lvla a baia inrnaionali mod mu now rnounan aim o mainainin i fa ohion irrpiv ofnaiona fronir h unqua onomi dvopmn

xprind b ho ompin buraurai ha havudd in ownin oiaim in mor han on oun-r ha d on o a pubi and aou onfronaion b-wn h Ruan an h Chin li Hnforwarah buraura in powr and ikwi ah of hooaliarian pari apirin o a powr ha ha ouidh Saini priod wihin on naional orkin a or

anohr wi ha o nd i own wa Conidrd in on

9



O H P A L

juntion wit t xprion of intrna ngation wirt bam viib to t outi wor wn t work

r of Eat Brin rvolt againt t buraurat an -man a govrnmnt o f mtalworkr an wi avin vn xtn to t tting up of workr oun-il in Hungar ti rumbing of t worlwi alianfoun on buraurati mtifiation i in t at anal-i t mot unfavorab portnt for t futur vlop-mnt of apitait oit or t bourgoii i now inangr of loing an avrar tat a objtivl upportit b invting a oppoition to it orr wit a purl illu-or unit rift in t puorvoutionar omponntof t tabli iviion of ptauar labor an onra t n of tat tm itlf i ptaular aptof t iolution of t workr movmnt i tu itlf

a for ioution

2 H M I A O F N M toa a no bai toa out-i t variou rotkit tnni wr t onationof t protarian projt wit a irarial organiationgroun in iolog a toi urviv al t vinof tat onation ra onqun gap btwn

rotkim an a rvoutionar ritiqu of prnta oi-t i in fft oxtniv wit t rptful itantat t Trotkit maintain towar poition tat wralra mitakn wn t pa tmlv out in a ratrugg Unti 1927 rotk rmain namntall oalto t ig buraura toug ougt to gain ontroof ti buraura an au i t to rum a propr Bol-

vik forign poli t i wll known tat at ti tim

80



T H P T A : T B J T P T

h n o r n ordr o hp conc nn mouTmn o dvo ndrou h upporr M

mn ho h m pubc) Trok doomdb h bc prpcv h c h oon hburucrc c kn on h b o h ruo c on o b counrrvou onr c o n hdomc ron bound o op or counrrvouonr rol on h or b on umd n hnm o rvouon n hor o c brod ut a t dd

at ho rok ubqun rugg o up FourhInrnon nhrnd h m nonnc vngonc durng h con un rvouon bcom nuncondon prn o h Bo hvk orm o orgnon rok mp rud or h r o h l o h h burucrc' por h por o pr

c hn ukc n 193 pond o h m orgnzon orm h ongough mon bn hor n prcc hnk o hch prorn nd obng mr pcor o vn h occur n hr onorgnzon concou choo nd prnc hovn h d crbng cu vru o hBohvk pr r n c vrhng h h Pr wa

not Th dph o h horc ork nohndngukc n oog pkng or por h nh crud rn o h prorn movmnbvng nd gvng h udnc o bv h h hm h nr pron bng prook o h por hough r ru h own Wh ubqun vnr o monr xcl ho h pr n quon

rpud nd mn rvn ukc h h

8



E O 0 C E

nd frudiation rad with caricatra carityrciy what had idntid with nay th oo-

it of if, and t ooit of vryting for whic ad argd in Htory nd s Conun. No onbttr tan c itrat t vaidity of a fndantaru for aing a t intctua of thi cntury watthy rct i a rc gag of thir own ontmtraity. t crtainy cannot b aid that Lnin ncoragdiion of ti ind concrning i activiti for it waLnin who acnowdgd tat a oitica arty cannotain it br to whthr contradiction itbtwn tir hiooy and t arty rogra T raubjct o f c ury iaginary and inoortn ortrait wa a arty that wa indd cornt wit rctto on rci and artia ta ony to wit, t izr

of tat owr.

TH N O N T irag ntrtaind by rntdayTrotyi i contradictd at vry ont by th ra-ity of od caitait ocity whtr o th bo rgoior t h bracratic ty . t i thrfor not rriingtat it gt i t bt rction in t ray indndnt

ndrdvod contri, whr a varity of fradntrion of t and buracratic ociai ar concioyad off by oca ring ca a it iy th idoogy of conoic dvont Th hybrid natr ofch ca i or or dircty aociatd wit thiroition on t borgoibraucratic ctu. Thirintrnationa anring btwn t two o of

iting caitait owr a ong wit idoogica co ro

8 2



S B N P T A

mi (abl wih lam pning hi h-gnu ial ba gh ip h laad f idlgial ialim f all dibil i xpf ha f hi pli n p f buaua ha ab ihd ilf b pidig a mm famwk f nai •

al i uggl and paa agaian l in uh a ai Ch ina h alini m l f induializain n b appid i ii l adan ha h Ruia

f 97. A buaua apabl f iuialiing a naima al ai u f h p bugii wih pwbig izd b am a happd f ia igp h pa amg hm Algia fllwig iwa f idpd a buaua ha ha ablihdilf a a paaa auhi i h u f a ugglk abili hugh mpmi and fu wih a wak

aial bugii al i h fm lni fblak Afia ha ha maiaid Wbugii whh upa Amian a lal bu-gi i i niu gnall pig h pwf adiial ibal hif hrough osesso o he ae:

in uh ui wh fign impialim i ill hu ma f h m a ag i ahd a whih

h mpa mpnai f h al f lal pd-u i whip f a lal a ha i indpdn fh ma hugh f h impiali pw h uli an aiial bugii ha i inapabl f aumulaig apial a ml quaders i nu a muhh pi f uplu alu i a fm lal lab ah fig ubdi i i fm p a

mnpl i h maif inapai f uh a b ugi



S O T F T P T L

s fuf na ugs nm funns as s sn bng nfn y a sus ppsnsuu n buaua md an m ss waap a nns a s ag usup wa bugs as n Bu sussfu aan byany buauay f s namna p f nusaa-n sf nssay ms psp f s sa fau f as aumuas apa as aumuas

paa s ang s wn ngan n unsw a ngan n y s

4 N T O U R O F mp an b unha has bug h a f ass sugg un a nw sf nns, paa f h nusa un-s has s aby ass s wn npnn

I as as n as knng s s lusons Bu as n s s bng T paa a s n bn m-na an n mans duby psn un nns anan f mn apas n sapf as mass f wks w a s a pw us f h wn s an w once they elie thimus nssay n hmss as h paa

as ngan a wk n bsm f ays sy Thsass s bj y nf by h pasany's gauasappaan as a s by nsn f g f fay sm a ba s f ab n ssan nua pfssns Sujectely ugh hss a paa s y fa m fm any paaass nsusnss an s gs n ny f wa

wks bu as f wag wks w as y knw nhng



O T R I T J I O N

but th impotnc an mytcation of th o poitic.But hn th potaiat ico that it on xtna-

iz po conpi in th continua infocmnt ofcapitait ocity no ong thank to th aination of it abo but ao thank to th fom takn on byunion pati an intitution of tat po that it hatabih in puuit of it on fmancipation, thnit mut ao ico though conct hitoica xi-nc that it i in that ca hich i totay oppo toa if tnaization an a ciaization of poh potaiat i th ba of a voution that can eaveno other shere o ociet untranormed that nfoc thpmannt omination of th at by th pnt an -man a unia citiqu of paation th action of thpotaat mut aum a fom aquat to th tak o

quantitati if of it povty, no iuoy hiachicaincooation can upy a ating cu fo it iatifac-tion fo th potaiat cannot tuy cogni itf in anypaticua ong it ha uff no thfo n the ghtng o any arcuar wrong no vn in th ightg ofmany uch ong bu t ony in th ighting ofth unqua-ed ong that ha bn pptat upon it th uni-

a ong ofit xcuion om if.

5 O A an going tnncy toa ngationpoifat in th mo conomicay aanc countih pctacua ytm act to th ign ith incomphnion o attmpt to mint thm but thy aucint oof that a n io ha bgun Aft th

iu of th oking ca' fit bi aaut on cap



S O Y O F H S P A

talsm w a now wtnss to th ailur o apitalist abundan On th on hand w s antunon struggs o

Wstrn wors that hav to b pssd and rprssdprma b th unons thmsvs) at th sam tm rblous tndncs among th oung gnat a protst thats stll tntatv and amorphous t aad clar m-bods a rjcton o th spcalzd sph o th o d pol-tcs as w as o art and vda l Ths a two sdso th sam con both sgnalng a nw spontanous stug-gl mgng undr th sgn o riminality both portntso a scond poltaran onslaught on class soct Whnth nants prdus o ths ast mmobl hord nt oncagan upon th battlld whch has changd t stadth sam a nw Gna Ludd wll b at thr had lad-ng thm ths tm n an onsaught on th mahinry o pr

mittd onsumption

H T U H T potcal om whrb th co-nomc mancpaton o labor mght nall b achvdhas tan on a cla outln n hs cntu n th shapo voutonar wors councls vstng all dcson-mang and xcutv pows n thmsvs and drat-

ng wth on anothr though th xchang o dlgatsanswrabl to th bas and callabl at an tm As tsuch councs hav njod onl a br and xprmn-tal xstnc; th appaanc has nvarabl occasondattac and dat b on or anoth o class socts manso dnc otn ncludng t must b sad th psnco als conscousnss wthn t h councls thmslvs As

Panno ght strssd th dcs on to st up worrs

8



H P I B

ouls os o slf rov souos so mu as rooss rolms" Y owr o f worrs ouls

s o ox w rolms of rvou-o of rolara a ruly solv s r a ojv roos of sora osousss arassml og oor o ralzao of aav r ommuao w marks of asalzao a rary a al sarao a akso w xsg oos ar rasform o oos of uy s r oo a roar-a suj a mrg from sruggl agas a uryomlav ro for osousss s ow qua o raa orgazao a as os for sf a as om saral from a or rvo sory

M O D D owr of workrs ous aowr s o sula all or owrs worw roara movm oms s ow rou srou s rour msf a s ow ys rour as msf as s goa y s ox a sas gao of lf ga s ur

H A PPA RA O F workrs ouls urg rsquarr of s ury was g o of rolar-a movm u s raly as go uo or s rs ravs form aus valyvas aog w rmar of a movm a wol sora r of m o y a

sroy rom sao of rwa of rol



H ' S

tit citic ntpi how th counci m n in thi tu ight th on undtd pct o

dtd momnt: hitoic concioun w thtthi i th on nionmnt in which it cn thi nowpci th counci itutd hitoic not t thpiph o n ing tid bu t th t th cnt o ing on

9 A ROL UOARY ORGAZAO tht it thtihmnt o th pow o wo counci whichut dico it own ppopit o though tugg wi now tht o th hitoic on, it annot

rprsnt th oution c t mut imp cognizit dic ptd o th world o sparaon

20 R O U O A RY O R G A I Z A O N i th cohntxpion o th tho o pxi nting into twowcommuniction with pctic tugg it i thu pt oth poc o th coming into ing o pctic tho

2 ROLUOAR ORGANZAON mut ncicotitut n intg citiqu o ocit citiqu tht

i o , which u to compomi with n om optd pow nd which i dictd gob gint pct o int oci i In th outionogniztion tugg with c ocit, th wpon nothing thn th ssn o th ntgonit th:th oution ogniztion cnnot ow th conditiono diiion nd hich tht otin in th ominnt oci

t to b poducd within it t mut o ght con

8 8



T P R O L T R T S J C T N R P R S T T O N

tantly againt it own ditotion by and witin t ignngpctacl T only tiction on individal paticipation

in t volutionay oganization total dmocacy i tatimpod by t ffctiv cognition and appopiation byac mmb of t conc of t oganization ci-tiu a conc tat mut b bon ot bot in citi-cal toy pop and in t lationip btwn tattoy and pactica activity

2 2 AALSM vintnifyng mpoition of alinationat all ll mak it incaingly ad fo wok to c-ogniz and nam ti own ipovimnt and vnt-ally pt tm in t poition o f aving it to ct itin it totality o do noting at all t volutionay ogan-ization mut lan tat it can no long ombat alnation

by man o alinatd orms o sruggl

2 TH R O L A R I A N R V O L I O N i pdicatd ntilyon t imnt tat fo t fit tim toy a tndtanding ofman pactic b cognizd and dictlyl ivd by t ma Ti voltion dmand tat wokbcom dialctician and incib ti togt pon

pactic it t u ak muc mo of it mn wthout qualistan t bogoi voltion askd of to mn witualication tat it nlitd to un ting t patial id-ological concion cotuctd by a gmnt of tbougi cla ad a it bai only a ky portion of ociall i f namly t conomy w ti cla wa alrady in

powr It i tu t vy volution of cla ocity into

t pctacula oganization of nonlif tat oblig t



S O C O F E C C

votionay po to bom ib wat i away wa

i esee

VOLU O R HOR i now th worn nmy of a

otoa doogy ad i kw i

0



v

E AND STORY

0 genemen, he me e !.

A e we e o d kng

S y V P



T O C I E T Y O H E C T C

5 !N A N A IN wh is oely o he ee

h he olhe eg e wh me pp-

po of h ow ue he me me he ppe-heo of he uflg f he uee y elf

y x eal p f nau hioy f ue

emg m oeely, he ul hy ue-

o e eeely oy thugh he poe of hum

hoy, hough he eelpme of he ly gey p-

le of oeg h hl whoe oe eme

of me eeope whoe ge ee o he

ee of eule in me ow he ege of he uee

oy h lwy ee, u o lwy ho

fm he empolz f m effee hugh he

meo f ey, ele humz of

me The uu meme of me eme m-

fe ue hol oue

6 T M M N RY popey o e (hugh

sll hidden) eg wh he l mpeepe eme-

gee f he ue ue f m, of h ue whh

w o of hum hy f he poee h ge e o hum ey; u ey ee whe h

mee ehgy lguge, ee hughy he w ley he pu of ow hoy, e-

me ou oly f pepeul pee All wl-

ege, whh w y e lme y he memy f

ey le meme w lwy e y he liing.ehe eh epu wee ueo g

ee y me Te w me f ele

pe he me mple ey ly



i A N D

concon of tm, t racton wa to dy rathr thanmrac t, for vwd tm not a omthng pasi

t a omthng unn h wa a tatc typ of octy that organd tm tr to t mmdat prnc

of natr on a ca modl

LI I M wa alrady domnant n th prncof nomadc popl, who conontd th am condton

at ach momnt of thr roamng a gl not, th wandrng of nomad a mrly rmal on, ca t

lmtd to nform pac nc a octy cam dn a localty gvng pac contnt throgh th ndvdal-

zd dvlopmnt of pcfc ara, t fond tlf nclod

thry wthn th locaton n qton tmond

rtrn to mlar plac th gav wa to th pr rtrn

of tm n a ngl plac, th rptton of a t of grh hft from patoralm to ttld agrcltr markd

th nd of dl and contntl frdom, and th gn-

nng of ab h agraran mod of prodcton n gnral govrnd y th rhythm of th aon, wa th a of

cyclcal tm n t llt dvlopmnt trnty, a thrtrn of th am hr low, wa iea to th tm

Myth wa th nd mntal contrct whos o t wato ma r that th whol comc ordr conrmd t

ordr that th octy had n fact alrady t p wthn t

own frontr

H SOIL ORIIO of tm and th prodcton

of man y man of hman laor wr dvlopmnt that

awatd t advnt of a octy dvdd nto cla h



H : H P C

powe th built iel up o he bi o he pey o he

ociey o cycicl ime he powe i othe wod o

the c which o ied ocil lbo theei d ppo-pited he imed pl vle o be eced lo

ppopied he epl uplu value tht eled om

o itio o oci ime thi cl thu hd oe po-

eio o he ieveibe ime o he livi The oly

weh ht col ei i cocete on i he phee

o powe thee o be epeded o ev ce e-

iiy w o epede i he om o he qdei o a hoa a oey' uae. The owe o thi

hitoicl plu vle wee he e o he owle e

d ejoyme o diecly epeieced evet eped

o om the colecive o iio o ime tht pedomi-

ted ucio o he epetiive fr o podcio

which w he bi o ocil ie hioicl time owedidepedey bove it ow tic commiy Thi w

he ime o dvetue o w he time i which he lod

o cyclic ociety pued hei peol hioie the

ime oo h eme ed i clhe betwee ommiie

oei to oe othe pebio i ociey ch -i ode. o odiy me theeoe hio p oh

lie co omethi hey hd o o ht d i whoe occuece hey hd ho h hemelveecue Ye thi i poit o mde poible the et

o h e tive hm ene which hd bee t the

oi i o he whole (emoiy eted) deveopme.

9 I S E S S E E , cyclic ime w me wiho coic.

e eve i thi icy o ime coic w pee

9



O

hioy ugged o becoe hioy hough he pcic ciiy o he e A upeci ee hi hi-

oy ceed ieeibiiy i oee coiued heey ie h i ued up thn he iehuibe ie o

cycic ociey

OCLL COL SO S e ocieie h uccey

owed hei picipio i hioy dow o he ii

u d iied hei coic wih he u d

hu eioe we hei ie coic

i co equiibiu. Ahoug he dieiy o

iiuio e up o hi pupoe be eoque ei

oy o he piciy o hu ue eceio

hi eioy i o cou oy cceibe o ouide

obee o hopoogi kng bak o wihi

hioic ie. ech o hee ocieie deiiie o- gizio ucue ued ou chge he boue co

oiy o hei oci pcice wih which hu

poibiiie wee ecuiey d peey ideied

hd o ee 1ii ecep o he e o ig io

oe i codiio o hee i ode o ei

hu e hd o ei he e.

H M RG C O poiic powe eeigy oci

ed wih he ge echi eouio uch io

eig which occued he hehod o peiod h

w o epeiece o he jo uphe ui he ie

o ode iduy o coicided wih he ig o

he diouio o he bod o kihip Fo h oe

o he ucceio o he geeio e he u e

95



O C I E Y O H E S A L E

of the puely ylal and beame a pupoeful ueon

of v, a mehanm fo the tanmon of poe Ie-

vble tme a the peo atve of hoeve uled andthe pme yadtk of uehp lay n dynat ueon

he ule hef eapon a the tten od hh no

attaned t ful autonomou ealty a medaton beteen

onounee h ndependene hoeve a nd-

tn uhable fom the enea ndependene of a epaate

poe a the medaton heeby oety a onttuted

Wth tn ame a onoune no lon e onveyed and

tanmtted olely thn the mmedate elatonhp of

the lvn an imponal moy that a the memoy of

the admntaton of oety. Wtn ae the thou ht

of the tate ad oval "and ahve ae t memoy

H R E I N poe evebe tme hon-le ee a mean of mantann the vountat foa

po eon of th tme on the ba of the eodn of t

pat voluntat beaue uh an oentaton bound

to ollape alon h the patula poe to hh t

oepond and nk one moe nto the ndffeent oblv-

on of a oely ylal tme a tme knon to the peaant

mae ho no matte that empe may umble alon th the honolo e neve han e hoe ho possd hioy ave t an oentaton a deton and alo

a meann But the htoy unfolded and pehed apata a phee eavn the undelyn oety unaffeted pe-

ely beaue t a a phee epaate fom ommon eal

ty h hy fom ou pont of ve the htoy of

ental oete may be edued to a htoy of e on



I M I R Y

a e an eontut fo thei uin i the eeingy

independent hi toy o f the i uion that one eneoped

the. The ate ho potete by yth enjoyed thepva ownrhp of hio, theee did o at t in the

ea of iuion n China and gypt fo eape they

ong hed a onopoy o n the iotaity of the ou ke-

ie thei eaet offiiay eognied dynatie ee an

iaginay eontution of the pat. Suh uoy on

ehip by the ate hoee a at the ae tie the

ony onehip then poibe both of the oon hitoy

and of thei on h itoy. The epanion of thei effetie

hitoia poe ent hand in han ith a vugaiation

of thi i uoyythia onehip . of thee one

quene oed fo the ipe t that it a ony to

the degee that the ate ade it thei tak to funih

yia t ie ith ythi undepinning a in the eaonaite of the Chinee epeo that they theee ee

eatiey eanipated theefo.

l 3 3 T D XLID honoogy hih a deified

authoity offeed to it ubjet and hih a intended

to be undetood oey a the eathy eeution of the

oanent o f yth a detined t o be tanenedand to beoe oniou itoy. But, o thi to happen

ieabe goup of peope ha it to epeien ea pa

tiipation in h itoy. Fo uh paia ouniation

beteen thoe ho had onzd on anoh a poe

o of unique peent ho had epeened the quai

tatie ihne of eent a thei on atiity, thei on

deingpae in hot thei on epoh fo uh

97



S O E O F E S

commucato aoe te geeal laguage o f tocal

commucato Toe fo wom eeble tme tuly

ext dcoe t bot te ob ad te dang oforgtng: eodotu o f alcaau ee peet te

ult of eeace tat te geat deed of me may

ot be fogotte

1 34 T REL PO IORY alo, etcably to e

fect upo powe. Geece wa tat momet we powe

ad cage powe ee t debated ad udetood

T occued ude a doac of o/ ma a y

tem dametcally oppoed to tat of te depotc State

wee powe ettle accout oly w t telf te m

peetable obcuty of t deet pot by mea of

pala oon woe outcome wete ucce o fal

ue, aably placed te eet telf bond dconTe aed powe of eek commute eed olely

owee te xpnd o f a ocal l fe woe pod-on emaed te epaate ad tatc doma o f te lae

cla Te oly people wo ed wee toe who dd ot

wok Te do betwee Geek commute ad te

tuggle to explot foeg cte wee te etealzed

expeo of te pcple of eaato o wc eacof tem wa baed teally Geece c deamed of

a ueal toy wa tu uable to ute te face

of ao fom wtout; t could ot ee maage to

tadadze te caleda of t cottuet c te to

cal tme became cocou Geece but t wa ot yet

cocou of telf



T M S T O R

5 HE RGRESS IO F Ween g a ed nee a ndn favng he ee mmne had

dappeaed wa n ampaned b an ennf e ld m e Clae beween ee

nean peple and he nn and llape f e

Rman Sae gave e nead mhsta gons a

wee beme ba mpnen f e new n-ne f me and he new amae f epaaed pwe

O O H E S R E L I G I O S wee a mpme beween

mh and beween he lal me whh dmnaed e phee f pdn and he evebe

me whh wa he eae f n and eagnmen

beween peple Te elgn a evved f Jda-

m wee he aba nveal egnn f an eve-

ble me nw demaed pen all e ll nned he ealm f lln Tme emaned enel ened

wad a ngle na even Te Kngdm f d a

and Tee egn had gemnaed and aken ne l f h even ee weve he manane

a adal ppn h. Semal elgn

eabled qaave ang pn n me he b

f Ch he gh f Mhammad e eveleme ndng an eeve amn wh wd

ae e fm f nqe n lam and a f an neae

n apal n e Can f e Refman wa n

fa nveed n elg g a beme a f

undown: e wa a me an f e a dgmen

f e mmen f aen e e e wld e-

n emeged fm al me; wa ha me bend



T S O I O F S

tnity w l wht humbld tim in it iv-

ib w upping hity hity ntinud by

pitining itlf bnd eeible me pu pint whih ylil tim wuld nt nly t b blihd A

But uld till y: "S by wy f th ping f tim

w nt tnity whih d nt p

THE n unnihd mythi wd wh

pftin y utid itlf w th pd whn yil

tim whih til gvnd th mj pt f pdutin

uffd hity fit gnwing ind A mu fivibl tim nw b vilbl t vyn indi

viduly, in th fm f th uiv tg f if in th

fm f if pphndd vyg nwy pg

thugh wld w mning w lwh Thu th

ilim w th mn wh mgd fm ylil tim tbm in tuity th tv tht h individul w

qu ign Pnl hitil lif inviby fund it l-

illmnt within pw bit ith in tuggl wgd

by pw in tugg in whih pw w diputd yt

pw ivibl tim w nw hd t n unliitd

dg within th ntt f th gn unity tht th

intd tim f th Chitin nud hi w wld f amed fa in whih th tivity f th mtvlvd und fty nd und hlng t fty

wd nd th fudl gim bn f th ming t- gth f "th mtil gniztin f th my duing

th tul nqut nd "th tin f th pdutiv

f fund in th nqud unti (e Gman de-

lBY) nd mng th ft pnib f gniing

00



M N H : S T O

os podv fos ms nldd lgoslangag nd s gm soal domnaon was dvdd

p wn on on and and a powon o la ng f on down n a

odan w ompl laons of sany and vas

salag aas spvly, of al andd popy

and an ommns. Ts dvsaon o possl s

oal lf d gadal mgn, followng

ollaps o ga ofal nps of s wold,namly sads, of pods nsn onon:

a soy ad along n s nonsos dps y

vsl m, m dly xpnd y o

gos n podon of ommods, fondng

and panson of owns ommal dsovy of

plan n a wod, paal pmnaon a

olad any myal oganaon o osmos onand fo al

As H I G am o an nd vslm a ad nvadd soy was pnd y a on

sosnss sll aad o old od as an ossson w da Ts was mlanoly of a wold passng

ay las wold w sy o my oldsll alan soy; and fo s mlanoly all aly

ngs w nvaly mad on pa of opon

ga opan pasan vols w lws a reneo hy a soy a was wsng pasany fom

paaal sm o gaand y f

dal od Ts was momn wn a mllnaan o

pansm aspng o bUild heaen on eah og a o



H E S O : E T Y F H E S P E C A L

th forfront an ida that had bn a t th origi o f mi-hitorial rligion whn th arly hritia ommuni-

ti, lik th Judai mianim from whih thy prag,rpondd to th troub ad mifortun of thir timby announing th imminnt ralizatio of od' ing-

dom and o addd an lmt of diq uit and ubvrionto anint oity Th hritiaity that latr hard in

impria powr dnound whatvr rmaind of thi hop

a mr uprtition: thi i th manig of th ugutinianpronoumnt th arhtyp of all th atifit ofmodrn id ology aordig to wh i h th abihdhurh wa itlf and had log bn, that lfam hopd-

for kingdom Th oial rvot of th mi arian psatry

natural y d n d it f a an attmp t to ovrthrow th

hurh ilariaim ufoldd howr in a hitorial

world ot in th ram of myth. o, ontrary to whatorman ohn bl i h ha dmontratd in e Puutf he Mlennum, modrn rvolutioa hop ar not airrationa qul to t rligiou psio of mi llnariaimTh at oppoit i tru: millnarianim, th prio

of a rvolutionary la truggl pakig th languag ofrligion r th lat tim, wa lrady a modrn rvolution-

ary tndy lakig ony th oniou o f bing hal and nhng mre Th mil lnarian wr doomd todfat bau thy ould not rogniz rvolution a thir

own handiwork Th fat that thy mad thir ation o-ditiona upon an tal ign o od' will wa a trala-tion onto th l vl of thought of th tndy of inurgnt

paant to follow outid ladr Th paant la ould

ahiv a lar oioun ithr of th working of

02



A N

scty nr f th way t cnduc ts wn struggl and itwas bcaus it lacd ths rrquisits f unity its

actn and cnsciusnss that th pasantry rmulatd tsrjct and wagd its wars accrdng t th magry f anarthly aradis

3 E SSC M O E th nw rm f pssssn f hstrcal l if ng ts hrtag and ts urdi

cal basis in ntuty it was th barr f a yus brawth trnity h irrvrsbl tim f th nassanc was

that f an nfnt accumulatin f nwldg whl thhstrical cnsciusnss gnratd by th rinc f

dmcratc cmmunitis as f th ffcts f ths frcsthat had brught n thr ruin was nw wth achiavlli

abl t rsum t s rflctin un scular wr and say

th unsayabl abut th tat n th ubrant lif f thtal ian c tis in th arts f fstval l f cam t rcgniz

itslf as th njymnt f th assing f tim But ths

njymnt f transnc wuld turn ut t transinttslf Th sng f rn d dici, whch Burchardt

cns drd th vry sprt f th nassanc s thulgy dlvrd upn itslf by ths fragil hstrcal fast:

"Qan e bela gnea / Che s fugge uava

T RE LE SS U R SU I f a mnply f hstrcal fby th abslutmnarchst tat a transtinal frm alngth way t cmplt dmnatn by th burgs class,

clarly llumnats th highst prssin f th burg

ss nw irrvrsbl tm Th tim with which th bur

gisi was intrcably bund u was labrme, nw at

03



H E S O O F H S P C A L

a macia rm h cycica ram ith th ri f

h burgii wr bcam tha ork hch tranform

hoal ondon Th burgii wa h firt ruigca r which abr wa a au By abihig a ciariig a by rcgizig vau ura t th

iai f abr h burgii ffctivy cadit w au qua ruig ca wih abr ad ad th

rgr f abr h y maur f it w rgr Thca tha accumua cmmdii a caial ctiu-

ay mdi fi aur by mi fyig abr it f by u-ahig abr' ruciiy cia i f wa by hi timccrad i th ramd vry th urt

i th chizy traig f a ba at amiitrai

wh a wa th rfi f ig; a a iiid-

ua hitrica frm ha had t ct hi acric

Th ay f th fua r irrrib im hadhaut it f i hir a t ba in h r r

i t h c uriig i urt f har dward. Thwrd ha a w fuai

H ICR h burgi wa h icry f aprofound� htoal ti th tim crrdig t th

cmic fr f ruci which rafrm ciyaty ad frm t btm g a agricutr wa h chif ty fabr cyc ica tim rai it

dw h vr city a t t ur ih hcmbi frc f tradii which w w h mv-

m f hiry Bu h irrvrib im f h burgi

cmic rvui imiatd a uch vig hrugh-

h wr itry whih ha hihr aar t



T I M E D > O R

pr nthng mr than th atty f ndua mm-br f th rulng la and had thu bn n f a

a hrngy f nt wa nw prd n t gnalmvmen an nrabl mmnt that ruhd nd

ual bfr t By dcrng t ba n plta nyhtry bam awar f th tnc f what had bn unncu h ncnu hwr ntnud tt a uh and h try t l ld nt draw ut nt

th fu lght f day h bnd prhtry a nw fatatythat n n ntrl th nly thng that t mm-

ty nmy ha ra

O U G VR R S n cty th hty tnt b nb at t urfa h truph f rrrbl

tm wa al t tamrh nt th im o hin

bau th wan that ha nurd t ctry wa pri ly th ma rductn f bt n acran wth

th aw f th dty h man rdut that -

nm dmnt tranfrmd frm a uru rartyt a cny cnud tm wa th htry tf

but nly n th fr f th htry f that abtrat -mnt whh natd any ua tat ff hra

th ycal tm f an arr a had upprt an r-nrang mar f h tra tm ld by nd a l

and grp rrrbl t rgn r rdutn wtn aly t lm nat al uch l t

So H OU RG O S U D rrr bl h tral

t and p t n ty nly t dpr ty f

t u n thr wa hry but tr n lngr any

I�



C Y O F T T L

oy cu c of own of conomy,wo cnno k w onomi histo, mu p ny

o u of v m pnng n mm- o f ung c m up of spaissin th ownrship of ing wo fo vy on mv own y ng, og o f o mnnnc of f oy n o pmnnpon of nw oc mmoy Mnw wok of ocy fo f m noy strangd from history fo no v gn fom ow By mnng o liv -oc m c po cov mp unfog co of vouony pojc nvy mp o cy poj c oug oug up o now v gon own o f gn po

pon o f pu fo nw oc

R R R T M of ougo u pow c y own nm n gn nou ogn On of Rpuc Bu vo-uony oogy of gn fom o ov c of my ong of -

u ong w on fom of oc ognonw y un compy o conc go u p Romn coum nmy, gn frdom of trad ocy of comoy ooncovng mu n pvy wc o k o founon n o o nugu on uncng u now foun fo pupo

Cny gou cu o f mn n c

0



I M D H I Y

wa t mot tting fom o f ligion Capal) o tbougoii concu a pact wit ti ligion, an a-

angmnt flct in it pntation of tim t Rv-olutionay cana wa abanon an ivib timwa tun to t taitjackt of a uly xtn Citian a.

14 5 H O PM O capitaim mant t unification ofivibl tim on a world sal Unival itoy bcam

a aity bcau t nti glob wa bougt un tway of ti tim pogion But a itoy tat i tut am vyw at onc a a yt amount to not-ing mo tan an intaitoical fua of itoy. Watappa t wol ov a h sam day i my t timof conomic pouction tim cut up into qual abtactfagmnt Unifi ivib tim till blong to twol makt an, by xtnion, to t wol pctac

14 TH R R R L T M of pouction i fit an fo-mot t mau of commoiti T tim officially po-mot all aou th wo t gnral m of oyinc it ignifi noting byon to pcial intt

wic contitut it, i tfo not gna in caact,but parular



VI

PETAAR E

W hve ohi1g tha is our excep m, whh e h wthut

Baltasr Gacn, Oulo mnualy Ae d pude



I a O F S P A

14 H M O PROUCON timeascommodity, is aninnite accumuation of equivaent i ntervas t is irrevers-

ibe ime made abstract: each segment must demonstrateby the coc its urey quantitative equaity with a other

segments This time manifests noting in its effective rea-ity aside from its exhangeabit t is under the rue oftimeascommodity that time is everything man i s noth-

ing h e is a t he most time's carcass ( The Pove of Pho

oph) his is ime devaued the comete inversion oftime as "the sphere of human development.

8 TH GNR M of human nondeveoment aso has

a coementary asect that of a conumabe ie whichon the basis of a deteinate form of roduction, p esents

itsef in the everyday ife of society as a peudocc e.

149 UDOCCCL M is in fact merey the conumabedgue of the timeascommodity of the roduction sys-tem and it ehibits the essentia trais of that time: homo-

geneous and echangeabe units, and the suression of any

quaitative dimension But as a byrodu of timeascom-modity inended to romoe and mainan the bacward

ness of everyday ife i necessariy nds itsef aden withfase attributions of vaue and it must manifest i tse f as asuccession of articially distinct moments.

10 S U DO CCL C L M tyies te consumtion of mod-

e economic suriva of that augmented surviva in wich

daiy ied eerience embodies no free choices and IS sub-

ject no onger to the natura order, but to a seudonature



E CU R T

conruced b mean of aienaed abor. i heeforeuie naura ha eudoccica ime houd eco he

od ccica rhhm a goveed uriva in reinduria!ocieie. buid in fac on he naura veige of cci-ca ime wie ao uing hee a mode on which o baenew bu homoogou varian: da and nigh week workand week re he ofvacaion and o on

U DOY IM i a ime aormed idtr

The ime founded on commodi roducion i ief aconumabe commodi recombining evering whicduring he eriod of he od uniar ocie diinegaionad becoe diinc: rivae ife economic ife oiia ife Te enire of he conumabe ime of modern oi-e end u being reaed a aw maeia for he roduc-

ion of a divei of new roduc o be u on e marea ocia conroed ue of ime. oduc houghread for immediae conumion ma neverhee erea raw maeria fo a fuhe oduc Caita

P i IS MO ADCD ecor a ig concenraedcaiam ha begun eing fu euied boc of

ime eac of which i a comee commoi combininga varie of oher ommodiie Thi i e ogic bein eaearance wiin an exanding econom of ervice"and eiure aciviie of e aincuive" urcae ofecacuar form o f ouing of coecive eudorve of aricaion in cuura onumion and even of ociabii ief in he form of eciing converaion

meeing wi h ceebriie an d uchike Secacuar

1 J



T H O T T S

ommodie of i pe od ovio no exi werei no for e inreaing impoverimen of e reaiie

e parod And no rpriing, e are ao paradigmai of modern ae eniqe in a e ma ebog o n redi .

5 3 O S U M A L S U D O C YC L C L I M i e ime of epeae : i n e narrow ene a e ime appropriae oe onmpion o f image, and, in e broade ene, a

e of e onmpion of ime. Te ime appropriae o e onmpion of image e medim of a ommodiie, i a one e oen ied of operaion of emeanim of e peae and e goa a ee meanim od p overa a e o and enra repreenaion of ever individa a o f onmpion a we now,

moern oie oeion wi sain t, weer bmean offaer ranpor or b mean of powdered op ae poiive r a e average Amerian pend reo ix or dai waing eeviion Te oia imageof e onmpion of ime i for i par exive dominaed b eire ime and vaaion momen porraed,ie a peaar ommodiie, at a distan and a deir

abe deniion. Ti pariar ommodi i expipreened a a momen of aeni fe woe iarern we are ppoed o ook forward o. Ye even in peia momen, oeni momen oflif e oning being generaed, e on ing o e een and reproded, i e pea e abei a a igerana eveof ineni. An wa a been paed o a aeni ife

o o e mere a ife more authnial{ sptaular



S C T A C A T

4 U E H W H I H E E T it ie to itef a een-iall ae u of an frequent recurring fetiiie i

acuall an eoch withou fetial hoe oen whenuner the reign of cclica ie he counit wouarticiate in a l uxuriou exeniure of i fe are rictunaailabe to a ocie where neither couni noruxur exi Ma euofetial with their rae ofialogue an heir aro of he gif a incie eoleto exceie ening but he rouce on a iilu-ion which i inariabl in tu rn offe b furher faleroie h e elfarobaion of th e tie of oern ur-ial can onl be reinforce in the ecace b reuc-ion in it ue aue he reai of ie ha been reaceb it pbly

N N I E T I E TI E he conution of ccical iewa conien wih the acual labor of thoe ocieie

B contrat he conution of euocclica tie ineeoe econoie i a o wih the abtrac irreer-ibe ie i ic it in their te of rouction Ccicaie wa the tie of a otione iluion autheniaexerience; ecacular ie i the ie of a rea tran-

foraion exerience a illuion

5 N N VT I E VE E E T in he roce of the ro-uction of hin hi i not true of conuion whichi neer anthing but ore of he ae Becaue ea aborconinue to oinae iing abor in ecacuar ie hea coninue o oinae the reent



S O I T Y O A C

5 OTH R PT O h e lack of horcal l fe n general ha he nvual fe ll no horca. he euo-

even ha e for aenon n he ecacle raaza-on have no been lve b hoe who are hu nforeabou the . n an cae he are uck forgoen hanko he recaon wh hch he ecace ulngachner relace one b he ne A he ae eeverhng real lve ha no relaon o oce' ocaveron of rreverbe e an rec ooe o heeuocclca rhh of ha e conuabe bro-uc uch nvua ve eerence of a cuoff ever-a fe rean beref ofanguage or conce an lackan crca acce o own aneceen whch are no-where recore. canno be councae An uneroo an forgoen o he bene of he eca-

ce fae eor of he uneorabe .

58 H P G he regnng oca organzaonof a araze hor of a araze eor of an aban-onen of an hor foune n horca e neffec a fal onciousnss of tim

59 A R R Q U T T O he enrolen o f he worker afree rocer an conuer of eacoowa he violn xpopration of thir tim he ecacularreoraon of e wa on oble on he ba of hinitial dispossession of the producers.

60 H R R D I L Y O L O G I L eeen ha l abor re-

an even a uch n our eenence on he naura



P E A L A R E

cycle of leeing and waking a in the mark of a ifetime'wear and tear which attet to the i rreverible time of theindividual i treated by the modern roduction ytema a trictly econdary conideration uch factor are con-equenty ignored in the ocia dicoure of thi ytema it advance and a it generate the conumabe trohiethat tranate it triumhant forward march into acceibeterm. mmobilized at the ditorted center of the move-

ment of it word the concioune of the ectator canhave no ene of an individual ife moving toward efreaization or toward death. omeone who ha given uthe idea of iving ife wil urely never be able to embracedeath Promoter of i fe inurance merey int imate that iti rerehenibe t o die without firt arranging for the y-tem adjutment to the economic o one death wi

incur ; and the romoter of the American way of death"dwell oely on how much of the apparan of life canbe maintained in the individual' encounter with deathElewhere under advertiing bombardment it i imyforbidden to get od Anybody and everybody i urged toeconomize on an aleged caita of youth whichthough it i unikey to have uffered much in the way

of diaidation ha cant roect of ever attaining thedurabe and cumuative roertie of caita ou cour.hi ocia abence of death i one with the ocia abenceoflife

16 E G E L S H O W E D time i a ncary aienation beingthe medium in which the ubject realie himef while

loing himef become other in order to become truy

5



5 F S P E C T A L F

mf T ppt btan n t a f t anatntat nw wa t anatn u b t pu f an trangd pnt. a patial alinaon,wb a t w aa t ubt fmt att tat t ta fm m paat m n t ta fm wn tm Sa anatn tug n pnp umuntab nt t anatn tat afbn an pt t pbt an k f a liing

anatn wtn tm.

6 N OTRST TO t pang fahion tat a an fun t f u ufa f a ntmpat pulatm t gand tyl f a an b gn nwat gn b t bu t aful na nt f utn

1 6 MS ATURL SS t n ata f t paagbm uman an a namu a t t for hmanbing mtatn f uman pat an t au tag f ab t a wat unt nw a umanz (an a umanz tm bt a tm ant paat b tm t nm tm

f putn utna pt f a at f a gnal ta f a t pj tf a wtng aa f t a maumnt f tm n fa f an nua an t bl tmw pafu n aat an w nmpamutanu pnt wtn a at f autnmut fft fat tm t mpt azatnn t tn t mum f tm f tat mmun

1 6



U L A R T M

i whih ih vything tht xi inpnnty iniviu

6 H WORL D ALRE h th f u h ti ith y t t int pn h nciun htwi w it t xpin t ity



V I I

NVRONMENAL PANNNG

Ad h wh be y ud bg nd de n dyh a x b ded by h be lw he h a

bJl h Jby and h d whh v hgh he

g} b gn d n e yhg ha a

b d en, n ze a dd o dd h d

g h ne d h n.

- Machiv i h Pn



H E

6 TH CA IA I R D U C I N ytm h und c,brng down th boundr btwn on octy nd

th nt Th uncton lo roc t onc tn nd ntnv, of triiazai Jut th ccuu

l ton o f commo dt mproducd for t btrct

c of th mrkt nvtbly httrd ll rgonl ndlgl brrr wll l tho corort rtrcton

tht rvd n th ddl g to prrv th qulty of

crft roducton, o too t w bound to dpt tndpndnc nd qulty ofplae Th powr to homog-

nz th hy rtllry tht h bttrd down ll h-n wll

166 r H NC FRWAR thfee pae f mmditie ubj ctt vry momnt to modfcton nd rcontructon th

o tht t my bcom vr mor dntcl t o t lf ndch nrly obl prfctly ttc monotony

167 H I CI Y L M IN A gogrhcl dtnc only torp dtnc n tlly n th form of ctculr rton

68 U M N C I R C U LAI N con drd omthng to b

conumd tourm byproduct of th crcultonof commodt bcl ly tour th chnc to go nd wht h bn md trt. Th conomc ngmnt

of trvl to dffrnt lc uc n tlf to nur tholc ntrchngblty. Th m modrnzton thth dprd trl of t tmorl ct h lkw

drd t of th rlty of pc

1 0



N V I O M N T N N G

69 SOCIETY TAT mols s surougs has ssarl volv s ow hqus fo wog o h ma-

al bass of hs s of asks Tha maal bass s hso's aual error rbasm s h mo of aorao of h aura a huma vrom b aalsmwhh ru o s loga vom owa absouomao a a ow mus rfasho h oa ofsa o i own peular deor

70 E R E Q U I R E M E N O aasm ha s m b urba-sm h form of a frg of lf mgh b srb Hgla rms as a absolu oma of ra-qul sbsss sa ovr slss bomg h ogsso of m.

I S T R U T A al h aals oom's hafos shou b usoo as ffg saraos bu h as of ubasm w a ag wh h fgou of h gra bass of hos fos wh h agof h grou rarao fo hr om awor wh h hoog of eparon el

RAISM S TE MODRN wa f aklg h ogog o safguar ass ow b surg h aomaoof woks agrousl aed ogeher b h oosof urba ouo. h urmg sruggl ha hasha o wag agas h ossbl of wokrs omg ogh whav ma has fou a f of ao urbasm Th ffo of al sablsh ow-

rs s h of h Frh Rvoluo o

2



H H E P E A E

augnt tr ans o kpng ordr n t strt hasvntuay unatd n t supprsson o t strt

ts vokng a vzaton ovng aong a onwayroad" Lws Muord n Th Cy n Hoy ponts outtat wt th advnt o ongdstan ass ounatons th soaton o t popuaton has o a uhor tv ans o ontro But t gnra trndtoward soaton whh s t ssnta raty o urans ust aso ody a ontrod rntgraton o thworkrs asd on th pannd nds o produton andonsupton u an ntgraton nt syst ustraptur soatd ndvduas as ndvduas ola togators and utura ntrs hoday aps and housngdvopnts a ar xprssy orntd to th goas oa psudoounty oth s knd Ths pratvs pur

su th soatd ndvdua rght nto t famly whrth gnrazd us o rvrs o t spt as ssag nsurs that s soaton s d wth t donant

ags ags tat ndd attan thr u or ony yvrtu o ths soat on

I R I O S I O D ar ttura nnovaton

srvd th rung ass xusvy; now or t rst tthr s suh a thng as a nw arhttur spay ort poor ot ora povrty and th ns xtnsono ts nw xprn n ousg ar th rsut o ts maaratr dtatd at on y ts utat nds and y thod ondtons o onstrton At t or o tsondtons w naturay nd an auhoiaan onmak-

ng po that astraty dvops any nvronnt nto

2 2



E N V R O N N N

n nvronmn of bron T m rur -r vrywr ju oon ndurlon bgn

vn n ounr r fur bnd n rgrd for vn r ondrd frl rrn for mlnon of nw y of ol n Trold rod n grow of oy mrl owrnd orrondng lag n onou roronof owr r ju lrly mnfd n urbnm y r y n r of nulr won or of mngmn of br wr obly of mn-uld rdy rdy on oron

4 ARADY LIV n r of lfdruon of urbn nvronmn T loon of n o oun-ryd w w Mumford ll forml

m of urbn dbr rdd ovr n unmddfon by rurmn of onumon T d-or of uomobl lo rodu of rg of ommody bundn lf mrk on lnd n domnn of frwy by old urbn nr nd romo n r drlMnwl nn of noml rognon of

urbn fbr brfy ryll round drbuonfor gn ong nr rd x iho ndurroundd by r of rkng bu vn m-l of frn onuon r ub o rrlnrfugl rnd nd wn rl ronruon of y y n u bom ovrd ondry n-r y r lkw d T nl orgn-

on of onumon u mrly rld of



H S O F S T

gnra proc o f doluton wc brng th ct to tpont whr i onum isl

5 T H S O O F th conom wo dvlopmnt hatud ntrl on t oppoton btwn town and coun-tr a progrd o ar that t a now uccdd nabolhng bot of t po Th prnt parals ofovral tal dvlopmnt du to t xcluv pur-

ut of th conom ndpndnt goal man that thmomnt whn town <nd countr bgn to dappar ofar from markng t trancndnc of th p t btwnthm mark ntad tr mutanou collap Thrcprocal roon of town and countr tat a rultdfrom th faltrng of th htorca movmnt b homan xtng urban ralt ould av bn uprdd

clarl rctd n th bt and pc of both tat artrwn acro th mot adancd porton of th ndutr-ald wod

6 ESL H SOY WS O n ct and attand tmajort wt t town dcv vctor ovr t cou-tr. Marx condrd that on of th bourgo grat

mrt a a rvolutonar cla wa t fact that t ub-ctd t countr to th rul of t town wo vrar mad on fr. ut wh th htor of ct cr-tanl a htor of frdom t alo a h tor of trannof tat admntraton controng not onl t countrbut alo t ct t lf Th town ma av uppld thtorcal battlground for th truggl for frdom but

up to now th hav not takn poon of that frdom



N R O N A G

The ct s the u f hr becse t embdes t nce cncenttin sci pwe whch is wht mkes the

hstc entepse psse nd cnscisness thepst The pesent ge t est ctes s ths meenthe ne the beteness the ecnms sbdintn t hstic cnscsness the tdness nictn tht w ene sciet t ecpte ts iente pwes.

T OUNRY DMONSRAS st the ppste ct stn nd septn ( Th Gran IdBY) ' s t dests the cites bnism nstttes pudunrdeid nt n the nt etinships the cnt me times but s the diect nd ect cntested) etnshps the hstc cit es The ms hbttn nd the spectc cnt ts pnnedennment" he cete new, tic pesnt Thegegphi d ispes nd nwmindeness tht wspeented the pesnt m netking independentctn n becming cete histc ce e eqchctestic these me pdces whm themement wd the wn mking is ee bit s

nccessie s wee the nt hthms wk n ee gin sciet The dtn pesnt ws thenshkee ss ent desptism nd its esctteedness ad frh ectc centn thenew pesnt tht hs emege s the puct tegwth mden stte becc des m the dn tht its apah hs hd t be hra anufaurd nd

mintined nt gnnce hs gen w t the gn



T E E T O H E P C T C

izd pcac of o Th nw own of h chnoogica pudo·paan a h ca of indicaion,

incibd on h and o f h bak wih hioica im onwhich h a foundd hi moo migh w b nhi po nohing wi happn and hg v ha"

Qui obiou i i pci bcau h ibaion ofhio wh ich mu ak pac i n h ci i ha no occud, ha h of hcal ab ha aboudiging hi own xcuiv andcap h

18 SME SORY ha han hi wiigh wod icapab ofubjcing pac o a dicy pincd imTh poaian ouion i ha rtqu huma ggap whb indiidua and communii mu conucpac and n commnua wih h appopiaion,

no ong ju o f hi abo bu of hi oa h ioB iu of h uing mobi pac of pa and b i·u of f chon aiaion i n h u of h gamh indpndnc o f pac wi b dicod wihouan nw xcui i o h oi and hu oo h auhnic ury wi b od o u aong wih auhnicif undood a a jou conaining i who man·

ing wihin if

79 T M O ST RE T O A RY D concing ci panning di nih fom ubanim no fom chnoogno fom ahic f o h dci ion o conuch ni nvionmn in accodanc wih h nd ofh pow of abihd wok counci h nd

in oh wod of h ani·a dicaohip o f h po

126



V M T G

tarat, th ns of dalogu nvst wt xctv pow pow of woks concls can b ffctv onl f t

tansfoms th totalt of xstng contons, an t cannot assgn tslf an lss a task f t asps to b cog-n an o rogz s n a wor of ts own sgn

27



V

GATON AND ONSUMTION

IN TH ULTURAL HR

D you serusl think w e shall lve log eough t se a pltl revlut? - we the ctempor f these Germas? ,tly fred, u bele

hat o wnt to belev . Le s jdg erm the bss f ts prs

nt hst - d srl o e 10t gong t objct that aJ ts hst� s

flsd tht all t pst publc lfe des t ret the actal stt f

the pepl? Red hte pprs u plase nd ot fl be co

vcd tht we e tp (d YO mt ede that the csorshp pe

ts o e m stpp) lbtg th fedm d tl happestht we

Ruge to Marx Mah 1843



S TY O F E S

U L UR H N RA L phere o nowledge and orepreentation o l ied eperience within a h itorical

ociety diided into clae what thi amount to thatculture i the power to generalie eiting apart a an

intelectual diiion o labor and a the intel lectual abor

o diiion ulture detached itel rom the unity o mythbaed ociety according to egel, when the power to

uni diappeared rom th e li e o ma n, a nd oppoite lot

their connection and iing interaction and became autonomou (The ierence between the hiloophical

ytem o ichte and chelling) n thu gaining it independence, culture wa embared on an imperialitic

career o elenrichment that wa at the ame time thebeginning o the decline o it independence The hi

tory that brought culture' relatie autonomy into being

along with ideological illuion concerning that autonomy alo epreed a the hitory o culture nd the

whole triumphant hi tory o cu lture can be undertood

a the hitory o the reelation o culture inuciency

a a march toward culture elabolition ulture i the

locu o the earch or lot unity n the coure o thiearch culture a a eparate phere i obliged to negate

itel

TH R U L W N tradition and innoation which

i the baic principle o the internal deelopment o theculture o hitorical ocietie predicated entirel on the

permanent ictory o innoation ultural innoation iimpelled olely howeer by that total hitorical moe

ment which, by becoming conciou o it totality tend



N E G A T I A D C O U M T

towd the tnscenence o its own cltl pespposi-tions nd hence tow te sppession o ll septions

8 2 D D N X N O N o societys nowege incling s te het o clte n ndestnding o istoyboght bot the ievesible seknowledge tt ondexpession in te bolition o o is peeqisite oevey citqe howee ws lso te st tsk o citiqe withot en n sition wee tee e no longeny tenble les o ction cltes eey u popesit towd its own ssoltion Jst lie phiosophy themoment it chiee its l inependence evey discplineonce it becomes tonomos, is bond to colpse inthe st plce s n ttempt to oe coheent cconto te socil totity nd eentlly even s ptil met

oology vible within its own domin e ck f on in septe clte s wt dooms it to disppe,o tt clte i tse eboes cl te victoy ote tion

8 LURE D ROM istoy tt d issolve thewy o li e o te old wold yet clte s septe spee

is s et no moe tn n intelligence n sensoy commniction wich in pt hc society mstthemselves emin pti lte is the mening o ninsciently meningl wold

84 H ND O HOR o clte mniests itsel

nde two ntgonistic spects: t e poject o cltes

setnscenence s pt o totl istoy nd i ts mnge



O O S

ent s ded thng to b e ontepled n the spete

he frst tendeny hs st ts lot wth the rtque of so-

ety the sed wth the defense of lss power

85 A O F WO spets of the en of ulture h s un-

try estene s uh n l spheres of knowledge s n

l l spheres of sensor representton tht s n ll spheres

of wht ws forerly understood s ar n the ost gen-erl sense he frst spet enshrnes n opposton between o n the one hn the uulton of gentr

knowledge whh beoes useless n tht ny enorse-ent of estng ondtons ust eentully entl reje-

ton of ha knolg self n on the other hnd the

theory of prte wh h lone hs ess not on y to t he

truth of ll the knowledge n ues ton but lso to th e

seret of ts use The seond spet enshrnes n oppos-ton between the rtl sefdestruton of soetys old

mmn languag nd ts rtfi reonstruton wthnthe oodty spetle s the l usory representton o f

nonlfe

86 E SOEY AS OS the ounty tht yth ws

forerly ble to ensure t ust netbly lo se ll the re�erene ponts of truly oon lnguge untl suh tes the dded hrter of n ne ounty s super-

seded by the nugurton of rel hstorl ountys soon s rt wh h onsttuted tht forer oon

lnguge of sol nton estblshes ts elf s nepen-

dent n the ode sense, eergng fro ts rst relgous

unerse to beoe the ndul prouton of seprte



T S U P

wos boms sbj s on nsn mong ohso h movmn govnng h hsoy of h who of

s spd m s don of npndn s hs h bgnnng of h nd of

8 HE FAC HA h ngg of ommnon hsbn os s wh h modn movmn of 's dy ndmy of s fom nnhon xpsss potelh xpsss negatvel s h nw ommon ngg hs y o b fond no hs m n h fom of

ny vd onsons hos whh fomh vwpon of hso alwa cae on the cene toolate, spng to other of wh hd bn xpnd who ny dog nd png hs shof of f

s nvb b h n pxs mbodyng boh n

nmdd vy nd ngg ommns wh h pon s o ffv posssson of h ommny of dog nd h p yf onsh p o mwhh h wos of h po s n d ss hv hofomy repreented.

1 8 8 HEN A NEWLY NEENEN pns s wod n

bn oos hn momn of f hs gown od Bys bn oos nno b jvnd b onlyd o mnd h gnss of ms s ppn ony s ds bgns o f ov f

89 H HSTORICAL IME h nvdd n f fond ss xpsson n h s sph bgnnng wh h

boq Boq ws h of wod h hd os s

1 3 3



S O O S E L

ceer wi e demie o e l myic order recogiedby e iddle ge order ouded bo comicy d

om e poi o iew o erly goeme o e uiybewee riiiy d e go o mpire at ofhange w obiged o embody e priciple o e epem-

erl i recogied i e world te word o ugeiodr i coe lie oppoed o eeriy Teer d

eil or eric eil ee were e ee il

mome o e broque mome werei ll pecii criic epreio dered i meig rom i reereceo e decor o coruced pce o corucio

d o coiue i ow uiig ceer; d ceerw paage icribed ulerble equilibrium o

oer dymic diorder Te omeime eceie impor-ce e o i moder dicuio o eetic by e

cocep o e broque reec growig wree o eimpoibiliy o clicim i r or ree ceure ll

eor o cree ormie clicim or eoclicime eer bee more brie ricil projec giig

oice o e ocil dicoure o e e weer ee o e bolue morcy or o e reouiorybourgeoiie drped i om og. eeuly ol-

lowed e broque oce i d ru i coure w eermore idiiduliic r o egio wic rom romicim o cubim reewed i u ime er ime ui l

e rgmeio d deruc io o e riic perewere complee Te dipperce o ioric r wic

w ied o e ierl commuicio o elie woeemiidepede oci bi ly i e reliely p ly

codiio ill direcy eperieced by e ricr

3 4



E I O C O S U M O

ie alo tetied to the fat that apita had tho pthe t la poe elfadittedl beeft of a otologi

al qalit a poe hoe fodatio i the ee igof the eoo epoe the lo of all ha as he

baoqe eeble a it itelf o lot to the old ofatiti eatio e i a etai ee i toda o-supo of the etiet of the at of the pat he hitoial kolede ad eogitio of all pat at alog ih itetopetie pootio to the a of old at ee toelatiie i t ithi the otext of a global diode hihi t otitte a aoqe ediie at a highe leel, aedifie ito hih ee the podtio of a baoqe atad all it poible eial i bod to be elded he efat that h eoetio" o f the hito of at holdhae beoe poible aot to the d o world o ar

l i thi ea of e he o atiti oiaio eai poible a eah ad ee ealie oetof at be aepted ad aepted a ual valu fo

oe i ie of the di appeaae of the peeqiite o foiatio l, ffe a loge fo the diappeaae of it o pacula abilit to oiate

190 RT I N T ROD of it diotio a a oeet oegatio i pit o f i t o taedee i a hi toial oiet hee hito i ot et dietl ied i at oea at of hae ad a pe expeio of the ipoibilit o f hae he oe adioe it dea the fthefo t gap i te elfealizatio hi i a at that ieeail avaBrd ad it i a at that o t a

ad it o diappeaae



E S O C E O S P E C A C E

9 E WO RRNS that makd th nd of modn atw dadaim and aim hogh th w on pa

tial concio of it th paalld th poltaian otiona momnt lat gat offni and th haltingof that momnt which lft thm tappd within th

atitic ph that th had dcad dad and bidwa th fndamntal ca of thi own immobiiationitoical dadaim and aim a at onc bond p

with on anoth and at odd with on anoth hi antagonim inolmnt in which contittd fo ach of thmomnt th mot conitnt and adical apct of itcontibtion ao atttd to th intna dfcinc in

ach' citiq nam i n both ca a fata oniddn o dadaim oght o bolh r whou rlg ,and aim oght o rl r whou bolhg h

citica poition inc wokd ot b th itationit dmontat that th aboition and th aiation of at ainpaab apct of a ing tancndnc of at

9 P AL AR O N S M P ON p th od ctin congad fom going o fa a to cpat and diff n it ngati maniftation in thi wa th pc

tac cta cto gi ot xpion to what thpctacl i impicitl in it totait h ouoof h coucbl hooghgoing attack on angaga iab to mg in thi contxt coo intd withpoiti a b th ocial wod fo th aim i to pomot conciliation with a dominant tat of thing fomwhich al commnication ha bn timphant dcad

abnt atal th citical tth of ch attac a



G O C O S U M P O

utterane o f the real l i fe o f modern poetry and art ionealed The petale, whoe funtion it i buy h

y n ulue pree the peud onovelty of it modernitmean into the ervie of a trategy that dene it in the

profoundet ene Thu a hool of neoliterature baldly

admitting that it merely ontemplate the written wordfor i t own ake an pa it elf off a omething truly new

eanwhie beyond the unadorned laim that the diouton of the ommuniable ha a beauty all it own oneenounter the mot modern tendeny of petaular ul

ture and the one mot oely bound up with the repreive pratie of the general oial organiation eeking

by mean of a global approah to reontrut a omple neoartiti enironment out of flotam and etam;

a good eample of thi i urbanim triving to inorpo

rate od rap of art or hybrid aethetiotehnologialform l of whih how how a general proet of ad

vaned apitalim i tranlated onto the plane of peta

ular peudoulture that proet being the remoding ofthe fragmented worker into a peronality well integrated

into the group f reent merian oiology iemanhyte et al) hereer one look one enounter thi

ame intent: to euue Oey Whou oun

CUURE OW wholly ommodity wa bound to be

ome the tar ommodity of the oiety of the petalelark err an ideologue at the utting edge of thi trendrekon that the whole ople ytem of prodution di

tribution and onumption of knoledge i already equia

ent to perent of th e annual gro national produt of

37



O Y O F S C A

he nied ae and h e redi ha i n he eon hal

o hi enur ulure wil beome he driving ore o

he merian eonom, o auming he rol e o h auomobile indur in he r h al or ha o he railroad inhe lae nineeenh enur

9 T AS K O he ompe o laim il eoving a p-aula hough i o jui a oie wih no juiiaion,

and ulimael o eabih ie a a genera iene oae onioune Th i hough i enir el deerinedb he a ha i anno and doe no wih o aprehendi own maerial oundaion in he peaular em

� O I C A O U G o he oial organiaion o a-

pearane i i el obured b he generalied ubou-

naon ha i ha o deend. doe no ee ha oni a he roo o eer eaure o i univere eauar

power whih i aboue wihin he unhaengeable iner-nal ogi o he eale anguage orru i eia-

i aboluel The are orped b heir eperiene o

onem and b he ue o ha onemp, or heonem he eel i onrmed b heir aqainanehip

wih ha genuinel onmpbl ndVdual - he peaor

16 W IION o ak our wihin he eialied

hough o he eaular in reone o he newproblem preened b he ereing o hi em iel:

n he fr plae modern ioog underake a pau-la que of h peale uding earaion wih he

ole aid o earaion own oneua and maeria ool



N G A I D U M

mnwh rom w hn h vrou c pn n whchrucurl m h kn roo n pologc o h pc

cl mn h hough o nonhough nuhorz amn wh rpc o horc prcc

orm o nlv hough howvr hr nohng ochoo bn h k pr o nonlccl cr

qu on h on hn n h k opmm o plnn mp boong o h m on h ohr

97 R A C O O L o ocolog orgnng n h n

hch h bgun o r quon bou h conon o nc cr b morn oc vlop

mn Bu wh h pproch h bn b o ghrmuch mprcl qu unb o grp h ru

nur o chon obc bcu cnno rcogn

h crqu mnn o h obc Th ncr rorm ornon o h ocoog h no crr

om morl, common n n ohr uch rck

l url nqu or ng wh h mr n hnBcu unwr o h ngv h hr o

worl h mo o crcm oblg o concnron crbng or o pu ngv h vw

rgrb rron or n rronl pr non cng h surfe o h wor . n ourg

goow o h kn whch vn on own rm cno nohng cp pu l h blam on h ym rnl conqunc cn l ical on b gnorng h nll aplge chrcr o umpon

and method.

3 9



O E 0 A

98 P E L E W H D E N U N C E ntements to wstefuness sbsurd or dngerous n soety of eonom budne

do not uderstnd the purpose of wste t s dstntlyungrtefu of them to ondemn, n the nme of eonom

rtonlty, those fhful (lbet rrtonl) gurdns wthout whom the power of tht sme eoom rtonlywoud ollpse. ne Boorstn for emple whose book

The Ime desrbes the spetulr onsumpton of om

modtes mer never rves t oept of the spete beuse he mstkeny feels ble to tret prvte fe

ke somethng h e ls n hoest produt, s qu te ndependent of wht he sees a, dsstrous dstorto or eg

gerton ht he fs to grsp s tht the ommodtyform tsef ys down lws whose hoest ppton

gves rse ot oly to prvte fe s stnt relty but

ls o to tht reltys subsequent onquest by the sol onsumpto of mges

99 BSTN TEAT the eesses o f world tht hs be

ome en to us s eesses en to our world Te nor

m bss of so l fe to whh he refers mpty whenhe desrbes te super regn of mges, n terms of

psyhologl nd mor j udgments s the produt of ourever more etrvgnt epettons hs o relty t l however ether n hs book o r n the hstorl perod n

wh h he ves Beuse the rel humn fe tht Boorstnevokes s oted for hm n the pst een pst of

regous pssvty he hs no wy of omprehendg thetrue depth of soetys depedee o mges The uh

of tht soety s nothng ess thn ts egtio

0



E A C O N U M P

A SO O LO G beleves possble o soe n nusrl ronl funonng on s own from sol lfe

s whole, s ble lewse o ew he ehnolog ofrerouon n omunon s nepenen o f oer

ll nusrl evelomen hus Boorsn ouns for hesuon he orrs n erms of n unforune n qusserenous omng ogeher of oo vs ehnolog ofmgeffuson on he one hn, n on he oher, oo

gre n ee for sensonlsm on he pr of o'spubl he sele, n hs ew, woul hve o be

rbue o mns seorl nlnons Boorsnnno see h he rolferon of refbre "seuo

evens wh h he e lores ows from he smle fh n fe of he mssve reles of resen sol

exsene nvuls o no ull exerene evens

Beuse hsor self s he seer hunng moern soe seuohsor hs o be fbre ever level of

he onsumon of lfe oherwse he equlbrum of he

ozen timeh presenl hols sw oul no be preserve

E L M bref freee n hsorl me s n f efnve sbl suh s boh onsousl n un

onsousl expresse he unoube bss of he urrenenen owr "sruurls ssem bulng. he erseve oe b he nhsorl hough of sru

urlsm s h of he eernl resene of ssem hws never ree n h wl l neer sper hs fn

s of preexs ng uno nsous sruures h egemonover ll sol re s llegmel ere from ln

gus n nhropologl sruurl moels even from

1 41



T H s o c ; OF P

md ntinin piim tt mippid vn in i iin nx nd ny nwy i ud i n dmi pp t mpn ddn mn md tumply nd in n wtuk bin xiin ytm udy du ity t xin t ym

22 SEE IG TO N D E ST N D utuit" tiit ud lwy b b i n mind in nyiti i in t ti xp n ny m but t ndiin xin Ju nd n u d mn vlu din t nptin im n nn u d i i p- iy by kin t diu d t

ny u n nn ud u pid nmin by i niun but n t ntyti niun mut b xplind m ndin mi " uu t pny pw t i in p tuim i a ouh udr by h a tu n iv t pnndiin pu mmuniin" a blut

t i n udyin t d m in i i my pdut nd knwdmn i-y w mmunitin d iil in. i i n uuim pv niti vidiy iy tpt bu n nty i t i iy p impin i in i miv iy vid

t i dm tuuim



N T N N N U M

2 0 TO T A OUT e ral onep o he ctacl uepble o beng rned no j anoer emp or

mla o oologopolal reor degned o eplanand denone everyhng i th abtct - o ervng o bre he peaular yem el or obvoly no idaold ranend he peale ha ex old onlyraend dea ha e abo he peale or he o-e o he peae o be eevely deroyed wa needed are people eng a praal ore n moon

Aral heory o he peale anno be re nle jonore w he praal movemen o negaon whnoey and h negaon wh onue he rempon o revolonary la ruggle anno or paraheve elonone unle develop e rqe oe peale a r qe ha embode he heory o nega

on real ondon he praal ondon o preenday oppreon and a alo nverely reveal e ereo negaon poenal. uh a heory epe no mralerom he workng la. vew he reormlaon and aao oprolearan demand a a longerm nderakngo make an aral d non beween heoreal andpraal ruggle or on he ba here dened he very

onuon and ommunaon o a heory o h ndanno be oneved ndependeny o a rigoro rctcwe may ay wh erany a e obure and dpa o al heory m al o be he pa o e praal movemen ha or a e level ooey a whole

04 R TORY ha o be ommnaed n own

langage e langage o onrad on daleal n

4



S O E O E S

form a s w as n contnt: th languag of th crtu ofth totalty of th crtu of h story. ot som "wrtng

gr ro ust th oost. ot a ngaton of stylbut th styl of ngaton

2 05 VE Y OF oston of actcal thory s ascanal an an abomnaton to th canons of th ra-

ng anguag, an to snsblts mol by thos canons

bcaus t ncus n ts os t us of stng conctsa smultanous rcognton of thr rscor uty,of thr ntab structon.

206 T YL, whch mbos ts own crtu must

rss th mastry of th crtu n han or all ts r-cssors Th mo of oston of alctca thory

wl hus sf mlfy th ngat sprt t contans.Th truth says g s not tach . . a nsh

artc from th nstrumnt that shas t. uch a thortcal conscousnss of alctcal momn whch must

tslf bar th stam of that momnt s manfst by

th reveral of stabl sh ratonshps btwn conctsan by th rson or dtoumen) of all th attan

mnts of arr crtca orts. Thus th rrs gntas an rsson of hstorcal rolutons stl nto aform of thought cam to b consr th hallmar of

gls grammatc stl. s a roonnt of th rlacmnt of subct by rcat followng urbachs sys-

tmatc ractc of t th oung ar ach th mostcognt us o f ths nurreonal yle: thus th p hosophy

of orty bcam th orty of h losohy. Th c

144



N N

du ete al te bee qate t patta jdgment tat ae ngealed nt epetae

tt n te wd tat ae been tanmednt e Kekegaad t made e dour and

eed wn pnnement n te bjet: Bt wy twt and tn tat t a a away ended pn te panty y netaby away manage t ntdeme l tte wd pae tat nt y wn and wawaken dtbng eetn" (Phlosphal Fagse denng aatet t e dou te neety diac t be mantaned twad watee a been tned nt an a ety Kekegaadaknwledge n te ame wk, ne te emak w t make wee wt epet t y many anmaden , al pntng t my ang ntded bwed

expen n te e my extn at te ae d nt deny n wl nw neal m y

tat t wa dne ppely and tat n te next etn t pee ee wte a etn t my ntentn t al te w e by t gt name and t lte tepbem n t tal tme

0 S M R e meanng wd a a pat n temement laga neeay ge demandt tayng le t an at' pang plagam expt expen eae ale dea, epae tem wt et dea

:w8 Dou S TH H S S qtatn a te

etal atty naaby tanted ny beae t a

5



T H E O I T O F T P E T A L E

com quota cau i t i now a ramnt torn awyrom it contxt rom it own momn nd utimty

om th orall rm o rrnc o it priod and romth prci option tht it contitutd within that ramwork Doum, y contrt i th uid anua o

antiidooy t occur within a typ o communicationawar o it inaiity to nhrin any inhrnt nd dni-ti crtainty hi anu i inacci in th hiht

dr to con rmtion y any arlir or uprcriticalrrnc point n th contrry it intrnl cohrncnd it adqucy in rpct o th prcticaly poi rwhat idat th ncint krnl o trth that it rtor

Dum ound it cau on nothin ut it own trtha critiqu at work in th prnt

09 HTEV R IS prntd a dumwithinormuatd thory r to dny any dura autonomouxitnc to th phr o thory mry ormutd hct tht th ionc o dourm it moil anaction cap o diturin or orthrowin any xitin

ordr i a rmindr tht th xitnc o th thorticdomain i nothin in itl that it can ony com to l

nowd in conjunction with hitorica ction and thatit cn only truly ithul y irtu o hitory corrcti u dmnt upon it

0 L T H E RE nation o cutur can inhrit cuturmanin ch nation can n o onr rmin culural t what rmain i n om mannr t th o cultur

ut it h a quit di rnt n



G O C O U O

2 1 1 N T H LA NG UA G of conicion h ciiq of c mnif ilf un nifi in h i omin

h whol o cl cl knowlg w c poy nifi oo in h i i no ong pb fom h ciiq of h oci oiy i hi nifihoic ciiq h go on o i nvo wih un socal actc.

4



IX

IDEOLOGY IN MATERAL FOR

Se-conousns xits n tlf and or n . n by s anohe onne; tht SO)"

mowledatd o "ognze

b bng

H Th Phnomnolog



S ; F S E 7 A C

2 1 EOLOGY IS fundatn fh hgh f a la i-y wihin h ni al f hi y lgial

nii hav v n m iin ah, h a ai nin f aliy an a h al fa-

aivly ing al iing ff wh ihi all h m an why ha atriazatin f ilgyi h fm f h al whih i iia y h

n f an anm mi ym fin l in h vial inifiain wih ialaliy i lf f an ilgy ha manag ml h

wh l f h al i wn iain

2 3 CE EOLOGY whih i h abstact will nival

iy an h illin hf n ilf lgiima in m-

n iy y nival aain an y h ffiv

iahi f i ll in hn i i n lng h vlnaii ggl f h agmnay ah i imh hlaim f ilgy nw a n a f a iviixan ilgy i n lng a hiial hi

imly an ain f h vi Nam f aila i-

lgi hav vanih h in f ly ilgialla ving h ym may n lng niv f

h han in m f an imlgial a -ly tanning all i ilgial hnmna -l gy in maial fm i i lf wih a nam, a i i wih a mlal hiial agna hih i anhway f aying ha h hiy f ilgi lal v

2 4 EO O GY W H O S W O E inal lgi l a ha

annhim all al ilgy h im a



I D O O G Y M A T E R I A L O R M

ragn impoing ite the peoowege o oen whl, aarian woview h now i e

ite in the immobiie pectce o nonhitoy t iment i o it iotion into ociety whoeome the pracical dissluin o tht ociety ite ieoogy the las unrasn tning in the wy o hitoici e mt i kewie ippe

2 15 HE SECACE S the cme o ieoogy o in it

owe i t expoe n mniet the eence o ieoogic ytem: the impoveihment envement n neg-tion o e ie teiy the pectce i the expeiono etngement o iention between mn n mn" henew potetiity o " concentte within it h itbi in tht om o poction wheeby with the m oobect gow the m o ien powe to which mn ibecte" h i i the peme tge o n expnion thth tne nee gint ie. he nee o money i otht eon the e nee cete by the moen economicytem n the ony nee it cete" Eni and Philshca Manuscrps). he pncipe which ege enncite in the Jnnsr Ralphilsphi tht o money the

i e moving o ite o tht which i e" h nowbeen extene by the pectce to the entiety o oci ie

26 N CTRAT T the poject otine in the hss nFurbach the eition o phioophy in pxi tncening the oppoition between ieim n mtei-im the pectce peeve the ieoogicl ete

o both mteiim n ieim impoing tem in the



H S O C O F H E

ur f i uir Th mliv

f h mrilim whih iv f h

wrl rri ivi whih i h l rig il r h fu l filmi h l whr r hig r umil

mr f i if rrliv ilim iaiayavi iwi i fulfillm i h l hi

hrugh h hi ii f ig ig whih i h l rig w br il wih

mri frm.

7 H E PAR E W E E N i lg h izh r

rw Jh l i hi False Csiusess hul

i h x f hi mi r f mrlizi f ilg h ilg l w i

h w bm A l ri i rlr iii f iu r im vrmm vr if i hr h l vr if h hul ur h mirgizi f brw i h fu f ur

h rlm f h ul b sial halUia f iu f ur r ilui f

ur. i whr i gr r-gizl b l h iviu i riul rgz hi w ri r ilg i

hm hr ri h ui i wrl

8 I N P U f hizhri rig l " gri f h ili f h i (f

whih iii i h rm frm) gri



D G N M R A O

i n te ileti o eoing o wi ttoni i s teetree or see to e intite interwoen pris

one in t unierse oune on ll sies te spetes cee, te onsiousness o te spettor s onigentr interoutors wi suet i to onewisourse on teir ooities n te p o itis o toseooites Te sole irror o tis onsiousness i s espetle i n ll i ts ret were wt is stge is lse

w out o generlie utis

2 9 T CAC L RAS S te iiing line etween sel n

worl, in tt te se, uner siege te presene/seneo te worl, is eentull oewele it i ewise erseste iiing ine etween true n se repressing lliret lie tru enet te ea pesece o te se

oo intine te orgnition o ppernes T einiiul toug onene to te pssie eptne

o n ien eer reit is tus rien into or o

ness in wi resorting to gi eies eentertins te i lusi on tt e i s reting to tis te Te

reognition n onsuption o ooites re t teore o tis pseuoresponse to ounition to wi

no response is possie Te nee to iitte tt te onsuer eperienes is inee tru inntie nee one

eterine eer spet o is unent ispossession n ters use el o esrie quite noter

leel o ptolog te norl nee or representtion

ere openstes or torturing eeing o eing t tergin o eistene



S O F S

0 R LOG C ae niune ann aee any genuine elnwlege he que fr he riial

ruh f he peale mu al be a rue riique hique al fr mmien a praial rugge alng-ie he peale' irrenilable enemie a well a a

reaine wi hhl mimen where he enemie

are n aive By eagerly embraing he mahinain frefrmim r maing mmn aue wih peurevlu-

inary reg he riven by he abra wih r ie-iae eaiy bey nly h e law f he inan frm

f hugh, an ap he exluive viewpin f aua n hi way eluin i able reemerge wihi n he ap

f i erwhi le ppnen he fa i ha a riique

apable f urpaing h e peale u kow how o bd m

2 2 E L M NC IO N i n ur ie i emanipain frhe aerial bae f an invere ruh Thi "hiri iin eablih ruh in he wrl an be arrie uneiher by he ilae iniviual nr by amize an

anipulae ae , bu nly an alway by ha lawhih i able effe he i luin f al la e ub

eing all pwer he ialienaing frm f a realizeemray unil in whih praial hery exerie nrl ver ielf an urvey i wn ain. ann be arrie u, in her wr, unil iniviualare "irely bun univeral hiry unil ialgue

ha aen up ar mpe i wn niin upnhe wrl

54



This edition designed by Bruce M

wh Ge Van Alyne

ype composed by Archetype

Printed nd bound Smythe-sewn by MpleVil

using Sebgo cidfree pper



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Society of Spectacle