380 THEME 14

and opposite behavioral manifestations can be organized asing this theoreti- cal frame of reference. Such a conceptualization suggests a Dumber of areas for further research and highlights some of the pertinent factors in the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents and in the prevention of asocial behavior.

SOCIALIZATION, EGO DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGINALITY

BY

JOSEPH ADEI...gON

(University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.)

The raper discusses a number of related studies on the psycho-dynamic sources of originality and creativity. It was the guiding hypothesis of the work that creative activity i:; in some part based on the individual's recep- tiveness to pre-logical thought processes; that is, we assume that the creative individual is able to tolerate archaic modes of cognition, and can utilize them in creative activity. It was further hypothesized that these differences in originality are to some extent contingent upon differences in the child- training l~:rocess, and in the defense mechanisms which are learned during socializar~on.

In one study, dreams were collected from twenty students of creative writing, ten of whom were rated as extremely high and ten extremely low on literary inventiveness. Blind ratings of manifest dream content revealed strikin, diflbrences between the groups. The dreams of the inventive stu- der, ts were biTarre, complex, illogical, and structurally loose; laws of time, space, and causality were violated. The dreams of the uninventive group were simple, coherent, stereotyped, and logically accurate; conventional conceptions of time, space and causality persisted; these dreams tended to represent continuations of c,:ents of the previous day.

In 8zlother study, the same sample was given the TAT under two differing sets of instructions. They were first given ordinary instructions; they were therl asked to tell stories to the same stimuli, but were requested to give "the most fantastic and farfetched stories" they could imagine. The un- inventive subjects were unable to tell stories which departed Yrom ordinary logical conventions; inventive subjects told stories which were considered pre-logical, in that rationa! conceptions of action, time, physical reality and causality were violated.

MOTIVATION HUMAINE 381

In a third study, which is reported only briefly, data were obtained on the socialization experiences of nine-year olds who were rated as "original" and "unoriginal" in spontaneous dramatic play. Differenee~ are found in the parents' handling of toilet d~scipline and in the parents' use of denial and repression vis-/t-vis the child's sexual curiosity.

These and other data are used to tbrmulate a theory of the psychody~aamic sources of originality. It is held that the socialization process may produ-~., out of the necessities of defense, an impermeability of the ego to pre- logical modes of experience; in these eases, only conventional and ste- reotyped thought processes can achieve consciousness. The data may also help to clarify the relationships between psychopathology and artistic achievement.

ZWILLINGSPSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNGEN ZUR

DER PH)~NOGENETIK DER PERSON

VON

KURT GOITSCHALDT

(lnstitut ft~r Psychologie der Hv,nbo!dt-Universitdt, Berlin)

FRAGE

Lhngsschnittuntersuchungen an erbgleichen und erbverschiedc~on Zwil- lingen fiber wesentliche Lebensabschnitte hinweg stellen eine geeig~L~:~ Ausgangsbasis fiir die Fragen des dialektischen Zusammenwirkens yon genischen und peristatischen Bedingungen in der psychophys!schen Ent- wicldung der Person dar.

Der Bericht stfitzt sich auf die Untersuehung yon 90 Zwillingspaaren, je z~:r HhTfte eineiig und zweieiig, die vor 20 Jahren erstmalig 2 lVio~ate in eincm Zwillingslager untersucht wurden; yon diesen stehen noch heute --- nun als Erwaehsene - - 152 Probanden in der Beobachtung.

1) Der Vergleieh tier eingehenden Pers6nlichkeitsanalysen der Kinder vor 20 Jahren mit denen der Erwachsencn heute zeigt w je nach den Funktionsbereichen im Aufbau der Person o unterschiedliche Verh~iltnisse yon erblichen und Umwelt-Wirkungen in der Entwicklung. So finden wit in allen endothymen Grundqualit~ten der Person (Grundstimmung, Aft. kti- vit~it, vitale Energieausstattung, Temperament etc.) so gut wie voile Kon- kordanz bei den EZ-Probanden sowohl im Kindes- wie auch im Erwach- senenalter w im Gegensatz zu erbverschiedenen Zwillingen. Das spricht