Society, Culture and Society, Culture and Responsible ParenthoodResponsible Parenthood

Vanessah Valle-CastilloVanessah Valle-Castillo

Sociology defined

Study of society A social science that uses various

methods of empirical investigations and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social activity often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare

Why study sociologyWhy study sociology

To obtain factual information about our To obtain factual information about our society and different aspects of our social society and different aspects of our social lifelife

Sociological information enables us to Sociological information enables us to understand our society more objectively understand our society more objectively and to see our place in itand to see our place in it

Sociology enables us to learn the Sociology enables us to learn the application of scientific information to daily application of scientific information to daily life and problemslife and problems

Sociology performs its Sociology performs its most important most important function when function when superstition and superstition and misinformation are misinformation are replaced by accurate replaced by accurate knowledge about knowledge about human behaviorhuman behavior

Results of sociological investigations are Results of sociological investigations are useful to community leaders, useful to community leaders, entrepreneurs, and government officials in entrepreneurs, and government officials in maintaining social order and plotting maintaining social order and plotting causes of action for the future of a societycauses of action for the future of a society

The Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological Imagination

A quality of mind, a capacity to understand A quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of individual and society, the interplay of individual and society, biography and history, of self and the biography and history, of self and the world (C. Wright Mills)world (C. Wright Mills)

It enables us to see the connection It enables us to see the connection between our own personal experiences between our own personal experiences and the social forces in the bigger social and the social forces in the bigger social world which influence our lifeworld which influence our life

Areas of SociologyAreas of Sociology

1.1. Social organization – investigation of social Social organization – investigation of social groups, social institutions, social stratification groups, social institutions, social stratification and mobilityand mobility

2.2. Social psychology – concerned with the Social psychology – concerned with the study of human nature as the outcome of study of human nature as the outcome of group life, personality formation and group life, personality formation and collective behavior; it studies how group collective behavior; it studies how group behavior affects the individual and vice-versabehavior affects the individual and vice-versa

3. 3. Social change – (social Social change – (social organization and social organization and social disorganization) involves the disorganization) involves the study of change in culture study of change in culture and social relations and and social relations and ongoing social problemsongoing social problems

4. Human Ecology – studies the 4. Human Ecology – studies the behavior of a given behavior of a given population and its population and its relationship to the group’s relationship to the group’s social institutionssocial institutions

5. Population Studies – 5. Population Studies – concerned with population concerned with population count, composition, change count, composition, change and quality as they influence and quality as they influence the economic, political and the economic, political and social systems and vice social systems and vice versa.versa.

6. Sociological theory and research – 6. Sociological theory and research – concerned with the discovery, concerned with the discovery, development and replication of research development and replication of research tools that will test the applicability and tools that will test the applicability and usefulness of the principles of group lifeusefulness of the principles of group life

7. Applied Sociology – the findings may be 7. Applied Sociology – the findings may be applied to fields such as marriage and applied to fields such as marriage and family and counseling, child development, family and counseling, child development, criminology, social work, education, criminology, social work, education, communication, mental health, ethnic communication, mental health, ethnic relations and othersrelations and others

Relationship of Sociology Relationship of Sociology to the other Sciencesto the other Sciences

1. Economics – concerned with human 1. Economics – concerned with human activities related to the production, activities related to the production, consumption and distribution of goods, consumption and distribution of goods, services and wealth within societiesservices and wealth within societies

- the economic figures are reflections of - the economic figures are reflections of the individual and group behavior as they the individual and group behavior as they affect population movements, family and affect population movements, family and other institutional structures and other institutional structures and functions and social stratificationfunctions and social stratification

2. Political Science2. Political Science Concerned with political Concerned with political

processes, power processes, power struggle and struggle and governments, voting governments, voting patterns changes from patterns changes from previous elections and previous elections and the nature of votersthe nature of voters

Of interests to Of interests to sociologists are social sociologists are social backgrounds of political backgrounds of political activists, distribution of activists, distribution of power, source of political power, source of political beliefs of the electorate beliefs of the electorate and role of women and and role of women and ethnic minoritiesethnic minorities

3. Anthropology3. Anthropology

Study a wide range of Study a wide range of cultures from primitive cultures from primitive to modernto modern

Attempts to study Attempts to study tribes, subcultures or tribes, subcultures or society as a wholesociety as a whole

4. Psychology4. Psychology Interested in a wide range Interested in a wide range

of psychological and of psychological and behavioral processes such behavioral processes such as learning, human and as learning, human and personality development, personality development, perception, emotion, perception, emotion, cognition, motivation, cognition, motivation, creativity, personality creativity, personality disorders and mental disorders and mental illnessillness

Social psychology is a Social psychology is a new field formed by new field formed by integrating sociology and integrating sociology and psychologypsychology

5. History5. History

Primarily descriptive of Primarily descriptive of the chronology of the chronology of significant past eventssignificant past events

Sociology makes use of Sociology makes use of data and information that data and information that is provided by historiansis provided by historians

In the search for the In the search for the underlying forces that underlying forces that influence human influence human behavior, history uses behavior, history uses sociological approachsociological approach

Social Research ProceduresSocial Research Procedures

Social Inquiry – has goals to achieve, rules Social Inquiry – has goals to achieve, rules to follow and strategies to work out in to follow and strategies to work out in order to obtain a high probability of order to obtain a high probability of successsuccess

- involves participants (the scientists, their - involves participants (the scientists, their assistants and other workers; the assistants and other workers; the recipients, either interested or not, recipients, either interested or not, appreciative or not, benefited or not)appreciative or not, benefited or not)

Social ActionSocial Action

The way by which The way by which human beings interact human beings interact with other in social with other in social units such as the units such as the family, the school and family, the school and the factorythe factory

The prime concern of The prime concern of sociological inquirysociological inquiry

This concern goes This concern goes beyond the study of beyond the study of face to face contactface to face contact

The systematic analysis The systematic analysis of the motivations and of the motivations and behavior of individuals behavior of individuals within groupswithin groups

The basic goal of The basic goal of Sociological InquirySociological Inquiry

To obtain an understanding of the To obtain an understanding of the observable social worldobservable social world

Fundamental Procedures in Fundamental Procedures in Sociological InquirySociological Inquiry

1.1. Defines the problem – locating and Defines the problem – locating and evaluating what is already known about evaluating what is already known about the prospective area of inquirythe prospective area of inquiry

2.2. Gathering of the data Gathering of the data 3.3. Analysis of data – involves the testing of Analysis of data – involves the testing of

the hypothesis or answering questions or the hypothesis or answering questions or assumptions with facts that have been assumptions with facts that have been gatheredgathered

4.4. Verification – further checking of the Verification – further checking of the findingsfindings

CultureCulture

A complex whole which includes A complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and many other capabilities and customs and many other capabilities and habits acquired by people as members of habits acquired by people as members of societysociety

A person’s social heritage or the A person’s social heritage or the customary ways in which groups organize customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving, thinking and their ways of behaving, thinking and feelingfeeling

Culture and behaviorCulture and behavior

That complex whole which includes That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of societyacquired by man as a member of society

The entire way of life followed by a people The entire way of life followed by a people and everything learned and shared by and everything learned and shared by people in societypeople in society

SocietySociety

Group of people bound together in a more Group of people bound together in a more or less permanent association organized or less permanent association organized for collective activityfor collective activity

The common pattern to which they are The common pattern to which they are reacting is the culture of the societyreacting is the culture of the society

Culture is a system of behavior Culture is a system of behavior shared by members of a societyshared by members of a society

Society is a group of people who Society is a group of people who share a common cultureshare a common culture

No society can exist without a culture No society can exist without a culture and no culture can develop without a and no culture can develop without a societysociety

Characteristics of CultureCharacteristics of Culture

1.1. Learned – from parents and familyLearned – from parents and family

- additional sources are playmates, work - additional sources are playmates, work companions, school, churches, books, companions, school, churches, books, television, radio, movies and computerstelevision, radio, movies and computers

2. Shared – individual habits that can be 2. Shared – individual habits that can be sharedshared

3. Cumulative – knowledge is stored 3. Cumulative – knowledge is stored and passed on from one generation to and passed on from one generation to the next and new knowledge is the next and new knowledge is constantly being added to the existing constantly being added to the existing stock while information which is no stock while information which is no longer useful is slowly discardedlonger useful is slowly discarded

4. Dynamic – stems from cumulative 4. Dynamic – stems from cumulative qualityquality

- no culture is ever in a permanent - no culture is ever in a permanent statestate

Culture as a System of NormsCulture as a System of Norms

Is normative since it regulates our action Is normative since it regulates our action and conductand conduct

Norm – behavior expectationNorm – behavior expectation

- an idea of how people are supposed - an idea of how people are supposed to act and behaveto act and behave

Examples:1. when death occursExamples:1. when death occurs

2. family purse2. family purse

LanguageLanguage

A factor responsible for the existence and A factor responsible for the existence and development of culturedevelopment of culture

A systematized usage of speech and A systematized usage of speech and hearing to convey, communicate or hearing to convey, communicate or express feelings and ideasexpress feelings and ideas

Symbolic language – colors, emblems, Symbolic language – colors, emblems, gestures, designs, marks or wordsgestures, designs, marks or words

Culture ShockCulture Shock When one loses the familiar signs and When one loses the familiar signs and

symbols of social intercourse and may symbols of social intercourse and may experience some unpleasant sensations experience some unpleasant sensations or frustrationsor frustrations

It may be a reaction to unpalatable food It may be a reaction to unpalatable food which one may consider obnoxious, the which one may consider obnoxious, the inability to perform natural functions like inability to perform natural functions like sleeping or moving one’s bowels, a sleeping or moving one’s bowels, a repulsion to the norms and values of the repulsion to the norms and values of the group or a lack of communication with the group or a lack of communication with the new societynew society

When people encounter another culture When people encounter another culture whose patterns of behavior are diverse whose patterns of behavior are diverse from their ownfrom their own

A situation brought about by unfamiliarity, A situation brought about by unfamiliarity, lack of understanding and inability to lack of understanding and inability to communicate with the society they come communicate with the society they come in contact within contact with

Unity in CultureUnity in Culture

1.1. Human biological drives – all persons are Human biological drives – all persons are alike in range of emotions, in the need alike in range of emotions, in the need for love and security, in the capacity to for love and security, in the capacity to symbolize and in being subject to symbolize and in being subject to conditioningconditioning

2.2. Psychic unity – one’s psychic unity is not Psychic unity – one’s psychic unity is not exactly identical with his inherited exactly identical with his inherited psychological traitspsychological traits

a.a. Cognitive structure – made up of Cognitive structure – made up of concepts and beliefs by which one concepts and beliefs by which one defines the world around himdefines the world around him- where members of the society draw - where members of the society draw their definitions of realitytheir definitions of reality

b. Habit structure – are acquired through b. Habit structure – are acquired through learninglearning- regularly pattered ways of acting, - regularly pattered ways of acting, feeling or thinkingfeeling or thinking

c. Trait configurations – any characteristic c. Trait configurations – any characteristic that can be observed and measurethat can be observed and measure- a repetitive way of reacting to a particular - a repetitive way of reacting to a particular eventevent- it simply gives a pattern of behavior a - it simply gives a pattern of behavior a name (extroverted, lover; aggressive; name (extroverted, lover; aggressive; pushy; workaholic, charming…)pushy; workaholic, charming…)

d. Acquired predisposition – refer to the d. Acquired predisposition – refer to the repetitive manner in which an individual repetitive manner in which an individual appears inclined to favor a person or appears inclined to favor a person or group, an object or situation that arises group, an object or situation that arises periodically in his environment periodically in his environment (preferences, attitudes, values, prejudices)(preferences, attitudes, values, prejudices)

3. Dependence upon group life – The size 3. Dependence upon group life – The size and types of groups persons will and types of groups persons will continually enjoy, the people they will continually enjoy, the people they will cooperate and compete or even have cooperate and compete or even have conflict with to achieve their goals, the conflict with to achieve their goals, the group they will depend on for help are group they will depend on for help are factors involved in the constant struggle factors involved in the constant struggle for survivalfor survival

4. Physical and social environment – the 4. Physical and social environment – the geographical environment can have geographical environment can have significant conditioning effects upon the significant conditioning effects upon the economic aspects of societieseconomic aspects of societies

Diversity in culturesDiversity in cultures

1.1. Cultural Variability – cultures differ Cultural Variability – cultures differ because of the great variety of solutions because of the great variety of solutions people of different societies evolve in people of different societies evolve in solving life problemssolving life problems

2.2. Cultural integration – cultures vary Cultural integration – cultures vary significantly in the degree of their being significantly in the degree of their being internally consistent in their patterns of internally consistent in their patterns of values, beliefs and behaviorvalues, beliefs and behavior

3. Cultural relativity3. Cultural relativity

Difference in culture also arise from the Difference in culture also arise from the relativity of the standards that societies relativity of the standards that societies uphold and use for evaluating truth, right, uphold and use for evaluating truth, right, virtue, morality, legality, justice, beauty virtue, morality, legality, justice, beauty and the means of adhering to itand the means of adhering to it

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism

Extreme preferential feeling which Extreme preferential feeling which individuals have for the customs of their individuals have for the customs of their own groupown group

The idea that one’s own group is more The idea that one’s own group is more important that any otherimportant that any other

Expression of group solidarity combined Expression of group solidarity combined with antagonism toward the outside with antagonism toward the outside groupsgroups

XenocentrismXenocentrism

Opposite of ethnocentrismOpposite of ethnocentrism Preference for things foreignPreference for things foreign What comes from far away has a special What comes from far away has a special

quality or charmquality or charm

Xenophobia – distrust of anything foreign Xenophobia – distrust of anything foreign

StereotypesStereotypes Group-shared image of another group Group-shared image of another group

or category of peopleor category of people Applied indiscriminately to all Applied indiscriminately to all

members of stereotyped group members of stereotyped group without allowance for individual without allowance for individual differencesdifferences

Selective identification – mukhang Selective identification – mukhang taga-baryotaga-baryo

Selective exception – He’s not Selective exception – He’s not behaving like a Tagalog!behaving like a Tagalog!

Philippine ValuesPhilippine Values

What are values?What are values? Expressions of the ultimate ends, goals or Expressions of the ultimate ends, goals or

purposes of social actionpurposes of social action Society’s moral imperatives that deal with what Society’s moral imperatives that deal with what

ought to be, and are therefore considered ought to be, and are therefore considered desirable and important by the members of desirable and important by the members of societysociety

Values are generated in natureValues are generated in nature Values influence a person’s behavior towards a Values influence a person’s behavior towards a

large class of objects or persons although they large class of objects or persons although they are not related to any specific object, person or are not related to any specific object, person or groupgroup

Standards for determining whether Standards for determining whether something is good and desirable or not something is good and desirable or not and serves as the criteria by which norms and serves as the criteria by which norms themselves are judgedthemselves are judged

A thing has value when it is perceived as A thing has value when it is perceived as good and desirablegood and desirable

Food, money and housing have value Food, money and housing have value because they are perceived as good; and because they are perceived as good; and the desire to acquire them influences our the desire to acquire them influences our attitudes and behaviorattitudes and behavior

Not only material goods but also ideals Not only material goods but also ideals and concepts are values, such as truth, and concepts are values, such as truth, honesty and justicehonesty and justice

Value commands in us an inner Value commands in us an inner commitment which in turn translates itself commitment which in turn translates itself into our daily speech and actioninto our daily speech and action

Values are standards and principles for Values are standards and principles for judging what is correct and incorrect judging what is correct and incorrect behavior, what is worth attaining or not behavior, what is worth attaining or not attaining, what is desirable or undesirableattaining, what is desirable or undesirable

Kinds of valuesKinds of values

1.1. Terminal – end stateTerminal – end state

2.2. instrumentalinstrumental An example of a value in its end state is An example of a value in its end state is

peacepeace To attain peace, one must respect others To attain peace, one must respect others

as a mode of behavior type of valueas a mode of behavior type of value Values guide judgments across Values guide judgments across

situations, decisions and actionssituations, decisions and actions

Human behavior is judged by the Human behavior is judged by the standards of good and badstandards of good and bad

Members of a society tend to pattern and Members of a society tend to pattern and standardize their behavior in accordance standardize their behavior in accordance with these valueswith these values

Those who fail to do so or violate accepted Those who fail to do so or violate accepted behavioral patterns face the prospect of behavioral patterns face the prospect of being ostracized or censured by the being ostracized or censured by the members of societymembers of society

The Study of ValuesThe Study of Values

Values determine the behavior of peopleValues determine the behavior of people Values cannot be readily identified since Values cannot be readily identified since

they are abstractions from realitythey are abstractions from reality Values must be deduced from social Values must be deduced from social

actionaction Sociologists watch the way people Sociologists watch the way people

behave, listen to what they say and note behave, listen to what they say and note the comments and insights made by the comments and insights made by others who observe these actionsothers who observe these actions

Four –fold test of Robin WilliamsFour –fold test of Robin Williams

Needed to identify the values operative Needed to identify the values operative in a given societyin a given society

1.1. Extensiveness – when the value is Extensiveness – when the value is recognized by a representative number recognized by a representative number of people within the societyof people within the society

2.2. Duration – when the value has been Duration – when the value has been shared and practiced in common for shared and practiced in common for some timesome time

3. Intensity – when the value involves the 3. Intensity – when the value involves the emotions and is taken seriously and emotions and is taken seriously and sought after by manysought after by many

4. Prestige of its carrier – when the value 4. Prestige of its carrier – when the value provides ready-made means for judging provides ready-made means for judging the social worth of persons or groups who the social worth of persons or groups who share or practice itshare or practice it

The forces that shape The forces that shape contemporary valuescontemporary values

Filipinos are cosmopolitan in natureFilipinos are cosmopolitan in nature They are both oriental and occidentalThey are both oriental and occidental The Aeta, Indonesian, Malayan, Hindu, The Aeta, Indonesian, Malayan, Hindu,

Arabian and Chinese elements are the Arabian and Chinese elements are the foundation of the Filipino’s oriental nature foundation of the Filipino’s oriental nature – the core of their moral and social – the core of their moral and social conscience and cultural identityconscience and cultural identity

Interpersonal and social relationships Interpersonal and social relationships revolve around “blood ties,” marriage and revolve around “blood ties,” marriage and ritual kinshipritual kinship

Spanish and American culture compose Spanish and American culture compose the Filipinos’ occidentalismthe Filipinos’ occidentalism

Spanish influence found its way into our Spanish influence found its way into our religious, political, economic and religious, political, economic and educational life, as well as into our educational life, as well as into our language, dress and dietlanguage, dress and diet

Spain introduced Roman Catholicism, the Spain introduced Roman Catholicism, the encomienda, galleon trade, fiesta, encomienda, galleon trade, fiesta, municipal building, village plaza and municipal building, village plaza and compadre systemcompadre system

Preparation of life after deathPreparation of life after death Has set the foundation for the contemporary Has set the foundation for the contemporary

Filipino attitude towards divorce, birth control Filipino attitude towards divorce, birth control legislation, fiesta and ceremony, gambling, legislation, fiesta and ceremony, gambling, along with charitable activities and faithful along with charitable activities and faithful attendance of massattendance of mass

Spain caused us to regard our own way of life as Spain caused us to regard our own way of life as degraded or inferior and developed in us an degraded or inferior and developed in us an aversion to manualaversion to manual

Compadre system initiated the practice of Compadre system initiated the practice of extended familiesextended families

It has strengthen the notorious practice of It has strengthen the notorious practice of nepotism and favoritism nepotism and favoritism

Oppressive policies of the Spanish Oppressive policies of the Spanish colonizers developed in the Filipino a colonizers developed in the Filipino a hatred for manual laborhatred for manual labor

The Americanization of the Filipino The Americanization of the Filipino consisted mainly of the introduction of a consisted mainly of the introduction of a democratic system of governmentdemocratic system of government

Popularized education as the most Popularized education as the most essential channel for social mobilityessential channel for social mobility

Introduced the English language as the Introduced the English language as the medium of instruction in the school system medium of instruction in the school system which they establishedwhich they established

This intensified the Filipino’s preference This intensified the Filipino’s preference for the academic white collar occupations for the academic white collar occupations and encouraged the use of honorific titlesand encouraged the use of honorific titles

English language and the diploma system English language and the diploma system also served the further the stratification of also served the further the stratification of Philippine society because the primary Philippine society because the primary beneficiaries of American-sponsored beneficiaries of American-sponsored education were the Filipino eliteeducation were the Filipino elite

Americans also introduced the values of Americans also introduced the values of materialism and consumerismmaterialism and consumerism

Most significant influenceMost significant influence

DECS 1988DECS 1988 Launched the comprehensive Values Launched the comprehensive Values

Education ProgramEducation Program Draws inspiration from the 1986 EDSA Draws inspiration from the 1986 EDSA

Revolution and 1987 Philippine Revolution and 1987 Philippine Constitution Constitution

““a just and humane society”a just and humane society” Calling for a shared culture and commonly Calling for a shared culture and commonly

held values such as truth, justice, freedom, held values such as truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace.love, equality and peace.

Different Value OrientationsDifferent Value Orientations

1.1. Non-rationalism – RationalismNon-rationalism – Rationalism

Non-rationalism Non-rationalism

– – man has to adapt himself to nature and to man has to adapt himself to nature and to forces outside himselfforces outside himself

- Uncritical acceptance, reverence and Uncritical acceptance, reverence and protection of traditions and ritualsprotection of traditions and rituals

- Resistance to scientific methods and Resistance to scientific methods and unquestioning obedience to authorityunquestioning obedience to authority

RationalismRationalism- A belief that by systematic planning, A belief that by systematic planning,

studying and training, once can actively studying and training, once can actively control and manipulate his or her destinycontrol and manipulate his or her destiny

- One is thus greatly responsible for his or One is thus greatly responsible for his or her own success or failureher own success or failure

- The rational person is future-oriented The rational person is future-oriented rather than past or present orientedrather than past or present oriented

- Thoughts and actions are characteristically Thoughts and actions are characteristically scientific-orientedscientific-oriented

Bahala na, palabas, pakitang tao, Bahala na, palabas, pakitang tao, pagyayabang, espiritista, mangkukulam, pagyayabang, espiritista, mangkukulam, tinalaga ng Diyos, gulong ng palad, tinalaga ng Diyos, gulong ng palad, iginuhit ng tadhana, malas, napasubo, iginuhit ng tadhana, malas, napasubo, hiya, utang na loob,amor propio (self hiya, utang na loob,amor propio (self esteem), SIR (smooth interpersonal esteem), SIR (smooth interpersonal relations)relations)

Filipinos find it difficult to say no to a Filipinos find it difficult to say no to a request or an invitation and use request or an invitation and use expression like kuwan, marahil, tila nga expression like kuwan, marahil, tila nga and pipilitin koand pipilitin ko

2. Personalism and Impersonalism2. Personalism and Impersonalism

PersonalismPersonalism Attaches major importance to personal Attaches major importance to personal

factor which guaranties intimacy, warmth factor which guaranties intimacy, warmth and security of kinship and friendship in and security of kinship and friendship in getting things done (pakiusap, areglo, getting things done (pakiusap, areglo, lakad – weaken the merit system in lakad – weaken the merit system in employment)employment)

ImpersonalismImpersonalism Tendency to eliminate the influence of Tendency to eliminate the influence of

friendship or kinship in working situationsfriendship or kinship in working situations

3. Particularism - Universalism3. Particularism - Universalism

ParticularismParticularism Centered on sub-groups made up of Centered on sub-groups made up of

relatives, friends, colleagues, associates, relatives, friends, colleagues, associates, religious affiliates or members of his ethnic religious affiliates or members of his ethnic regional group in the larger society to regional group in the larger society to which he belongswhich he belongs

UniversalismUniversalism one’s main concern is the advancement one’s main concern is the advancement

of the collective or national goodof the collective or national good

Filipino NationalismFilipino Nationalism

Nationalism is the advocacy of making Nationalism is the advocacy of making one’s own nation distinct and separate one’s own nation distinct and separate from others in intellectual, social, cultural, from others in intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political and moral matterseconomic, political and moral matters

Feeling of oneness among the nationals Feeling of oneness among the nationals who seek to establish the identity and the who seek to establish the identity and the good of the nation good of the nation

More than just a sentiment of love, More than just a sentiment of love, affection or feeling of patriotism for one’s affection or feeling of patriotism for one’s countrycountry

Is a philosophy or a doctrine of what a Is a philosophy or a doctrine of what a country is, what its goals are and how it is country is, what its goals are and how it is to achieve these goalsto achieve these goals

Can be a factor for either evil or goodCan be a factor for either evil or good May take the form of ethnocentrism or May take the form of ethnocentrism or

racism or xenophobiaracism or xenophobia The Philippines suffer from “national The Philippines suffer from “national

amnesia” and colonial mentalityamnesia” and colonial mentality

Philosophy of thePhilosophy of the Values Education Program Values Education Program

The Human PersonThe Human Person His/her role in shaping of society and the His/her role in shaping of society and the

environmentenvironment Subject of education center of the Subject of education center of the

curriculum and the entire programcurriculum and the entire program The task of education is to help the Filipino The task of education is to help the Filipino

develop hi human potential, contribute to develop hi human potential, contribute to the growth of Philippine culturethe growth of Philippine culture

Multi-dimensional (the person as self and Multi-dimensional (the person as self and the person in the community)the person in the community)

Physical being – has material needsPhysical being – has material needs Does not live in isolation but in community Does not live in isolation but in community

with other personswith other persons Belongs to a familyBelongs to a family Is also economic Is also economic The human being is politicalThe human being is political

Core ValuesCore Values

The human person is of infinite value.The human person is of infinite value. As physical (made of matter), one must As physical (made of matter), one must

maintain health and harmony with naturemaintain health and harmony with nature As spiritual (capable of higher concerns As spiritual (capable of higher concerns

and of rising above the material) one must and of rising above the material) one must cultivate a sense of spirituality in cultivate a sense of spirituality in consonance with his nature and respond consonance with his nature and respond to God in faithto God in faith

As intellectual (gifted with mind, the faculty As intellectual (gifted with mind, the faculty of knowing) one must constantly search of knowing) one must constantly search for the truth and must seek knowledge that for the truth and must seek knowledge that will transform society and the worldwill transform society and the world

As moral (endowed with the faculty of As moral (endowed with the faculty of freely choosing and loving) one must go freely choosing and loving) one must go out to others and in fact to all humanity, in out to others and in fact to all humanity, in lovelove

As a social being (living in a community) As a social being (living in a community) one must cultivate the sense of social one must cultivate the sense of social responsibility, aware of his unique responsibility, aware of his unique participation in the pursuit of the welfare of participation in the pursuit of the welfare of the family and the common good of the the family and the common good of the larger societylarger society

As economic (bound to concerns of As economic (bound to concerns of livelihood) one has the obligation to help livelihood) one has the obligation to help achieve economic efficiency for the achieve economic efficiency for the communitycommunity

As political (member of the nation), one As political (member of the nation), one must foster the sense of nationalism and must foster the sense of nationalism and patriotismpatriotism

Related ValuesRelated Values

1.1. Health implies physical fitness and Health implies physical fitness and cleanliness.cleanliness.

2.2. Truth implies the tireless quest for Truth implies the tireless quest for knowledge in all its forms.knowledge in all its forms.

3.3. The moral nature of the human being The moral nature of the human being places primacy in the value of love.places primacy in the value of love.

4.4. Human existence – especially Human existence – especially experiences such as love and suffering – experiences such as love and suffering – points to a reality beyond one’s points to a reality beyond one’s experiences.experiences.

5. Social responsibility means strengthening 5. Social responsibility means strengthening the family as “the foundation of the nation” the family as “the foundation of the nation” and “a basic autonomous social society,” and “a basic autonomous social society,” weathering the impact of modernization weathering the impact of modernization and technology.and technology.

6. Economic efficiency is achieved by 6. Economic efficiency is achieved by people through work, the exercise of people through work, the exercise of human mastery over the resources of human mastery over the resources of nature and creative imagination in the nature and creative imagination in the solution of complex problems.solution of complex problems.

7. The spirit of nationalism and patriotism 7. The spirit of nationalism and patriotism means love of country.means love of country.

Translating the Values Education Translating the Values Education Framework into ProgramsFramework into Programs

1.1. Establish school-community linkages and Establish school-community linkages and networksnetworks

2.2. Maximize the use of community, human Maximize the use of community, human and material resourcesand material resources

3.3. Consolidate efforts of both government Consolidate efforts of both government and non-government agencies and and non-government agencies and institutions for the purpose of minimizing institutions for the purpose of minimizing costs and maximizing resultscosts and maximizing results

Personality and Personality and SocializationSocialization

What is Personality?What is Personality?

A more or less enduring organization of A more or less enduring organization of forces within the individual, associated forces within the individual, associated with a complex of fairly consistent with a complex of fairly consistent attitudes, values and modes of perception attitudes, values and modes of perception which account for the individual’s which account for the individual’s consistency of behaviorconsistency of behavior

A product of socializationA product of socialization

Determinants of Determinants of Personality FormationPersonality Formation

1.1. Biological inheritanceBiological inheritance From parents to off spring through the From parents to off spring through the

mechanisms of the genes found in the mechanisms of the genes found in the chromosomes of the sex cellschromosomes of the sex cells

2. Geographic environment2. Geographic environment Refers to location, climate, topography Refers to location, climate, topography

and natural resourcesand natural resources

3. Cultural environment3. Cultural environment refers to the learned ways of loving, the refers to the learned ways of loving, the

norms of behaviornorms of behavior

4. Social environment4. Social environment Refers to the various groups and social Refers to the various groups and social

interactions going on in the groups of interactions going on in the groups of which one is a memberwhich one is a member

Theories of Theories of Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development

Freud’s Theory of SocializationFreud’s Theory of Socialization Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Formulated the first comprehensive theory Formulated the first comprehensive theory

of personalityof personality Is a form of biological determinism which Is a form of biological determinism which

holds that socialization is a process holds that socialization is a process characterized by the internal struggle characterized by the internal struggle between the biological components and between the biological components and the social-cultural environmentthe social-cultural environment

Three major systems of personalityThree major systems of personality

1.1. Id – the biological component which is Id – the biological component which is the source of a number of drives and the source of a number of drives and urgesurges

- it centers around the satisfaction of - it centers around the satisfaction of basic needs like food and sexbasic needs like food and sex

- operates on the pleasure principle- operates on the pleasure principle

2. Ego – the mediator between the needs of 2. Ego – the mediator between the needs of the individual and the world of reality and the individual and the world of reality and strives to delay tension until the suitable strives to delay tension until the suitable environment existenvironment exist

- the cognitive and intellectual processes - the cognitive and intellectual processes are controlled by the egoare controlled by the ego

3. Superego – the moral arm of personality 3. Superego – the moral arm of personality representing the traditional rules, values representing the traditional rules, values and ideals of societyand ideals of society

““The id and the superego are continually in The id and the superego are continually in conflict, while the ego mediates between conflict, while the ego mediates between them.”them.”

Personality development undergoes Personality development undergoes different stages which show the unfolding different stages which show the unfolding of the sex instinctof the sex instinct

The various stages of developmentThe various stages of development

1.1. Oral stage (birth to 1 year) – eating is the Oral stage (birth to 1 year) – eating is the major source of satisfaction. Frustration major source of satisfaction. Frustration or overindulgence at this stage can lead or overindulgence at this stage can lead to overeating and alcoholism in to overeating and alcoholism in adulthoodadulthood

2.2. Anal stage (1 – 3 years) – toilet training. Anal stage (1 – 3 years) – toilet training. The result of fixation at this stage are The result of fixation at this stage are personalities who are grasping and personalities who are grasping and stingystingy

3. Phallic Stage(3 – 6 years)3. Phallic Stage(3 – 6 years)

pleasure comes from the sex organs. This pleasure comes from the sex organs. This is the time when the child desires parents is the time when the child desires parents of the opposite sexof the opposite sex

Oedipus complex – boys desire for their Oedipus complex – boys desire for their mothersmothers

Electra complex – girls desire for their Electra complex – girls desire for their fathersfathers

The child represents erotic desire toward The child represents erotic desire toward the parent of the opposite sex and hostility the parent of the opposite sex and hostility for the parent of the same sexfor the parent of the same sex

4. Latency period 4. Latency period (6 years – Adolescence)(6 years – Adolescence)

Children turn their attention to people Children turn their attention to people outside their families like teachers and outside their families like teachers and friends friends

Erotic impulses are dormantErotic impulses are dormant

5. Genital stage5. Genital stage (Adolescence and beyond) (Adolescence and beyond)

The sexual impulses become active again The sexual impulses become active again and the individual focuses on the opposite and the individual focuses on the opposite sexsex

Looks around for potential marriage Looks around for potential marriage partner and prepares for marriage and partner and prepares for marriage and adult responsibilitiesadult responsibilities

Culture and PersonalityCulture and Personality

The personality development theory The personality development theory Franz Boas, an American anthropologist, Franz Boas, an American anthropologist,

was the proponent of this studywas the proponent of this study Personality development is a result of Personality development is a result of

learning what is found in the culture and learning what is found in the culture and that significant differences in personality that significant differences in personality are learnedare learned

Individual personalities of members of society Individual personalities of members of society are tiny replicas of their overall cultureare tiny replicas of their overall culture

Members of a society are subjected to similar Members of a society are subjected to similar childhood experiences, producing similarities in childhood experiences, producing similarities in personalitypersonality

There are cultural determinants of personality, There are cultural determinants of personality, ranging from matters of the social graces and ranging from matters of the social graces and rules of etiquette to attitudes toward society and rules of etiquette to attitudes toward society and the universethe universe

The cluster of behavior patterns, attitudes and The cluster of behavior patterns, attitudes and values shown by members of a society is known values shown by members of a society is known as society’s basic personalityas society’s basic personality

Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism

Based on the works and ideas of George Based on the works and ideas of George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley

The basic idea in this theory is personality The basic idea in this theory is personality is a result of the interaction between is a result of the interaction between individuals mediated by symbols or, in individuals mediated by symbols or, in particular, language.particular, language.

Language is crucial in the development of Language is crucial in the development of social selfsocial self

The symbols that constitute a language The symbols that constitute a language represent concept by which the person represent concept by which the person engaged in cooperative activity acquire the engaged in cooperative activity acquire the attitudes of others involved in that activityattitudes of others involved in that activity

To the proponents of symbolic inter-To the proponents of symbolic inter-actionism, the development of the social actionism, the development of the social self and the generalized others are self and the generalized others are importantimportant

Development of the Social SelfDevelopment of the Social Self

The human infant is born helpless and The human infant is born helpless and without a sense of selfwithout a sense of self

The self emerges in the process of The self emerges in the process of socialization – a process of social socialization – a process of social interaction and social activity – mediated interaction and social activity – mediated by languageby language

This starts at birth, when parents hold their This starts at birth, when parents hold their baby and attend to his or her needsbaby and attend to his or her needs

The baby begins to realize that he The baby begins to realize that he depends on other people for comfortdepends on other people for comfort

Initially the baby acquires some significant Initially the baby acquires some significant symbols and learns that certain actions symbols and learns that certain actions like crying, smiling, screaming and like crying, smiling, screaming and reaching our will elicit responses from the reaching our will elicit responses from the people aroundpeople around

Through make-believe verbal play, they Through make-believe verbal play, they develop the ability to look at themselves develop the ability to look at themselves from the standpoint of othersfrom the standpoint of others

The self consists of two parts, the “I”, The self consists of two parts, the “I”, which is active and spontaneous and the which is active and spontaneous and the “me” which is the product of socialization, “me” which is the product of socialization, resulting in a social selfresulting in a social self

The Looking Glass SelfThe Looking Glass Self

The ability of children to visualize The ability of children to visualize themselves though the eyes of othersthemselves though the eyes of others

To imagine how they appear to othersTo imagine how they appear to others The social selfThe social self Family, friends, teachers, classmates and Family, friends, teachers, classmates and

peer group exert a group or form a part of peer group exert a group or form a part of what is called “significant others”what is called “significant others”

Significant others become models for the Significant others become models for the child who usually identifies with themchild who usually identifies with them

Three elements Three elements of the looking glass selfof the looking glass self

1.1. The imagination of how we appear to The imagination of how we appear to other personsother persons

2.2. The imagination of the judgment of that The imagination of the judgment of that appearanceappearance

3.3. Some sort of feelingSome sort of feeling

The Generalized OthersThe Generalized Others

at the age of 8 or 9, children engage in at the age of 8 or 9, children engage in games where they are able to take the games where they are able to take the attitudes and responses of others in social attitudes and responses of others in social activityactivity

The individual thinks, feels and sees The individual thinks, feels and sees things from a perspective characteristic of things from a perspective characteristic of the group of which he is a memberthe group of which he is a member

The Process of SocializationThe Process of Socialization

Human beings are born without any Human beings are born without any concept of selfconcept of self

The culture’s symbols and ways of The culture’s symbols and ways of classifying experiences are taught to classifying experiences are taught to children through the medium of language children through the medium of language so that they begin to interact with others so that they begin to interact with others and share in the culture’s common stock and share in the culture’s common stock of symbols, norms and valuesof symbols, norms and values

Teaching and learning the culture enables Teaching and learning the culture enables the child to become part of the societythe child to become part of the society

The process by which children become The process by which children become participating and functioning members of participating and functioning members of society is socializationsociety is socialization

Socialization is the process of fitting into an Socialization is the process of fitting into an organized way of life and established organized way of life and established cultural tradition and includes the cultural tradition and includes the complementary process of transmission of complementary process of transmission of the culture and social heritage and the culture and social heritage and development of personalitydevelopment of personality

Functions of socialization:Functions of socialization:

1.1. The group transmits its values, customs The group transmits its values, customs and beliefs from one generation to and beliefs from one generation to anotheranother

2.2. Socialization enables the individual to Socialization enables the individual to grow and develop into a socially grow and develop into a socially functioning personfunctioning person

3.3. Socialization is a means of social control Socialization is a means of social control by which members are encouraged to by which members are encouraged to conform to the ways of the group by conform to the ways of the group by internalizing the group’s norms and internalizing the group’s norms and valuesvalues

2 types of socialization2 types of socialization

1.1. Deliberate or conscious – persons are Deliberate or conscious – persons are explicitly and directly taught the norms explicitly and directly taught the norms and values, the social expectations and and values, the social expectations and obligations of the group obligations of the group

- Socialization is deliberate as carried out - Socialization is deliberate as carried out in the family and other agencies of in the family and other agencies of socializationsocialization

2. Non-deliberate or unplanned – when 2. Non-deliberate or unplanned – when individuals learn the norms and values by individuals learn the norms and values by themselves from observations in the themselves from observations in the various groups they come in contact withvarious groups they come in contact with

*Social pressures are applied to make *Social pressures are applied to make members conform, but members may members conform, but members may react differently.react differently.

*The individual being socialized is not a *The individual being socialized is not a passive object.passive object.

*There are times when one rebel or deviate.*There are times when one rebel or deviate.

Agencies of SocializationAgencies of Socialization

The FamilyThe Family Plays a unique role in personality Plays a unique role in personality

developmentdevelopment Main link between the child and the Main link between the child and the

societysociety Responsible for initiating the child into the Responsible for initiating the child into the

culture of the groupculture of the group Where the child gains his first experience Where the child gains his first experience

of love, affection, kindness, sympathy, of love, affection, kindness, sympathy, courtesy and other traits.courtesy and other traits.

Set examples to the child, who learns the Set examples to the child, who learns the habits, attitudes and valueshabits, attitudes and values

Performance of socially accepted behavior Performance of socially accepted behavior is rewarded, while socially undesirable is is rewarded, while socially undesirable is punishedpunished

Acts as the social laboratory which Acts as the social laboratory which prepares the child for life in the bigger prepares the child for life in the bigger society and that it is the family which is society and that it is the family which is first, the closest and most influential social first, the closest and most influential social group in the child’s lifegroup in the child’s life

Parents have the primary right and Parents have the primary right and obligation to provide for the upbringing of obligation to provide for the upbringing of their children and to discipline them as their children and to discipline them as may be necessary for the formation of may be necessary for the formation of their good charactertheir good character

Children learn to cooperate, compete and Children learn to cooperate, compete and accommodateaccommodate

This will determine their relationship with This will determine their relationship with othersothers

The Peer GroupThe Peer Group

As the child grows older he joins groups As the child grows older he joins groups linked with his age and interestlinked with his age and interest

Child tends to associate with children of Child tends to associate with children of the same age coming from kin group, the same age coming from kin group, neighborhood or schoolneighborhood or school

Peer groups in adulthood are formed in Peer groups in adulthood are formed in places of work, politics, fraternities or places of work, politics, fraternities or sororities or religion.sororities or religion.

Egalitarian in nature – equality in statusEgalitarian in nature – equality in status

Child gains freedom as he is released Child gains freedom as he is released from the dominating pressures of adults from the dominating pressures of adults and in cooperative interaction with equalsand in cooperative interaction with equals

Should there be conflict he settled it with Should there be conflict he settled it with equalsequals

Where the child learns to make decisions Where the child learns to make decisions as he is introduced to a world often in as he is introduced to a world often in conflict with adult worldconflict with adult world

Learns to develop self-sufficiencyLearns to develop self-sufficiency Adolescents are warned against joining Adolescents are warned against joining

the barkada because the parents feel that the barkada because the parents feel that such kind of intense attachment brings such kind of intense attachment brings more harm than goodmore harm than good

Influences the norms and values, interests Influences the norms and values, interests and activities of its membersand activities of its members

Members develop storing attachment and Members develop storing attachment and loyalty to the group, getting support and loyalty to the group, getting support and security in times of uncertainty, stresses security in times of uncertainty, stresses and strainand strain

Develop among members a sense of Develop among members a sense of belonging and a strong we-feelingbelonging and a strong we-feeling

Their style in life, consumption needs, Their style in life, consumption needs, recreation and other activities are recreation and other activities are influenced by the peer group aided by influenced by the peer group aided by mediamedia

They improvise words or have a lingo to They improvise words or have a lingo to set them apart from othersset them apart from others

Some committed, cause-oriented groups Some committed, cause-oriented groups dedicate themselves to working for certain dedicate themselves to working for certain ideals, like social justice and human rightsideals, like social justice and human rights

Become especially influential when Become especially influential when parental guidance, affection and are parental guidance, affection and are lackinglacking

SchoolsSchools The primary agent for weaning the child The primary agent for weaning the child

from home and introducing him into the from home and introducing him into the societysociety

Where the child gets his formal instruction Where the child gets his formal instruction and acquires skillsand acquires skills

The child’s emotional and intellectual The child’s emotional and intellectual growth is forgedgrowth is forged

Inculcates the basic cultural values and Inculcates the basic cultural values and selective knowledge they will need to selective knowledge they will need to participate in the society to which they participate in the society to which they belongbelong

Mass MediaMass Media

Its functions are primarily to inform, Its functions are primarily to inform, entertain and educateentertain and educate

Substitute for activities like reading and Substitute for activities like reading and playingplaying

Parents usually find it convenient for their Parents usually find it convenient for their children to view TV programs as it enables children to view TV programs as it enables them to do their household chores orthem to do their household chores or

WorkplaceWorkplace

In the rural communities, farmers, In the rural communities, farmers, fisherfolks and craftsmen live close to their fisherfolks and craftsmen live close to their place of work so that their work is usually place of work so that their work is usually tied up with other activities in the home or tied up with other activities in the home or communitycommunity

In urban areas, the work activity of people In urban areas, the work activity of people is usually distinct from other activitiesis usually distinct from other activities

Employees are socialized according to Employees are socialized according to their role expectationstheir role expectations

Social ChangeSocial Change

A significant shift or modification in the A significant shift or modification in the lifestyle of a society, affecting major lifestyle of a society, affecting major segments of the population and bringing segments of the population and bringing about transformation of its social structure, about transformation of its social structure, its institutions and its traditional values and its institutions and its traditional values and patterns of behaviorpatterns of behavior

Social InstitutionSocial Institution

FamilyFamily

The Marriage ProcessThe Marriage Process

a.a. Finding a potential spouseFinding a potential spouse

b.b. Securing the marriage Securing the marriage

c.c. Maintaining itMaintaining it

a. Choosing a spousea. Choosing a spouse

Rules vary among societies Rules vary among societies Endogamous – mate must come within Endogamous – mate must come within

one’s communityone’s community Exogamy – spouse may be chosen Exogamy – spouse may be chosen

outside the communityoutside the community In extreme cases, members resort to In extreme cases, members resort to

marriage by capturemarriage by capture In the Philippines, it is locally known as In the Philippines, it is locally known as

“pikot”“pikot”

Marriage has to be arranged by families of Marriage has to be arranged by families of the couplethe couple

Child marriage among the T’boliChild marriage among the T’boli

Meeting the Terms:Meeting the Terms: He is expected to perform the bride He is expected to perform the bride

service (one year or more)service (one year or more) Depending on the wishes of the bride’s Depending on the wishes of the bride’s

parentsparents

b. Securing the Marriage b. Securing the Marriage

Marriage is secured through the payment Marriage is secured through the payment of bridewealthof bridewealth

Bridewealth – given to the parents of the Bridewealth – given to the parents of the bridegroom for the fertility of the womanbridegroom for the fertility of the woman

Dowry is the recognition of the virility of Dowry is the recognition of the virility of the manthe man

Residence After MarriageResidence After Marriage

Neolocal residence – couple live in a place far Neolocal residence – couple live in a place far from the residence of their parentsfrom the residence of their parents

Patrilocal or virilocal residence – the man brings Patrilocal or virilocal residence – the man brings his wife to his parent’s househis wife to his parent’s house

Matrilocal or uxorilocal residence – wife brings the Matrilocal or uxorilocal residence – wife brings the husband to her parents’ househusband to her parents’ house

Bilocal residence – shift from matrilocal to Bilocal residence – shift from matrilocal to patrilocal or vice versapatrilocal or vice versa

Forms of MarriageForms of Marriage

1. Monogamy 1. Monogamy most common and universal formmost common and universal form Union of a man and womanUnion of a man and woman Predicated on the personal choice of the Predicated on the personal choice of the

couplecouple Serial marriage – one has a number of Serial marriage – one has a number of

spouses but he or she is married to them spouses but he or she is married to them consecutivelyconsecutively

2. Polygamy2. Polygamy

Refers to a plural union where an Refers to a plural union where an individual is married to several individuals individual is married to several individuals at the same timeat the same time

Involvement of man to several womenInvolvement of man to several women The Muslim marriage exemplifies this form The Muslim marriage exemplifies this form

as it is provided in the Koranas it is provided in the Koran Polyandry – woman involved with several Polyandry – woman involved with several

menmen Social scientists believe that this is Social scientists believe that this is

effective means of population controleffective means of population control

3. Adoptive Marriage3. Adoptive Marriage

Form of marriage found in JapanForm of marriage found in Japan One’s surname is patronymic (surname is One’s surname is patronymic (surname is

transferred from father to son)transferred from father to son) Families who only have daughters adopt Families who only have daughters adopt

the prospective son-in-law before the the prospective son-in-law before the wedding thus his surname is changed to wedding thus his surname is changed to that of the bride’s familythat of the bride’s family

4. Fictive Marriage4. Fictive Marriage

Union between two women, an older and a Union between two women, an older and a younger oneyounger one

The older woman has been divorced by her The older woman has been divorced by her husband because of her being barrenhusband because of her being barren

She will marry a younger woman to take care of She will marry a younger woman to take care of herher

The younger woman can have a relationship The younger woman can have a relationship with a man, and their children will be considered with a man, and their children will be considered as the children of the coupleas the children of the couple

Sex is never the function of such unionSex is never the function of such union Lesbianism is out of the questionLesbianism is out of the question

5. Sister-Exchange5. Sister-Exchange

This form of marriage is prevalent in some This form of marriage is prevalent in some agricultural areas where every member of agricultural areas where every member of the family must be a farm helperthe family must be a farm helper

A man cannot be allowed to marry unless A man cannot be allowed to marry unless the sister of the bridegroom agrees to the sister of the bridegroom agrees to marry the brother of the bridemarry the brother of the bride

6. Bride Capture6. Bride Capture

In itself part of the marriage ritual (legal)In itself part of the marriage ritual (legal) Tikopia, an island in the PacificTikopia, an island in the Pacific Relatives of the bridegroom assist him in Relatives of the bridegroom assist him in

“capturing” the bride “capturing” the bride If the bride is not in favor, she makes this If the bride is not in favor, she makes this

known to her relatives and they in turn see known to her relatives and they in turn see to it that she never gets capturedto it that she never gets captured

There are other forms of marriage There are other forms of marriage which are considered aswhich are considered as

second marriages second marriages

1.1. Sororate Marriage – Sororate Marriage – sister-in-law marriagesister-in-law marriage The man remarries his deceased wife’s The man remarries his deceased wife’s

sistersister Also referred as the inheritanceAlso referred as the inheritance Commonly practiced in African societiesCommonly practiced in African societies

2. Levirate Marriage – brother-in-law 2. Levirate Marriage – brother-in-law marriagemarriage

A woman marries the deceased husband’s A woman marries the deceased husband’s brotherbrother

The objective is to take care of the The objective is to take care of the brother’s children and his widowbrother’s children and his widow

3. Ghost Marriage – similar to levirate 3. Ghost Marriage – similar to levirate marriagemarriage

The difference lies in the fact that children The difference lies in the fact that children by the second marriage are considered to by the second marriage are considered to be “sired” by the dead husbandbe “sired” by the dead husband

Beyond MonogamyBeyond Monogamy

1.1. Husband – Wife SwappingHusband – Wife Swapping- There is an organization which handles There is an organization which handles

the activities of the participating the activities of the participating membersmembers

- Singles not allowedSingles not allowed- No emotional relations to be established No emotional relations to be established

between partnersbetween partners- Parties are held after nine in the eveningParties are held after nine in the evening

2. Live-In Relationship2. Live-In Relationship

Relationship between single man and Relationship between single man and single woman who agree to live together single woman who agree to live together as husband and wife without the formal as husband and wife without the formal marriage ritesmarriage rites

Resembles the common-law relationshipResembles the common-law relationship The difference is that the couple may be The difference is that the couple may be

married to other personsmarried to other persons

C. Other forms of RelationshipC. Other forms of Relationship

Swingers – middle-aged men who find Swingers – middle-aged men who find pleasure in going to bars and attracting pleasure in going to bars and attracting womenwomen

They collect women They collect women Their egos are inflated when they realize Their egos are inflated when they realize

that there are still women who fall for them that there are still women who fall for them in spite of their agein spite of their age

Dual Career-FamilyDual Career-Family

The task of providing for the economic The task of providing for the economic needs of the family is no longer the sole needs of the family is no longer the sole responsibility of the husband and father responsibility of the husband and father but also of the wife and motherbut also of the wife and mother

Both husband and wife pursue their Both husband and wife pursue their individual careersindividual careers

Husband must also share in the household Husband must also share in the household taskstasks

Both participate in domestic choresBoth participate in domestic chores

Changing Role of WomenChanging Role of Women

Gender inequality – one of the issues Gender inequality – one of the issues associated with the emergence of the dual associated with the emergence of the dual career family career family

Most companies prefer male employees Most companies prefer male employees because of the “burden” women bring because of the “burden” women bring

The take-home pay of the wife, as well as The take-home pay of the wife, as well as her successful career, is often the source her successful career, is often the source of tension within the familyof tension within the family

Before industrialization and urbanization, Before industrialization and urbanization, women were confined to the homes and women were confined to the homes and tied down to domestic chorestied down to domestic chores

In slums, women are the principal wage In slums, women are the principal wage earners for their families (husbands are earners for their families (husbands are usually unemployed or on contractual)usually unemployed or on contractual)

Women in the middle and upper classes Women in the middle and upper classes get better training and complete tertiary get better training and complete tertiary education from reputable institutionseducation from reputable institutions

Causes of Change in the FamilyCauses of Change in the Family

Attributed to the introduction of more Attributed to the introduction of more sophisticated technologysophisticated technology

Available family planning methodsAvailable family planning methods Mass media and group influence have Mass media and group influence have

also been responsible for some of the also been responsible for some of the changes in the familychanges in the family

Technological changes have also been Technological changes have also been responsible for the distance between and responsible for the distance between and among family membersamong family members

Has brought about the rise of more dual-Has brought about the rise of more dual-career families in order for parents to meet career families in order for parents to meet the needs and demands of family the needs and demands of family membersmembers

Has given rise to institutions such as Has given rise to institutions such as schools (pre-schools and nursery)schools (pre-schools and nursery)

Fast food chains, instant meals, ready-to-Fast food chains, instant meals, ready-to-cook meals available at the marketcook meals available at the market

Working parents may not find time to eat Working parents may not find time to eat dinner at homedinner at home

Husbands and wives become physically Husbands and wives become physically and psychologically distant from each and psychologically distant from each otherother

This may lead to cooling off period to legal This may lead to cooling off period to legal separationseparation

Future of the Family in the Future of the Family in the PhilippinesPhilippines

Remains to be strong and vital institution Remains to be strong and vital institution in molding the character of its young in molding the character of its young membersmembers

Foreseen decrease in the size of the Foreseen decrease in the size of the family as younger couples realize the family as younger couples realize the value of having fewer childrenvalue of having fewer children

Proliferation of agencies and services Proliferation of agencies and services available to assist working women with the available to assist working women with the burden of housekeepingburden of housekeeping

Working women will continue to assume Working women will continue to assume some of their traditional roles some of their traditional roles

Men will share in the traditional roles of Men will share in the traditional roles of women; they will begin to be supportive of women; they will begin to be supportive of the careers of their wives after marriagethe careers of their wives after marriage

Women who are career-oriented will put Women who are career-oriented will put off marriageoff marriage

Stable jobs before marriage because of Stable jobs before marriage because of the significant contributions to the family the significant contributions to the family incomeincome

Economic OrganizationEconomic Organization

EconomyEconomy

The decision that people make given the The decision that people make given the limited resources or wealth on handlimited resources or wealth on hand

The desire to obtain or utilize unlimited The desire to obtain or utilize unlimited goods and servicesgoods and services

To maximize the achievement of goods To maximize the achievement of goods while at the same time minimizing while at the same time minimizing expenditureexpenditure

Activities people engage in to produce and Activities people engage in to produce and acquire goods and servicesacquire goods and services

Modes of productionModes of production

1.1. Hunting and foraging Hunting and foraging

2.2. Horticulture – associated with slash-burn Horticulture – associated with slash-burn methodmethod

3.3. Pastoralism – involves a primary Pastoralism – involves a primary dependence on herding and animal dependence on herding and animal husbandryhusbandry

4.4. AgricultureAgriculture

Money serves Money serves three important purposesthree important purposes

1.1. As means of exchangeAs means of exchange

2.2. As mode of paymentAs mode of payment

3.3. A standard of valueA standard of value

ExchangeExchange

Simply refers to the practice of giving Simply refers to the practice of giving and receiving valued objects and and receiving valued objects and servicesservices

Comes in various forms:Comes in various forms:

1.1. ReciprocalReciprocal

2.2. RedistributiveRedistributive

3.3. marketmarket

Reciprocal ExchangeReciprocal Exchange

The exchange process noted among The exchange process noted among simple and small-scale societiessimple and small-scale societies

characteristics:characteristics:1.1. No immediate returnNo immediate return2.2. No systematic calculation of the value of No systematic calculation of the value of

the products and services exchangedthe products and services exchanged3.3. An overt denial that a balance is being An overt denial that a balance is being

calculated or that the balance must come calculated or that the balance must come out evenout even

Redistributive ExchangeRedistributive Exchange

An extreme case of reciprocity where the An extreme case of reciprocity where the redistributor gives away everything and redistributor gives away everything and gets nothing in exchange, but the gets nothing in exchange, but the admiration of those who benefit from the admiration of those who benefit from the transaction (an egalitarian redistributive transaction (an egalitarian redistributive exchange)exchange)

The redistributor withholds his labor from The redistributor withholds his labor from the production process, keeps the largest the production process, keeps the largest share and therefore gets more material share and therefore gets more material goods for himself (stratified redistribution goods for himself (stratified redistribution exchange)exchange)

Price Market Exchange: Price Market Exchange: Buying and SellingBuying and Selling

Market is a place where people assemble, Market is a place where people assemble, buy and sell commodities that they buy and sell commodities that they produce and the services they needproduce and the services they need

Market is also a place for socializationMarket is also a place for socialization Suki – frequent market buyersSuki – frequent market buyers

- gets an extra treat- gets an extra treat

The rural household and its The rural household and its contribution to economic productioncontribution to economic production Household is the basic unit of economic Household is the basic unit of economic

organization (economists)organization (economists) Household is the basic unit of analysis, Household is the basic unit of analysis,

particularly in terms of production and particularly in terms of production and consumption (anthropologists)consumption (anthropologists)

The household is the only easily The household is the only easily identifiable starting point for any kind of identifiable starting point for any kind of socio-economic investigation in most of socio-economic investigation in most of the societies they have studiedthe societies they have studied

The economic value of childrenThe economic value of children

1.1. When the mothers become widowed and When the mothers become widowed and the control of the household’s productive the control of the household’s productive assets have been transferred to the next assets have been transferred to the next generationgeneration

2.2. When a child returns to the parental When a child returns to the parental household after having spent some years household after having spent some years in a position of independencein a position of independence

Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

““Politics begin wherePolitics begin where

kinship ends”kinship ends”

Political OrganizationPolitical Organization

is a part of the total organization is a part of the total organization concerned with the preservation of social concerned with the preservation of social order within a specified territory by a duly order within a specified territory by a duly recognized authorityrecognized authority

Politics is about the absolute power to Politics is about the absolute power to make decisions in societymake decisions in society

Always associated with government Always associated with government Exists in all societiesExists in all societies

The government’s decision is authoritative The government’s decision is authoritative and can be coercive at times through the and can be coercive at times through the use of police, law courts, prisons and other use of police, law courts, prisons and other institutionsinstitutions

In effect power is vested in governmentIn effect power is vested in government

Concept of PowerConcept of Power

The key concept of politics is powerThe key concept of politics is power Power is defined as the ability to make Power is defined as the ability to make

others do what others would not otherwise others do what others would not otherwise dodo

Can operate in various levelsCan operate in various levels

1.1. PersonalPersonal

2.2. OrganizationalOrganizational

3.3. NationalNational

4.4. InternationalInternational

The problem arises when power is used simultaneously, confusion emerges and therefore difficult to resolve particularly, when the people involved do not have power that is, to make final decision on the problem, but nevertheless have the influence and can affect decisions

Power can be used and abused in the following ways:

Uses1. To gain consent2. To secure

agreement3. To find general good4. To find what people

want5. To act quickly in an

emergency6. To maintain the

society

Abuses1. To gain obedience2. To override

reasoned opposition3. To push a special

interest4. To tell people what

they ought to want5. To use emergency

powers to keep oneself in power

Theories of Political Power

1. Those who believe that the key to political power lies in the economic organization. This is related to the idea that the class who controls means of production has political power.

2. Those who believe that the political power is in the hands of the few (ruling elite)

3. Those who believe that political power is widely distributed in society and that for every center of power there is the countervailing center of power (the pluralist model)

Model

Source

Bearers

Conscious?

Means

Ruling Class

Economic

Class

Yes

Control of production

Model

Source

Bearers

Conscious?

Means

Ruling Elite

Group cohesion

Elite

Yes

Control of information

Model

Source

Bearers

Conscious?

Means

Pluralist

Popular with organization

Competing groups

No

Countervailing power

Ruling Class Model

The Marxist view upholds the theory that the real centers of power are the classes

People who compose them have a common interest and can develop common purpose predicated on a common relation to the factors of production

Economic is the primary source of power in a capitalist society (Marx)

The ruling class enjoys the following powers

Controls the state (government, police, judiciary, army) and can coerce others in obeying it

Controls the processes of information (media, educational system)

Ruling Elite Model

Elite refers to a small groups of people who occupies the most influential and prestigious positions in society

A political elite refers to those people who have a disproportionate share of power

Elite theory has its origin in Italy by those pessimists who decry the possibility of democracy

The term elite was coined by Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who developed interest in sociology in his later life

From Robert Michel’s point of view, oligarchy, the rule by the few, is inevitable product of the basic principles of the organization

Basic Principles of the organization

1. Size-increase in the size of an organization inevitably results in the division of labor and eventually specialization..

2. Power and influence

Specialists begin to take the status of experts. Concentration of expertise leads to concentration of power.

3. Lack of participation

The rank and file within an organization do not have the necessary training as specialists and therefore cannot participate.

4. Organizational facilities for power maintenance.

Leaders can remain in power by:

1. Superior knowledge because of specialization, access to files, just being around when decisions are made. Knowledge can empower one to manipulate the organization.

2. Control of the organizational media (journals). Views approved by the top are transmitted to the subordinates.

3. Time – leaders are highly paid and given incentives. They have plenty of time on hand to accumulate knowledge.

4. Political skill – a factor in order to achieve power, once in power, leaders have this skill and eventually become full time politicians

Factors to consider which are external to the organization but

contributory to oligarchy

1. The generally illegitimacy of opposition. Criticism is viewed as subversion

2. The economic and social gap between leaders and followers.

3. Psychological factor (The masses are incompetent and apathetic. As such they are grateful to the leaders for assuming the responsibility to govern them)

Pluralist Model

Uphold the view that the group, not individuals, can command power

It oppose the view that in a democratic society, every citizen has equal chance to influence decisions

Political Party – exists to contest for political office

Pressure group – exists to influence on decision makers like the politicians

Ways by which pressure groups exert their influence

Media Public demonstration (rally, meeting or

lobbying) Representations to members of Congress

Political Community

Consists of people with similar political norms and goals

Agree to follow the same political procedures

Unique in the specific avenues for the acquisition of power

The Political Elite

Those people within a community that weld power and leadership

Leaders are example of a member of the political elite

An individual who has the power to make decisions for and in behalf of a group

Political power of a leader is personal (within the context of the socioeconomic setting where a leader lives

Political Organization of Societies

Two broad categories:1. Those associated with states –

characterized by the presence of centralized authority, administrative machinery and judicial institution

2. Those associated with stateless societies – small scale societies, without the specialization present in state governance

Stateless societies are of two types

1. Acephalous (headless) – consists of people who live and work together in bands, camps or villages.- It is usually a small group consisting of about twenty to twenty-five people who are related by blood or marriage- decision is done by consensus- commonly organized into loose alliances known as tribes

A tribe consists of people with certain cultural characteristics, a common territory and enjoys political autonomy

2. Chiefdom – its administrative structure integrates a number of communities and therefore highly stratified

Status above the other members of the society

The position is hereditary Chief accumulates goods which he

redistribute (feast or dole out)

Population size and growth are important factors in the transformation of acephalous to chiefdom and chiefdom to states

Higher population densities imply specialization and a more intensified production which contribute to a greater accumulation of wealth and power

State

An autonomous integrated political unit, encompassing many communities within its territory with a highly specialized central governing authority

Has a monopoly of power Many states were creations of colonial

powers

Conflict People within a community are bound to

experience interpersonal and social tension

Communities have devised certain strategies to cope with such problems

It is possible that those in power are motivated to want more and are unwilling to give it up

For those not in power, they resort to conflict as a resource to increase their position in society

Rebellion

Involved in the struggle for power and change

Involves the innocent masses at the crossfire

Disrupted the operations of government and economy

The effect led to the loss of lives

Big chunk of government’s expenditure and budget went to the National Defense department, rationale to protect internal security

Incentives are offered to lure rebels to put down their arms and recognize government authority

Revolution

Involves fundamental change in the nature of the state, the functions of government, the principles of economic production and distribution, the relationship of social classes, particularly as regard the control of government – a significant break with the past

Revolution are rare because of the following reasons

Lack of power Inability to organize Motives are simple Multiple and divided loyalties that make

change difficult Decisions made by those in power institute

reforms to ease pressure Ability of those in power to co-opt the

leadership of the opposition