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According to Bar-Tal, the psychic infrastructure that enables the members of a society to endure long-term (intractable) conflicts integrates societal beliefs , among others in the justness of one’s cause, one’s victim role, the de-legitimation of the enemy and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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According to Bar-Tal, the psychic infrastructure that enables the members of a society to endure long-term (intractable) conflicts integrates societal beliefs, among others – in the justness of one’s cause, – one’s victim role, – the de-legitimation of the enemy and – the defense of personal and national security through a policy of
strength– peace as the ultimate goal of war.
Societal beliefs
Pro-Israel Neutral Pro-Palestine
War Framne Uncritical support of Israeli policy, delegitimation of the Palestinians and justification of Israeli violence
Criticism of Israeli policy, delegitimation of the Israelis and justification of Palestinian violence
Peace Frame Criticism of both sides’ policies, accentuation of the vital needs of the Israelis and condemnation of violence on both sides
Criticism of both sides’ policies, accentuation of the vital needs of both societies and condemnation of violence on both sides
Criticism of both sides’ policies, accentuation of the vital needs of the Palestinians and condemnation of violence on both sides
Cognitive frame
Pro-Israeli Pro-Palestinian
Endorsement of peace npeace01: A solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can only be found through negotiation.
npeace02: The continued violence of the Israelis and Palestinians deepens the gulf between the two societies and leads to radicalization on both sides.
Accentuation of vital needs
npeace03: A solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict must take account of the necessities of life of both populations.
ipeace01: All the participants should work for the Israelis to be able to look forward to a peaceful future free of fear.
ppeace01: All the participants should work for the Palestinians to be able to lead a peaceful, self-determined life.
Cognitive frame
Pro-Israeli Pro-Palestinian
Policy of strength iwar01a: The Palestinian leadership should be forced to recognize Israel.
pwar01a: The Israeli government should be forced to recognize the rights of the Palestinians.
Criticism of opponent’s policy iwar02: The Palestinian leadership is not ready to make compromises and tries to impose its maximum aims without regard to losses.
pwar02: Israel is intransigent and tries to maintain existing conditions by the use of force.
Delegitimation of the opponent iwar03: The goal of the Palestinian leadership is the destruction of Israel.
pwar03: The aim of Israeli policy is the continued oppression and disenfranchisement of the Palestinians.
Legitimation of own side’s warfare
iwar04: The Israelis are conducting a legitimate defensive war against Palestinian terrorism.
pwar04: The Palestinians are conducting a legitimate war of liberation against the Israeli occupation.
Condemnation of opponent’s violence
iwar05: Nothing can justify the Palestinian terror attacks against the Israeli population.
pwar05: Israel’s military operations against the Palestinians are excessive and unjustified.
Cognitive frame
Pro-Israeli War Frame (9,8%)
1
2
3
4
5
solu
tion
byne
gotia
tion
viol
ence
deep
ens
gap
acco
unt
ofbo
th s
ides
'ne
eds
acce
nt o
now
n si
d's
need
s
need
to
forc
eth
e op
pone
nt
criti
cism
of
Opp
onen
t'spo
licy
dele
gitim
atio
nof
the
oppo
nent
just
ifica
tion
ofow
n si
de's
war
fare
cond
emna
tion
of o
ppon
ent's
viol
eenc
e
diu
sag
ree
- ag
ree
Pro Israeli Pro Palestinian
Pro-Palestinian Frame "on the edge" of a War Frame (20,8%)
1
2
3
4
5
solu
tion
byne
gotia
tion
viol
ence
deep
ens
gap
acco
unt
ofbo
th s
ides
'ne
eds
acce
nt o
now
n si
d's
need
s
need
to
forc
eth
e op
pone
nt
criti
cism
of
Opp
onen
t'spo
licy
dele
gitim
atio
nof
the
oppo
nent
just
ifica
tion
ofow
n si
de's
war
fare
cond
emna
tion
of o
ppon
ent's
viol
eenc
e
diu
sag
ree
- ag
ree
Pro Israeli Pro Palestinian Neutral Peace Frame
Pro-Palestinian War Frame (8,7%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
solu
tion
byne
gotia
tion
viol
ence
deep
ens
gap
acco
unt
ofbo
th s
ides
'ne
eds
acce
nt o
now
n si
d's
need
s
need
to
forc
eth
e op
pone
nt
criti
cism
of
Opp
onen
t'spo
licy
dele
gitim
atio
nof
the
oppo
nent
just
ifica
tion
ofow
n si
de's
war
fare
cond
emna
tion
of o
ppon
ent's
viol
eenc
e
diu
sag
ree
- ag
ree
Pro Israeli Pro Palestinian
Average Peace Frames (45,1%)
1
2
3
4
5
solu
tion
byne
gotia
tion
viol
ence
deep
ens
gap
acco
unt
ofbo
th s
ides
'ne
eds
acce
nt o
now
n si
d's
need
s
need
to
forc
eth
e op
pone
nt
criti
cism
of
Opp
onen
t'spo
licy
dele
gitim
atio
nof
the
oppo
nent
just
ifica
tion
ofow
n si
de's
war
fare
cond
emna
tion
of o
ppon
ent's
viol
eenc
e
dis
agre
e -
agre
e
Average Pro Israeli Average Pro Palestinian Neutral pro Israel = pro Palestinian
Results
Also participants who intzerüpret the conflict according to a peace frame believe that the aim of Israeli policy is the continuous oppression and disenfranchisement of the Palestinians