Socialist Unemployment - The Political Economy of Yugoslavia

7/31/2019 Socialist Unemployment - The Political Economy of Yugoslavia

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The unders ta

t ragedy of it s w

between its str


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xvi

Eastern Europ

VIII , 97 Stat .


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wages.5 For th e la

praised this exp eri


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6

tr ies that have a

II , in compariso


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8

The paradox of the historical fact


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socialism. Ev en cr

imacy. A function


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premature consu

workers consu mp t


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14

too polit ically frconsu m p tion in t


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16

fers only to a su b

comm u nist persua


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Indu strialization

easily. In cont rast


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18

Wertrationalitcit,


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all other, unprodu


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20

crises of capi tal ismara tion of p rod u cti


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factional disputes

matic blueprint o


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22

part icular approac

factions. To imple


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parties of the same

Japan and the Chr


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common pattern a

reflected in large

24


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I n t e r n a t i

M a n ufactu& Mini

(1)


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Level of Empl


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28

A countrys niche

regard, and for a


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THE MAKI


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32

two tactical proble

a cou n try o f su ch


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THE

In contrast to the

ize conflict in t erms


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34

d ecisive beca u se

national followin


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THE

those party leade

tional consciousn


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36

the Sloven e Ed va

tarian struggle wa


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THE

and capital to m

chains of absolutism


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38

bourgeoisie wouldtural and polit ical


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THE

Macedonia, but t

churches (especial


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40

land, all of it ta

tures and forests


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THE

D i v i s i o n

The political victory


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42

Habsburgs (guaran

inju ry, old age, an

Zagreb workers ga


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THE

The rural populinterwar period, a


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former a| | ie

dikata Jugoslavije

TH


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46

activist Aleksanda

of the crises of caunderproduction


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48

w ar.56 Th e tr ad e

linked to th e stru


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THE

smallholders right t

and the Ricardian


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50

pact), th e p arty se

liberation. The war


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52

ary strategy. At th

into the army st


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THE

the. enemy strategic

of the center and th


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54

assertive cleverne

missions to the Pa


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THE

tioning within the d

in the internationY l C i


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THE

after the declaratio

winter of 194142 ith f d


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58

form in tu rn lega

local control in or


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THE

ca] selfgovernmen

nomic selfsufficien


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60

tan t m ar k o f ea rly

i n famous in f l a t i on


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THE M

receipts cert ifying t

be redeemable with

i t i


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62

In Scand ina vian s


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until 1954. Intern at i

thus both nat iona l i

t i l th d f 1


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66

s t a t e (in its n ew se

gan ized t li e soc ie


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performed tasks tha

sumable output (su


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70

w hich y ie ld ed 5

a n o th e r 2 7 p e r c e


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s truct ion, and a f i

new au thor it ies red

revenues for the r


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72

s ions (such as th

age, i l lness , and i


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cooperat ion among

market allocation an


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74

lapsed for lack of

m obi li za t ion o f th


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through which, i[would] gradually

which the incentiv


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76

lea d er s p olicv of

Th e i r econ om ic f


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of agriculture lay n

the state to cap tu re

of accumulation in


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The search for fo

that the great leap

ld t b


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80

Th u s , th e in n e

ot h er s at th e t i


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suppor t for the D

and claims on lan

Slovenia in Italy


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82

re t u rn o f p rew ar

p ow er , then o f o


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Washington to pre

also subject to f req

(finally agreed to


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84


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a socialist concept of

management in the n


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86

o v e r t h e em p l o y m

increas ing ly m i li


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ideological, and p ol

network o f the new

state enterprise, a nd


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88

ica l ly when they

s iona l w orke rs . O


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sector were issued l

tion without wh ich

their wage and em


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90

t ise , an d to the

marke t and prov


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gra ins and mea t c

of a nat ional food p

over the sale of i


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92

Reaction ary ! fro

no t th e C ze ch k


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erished coun t rys id

longd is tance sea

v i l l ages German


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94

conce rn ing l abor

lages Fo r th ese o


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cen t r a l gove rnmen

governmental ru les


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96

Th e po l it ica l an

s it ion saw i t, woul

i E i


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for temporary con trocies were requ ired t


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production o f s t r a t e

a rmaments a t h om e


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100

took on the charac

1952 , when Wes te


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fense t ies with Rom

agreement , and th


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102

J u


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and elimination of sp

in Sarajevo on N ov e


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104

th e ir r a t ion a l i t ie

w ere seek in g w or


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nored wage nor m s a

employment record


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106

T h e g o v e rn m e n t p

so ld the i r su rp lus


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produce to the mar

idating firms w h er e

tive staff and to sa


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108

c r it i ci zed those "e

in te r n a t ion a l s itua


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federa l governmen

required. A go v er n m


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110

th e m ost ba s ic, c

in exp or t s , he in


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ments , whi le o thers

in the coun t ryside b y


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112

g iven the t a sks a t

t h e i r d t t o o r k


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gates, they would

families transported


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114

The c lass s trug

Sta l in is t col lec t iv


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a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h i n

m o r e c o o p e r a t i v e s


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116

p r o d u c e t h e g o o d

d e v e l o p t h e e c o n o


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a n n o u n c e d t h e p o

sopstvene snage) in the shift in i n v e s t m


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118

c r a t i c p a r t i c i p a t i o

s t a t e w o u l d b e r e


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l abor , po l i t i ca l ca r

organ ization s t h e


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120

p r e v e n t p e o p l e w

s o . 57 I n A p r i l a l o


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D e s p i t e e v e n T i t o

should en d , t h e s e p

run d em an d s f or ca p


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122

oi l f r o m t h e A l l

t e a m f ro m t h e I M


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coop eratives, b e t w e

b e t w e e n 2 0 a n d 2 8

F i l


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124

p l y , K i d r i le ft B

c o a l c o n s u m i n g t


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b re a d r a t i o n h a d b e

ued t h o ro u g h ly a l a


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126

t r a d e a g r e e m e n t s

s h o r t a g e o f t i r e s


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In fact, t h e m as s en

national l oy al ty. T h e


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128

e m p l o y m e n t i n a d

h d l d b


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D e c e m


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130

p o r a r y , a n d s h o u

o tage to p reven t Y


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republics w o u l d h a v

accu mu lati on (s u p p


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132

T h e y i n s i s t e d 011

t i on s b e t w e e n r e p


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laws f un ction p r o p e r l

market, on d i r e ct p rThe p u r p o s e o f s u p


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134

P a r t y . 96 T o i m p

c a p a b l e , s t r o n g ,


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repeated, but the re

us, and I would giv

what is necessary


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136

v e r s i o n o f glasnosf u r t h e r d i f f e r e n t


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need t hat t r u s t . 105

planned q u o t as o f a g

e r n m e n t ' s r e g u l a t i o


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138

I t w o u l d n t h e d

in t h e v i l l a g e , h


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then the wary m id d le

more agron om ist s w i t h


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c o n c e d e d t o s t a ff

g o o d s l e d t o a v e r i

1 4 0


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r o u t e s t o f i l l i n g t

s o m e t i m e s c r u d e l y


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142

t e s t e d ; a n d p a r t y

c l a i m s t o e x p e r t i s e


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brigade p u s h e d t h e

tools that w o u l d d o t


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144

g a d e s a t co a l m i n

f o r c e , f o r t h e y m i


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and the Ex I m B an k

d o g g ed l y f o r f o u r


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146

t i n u e f o r a n o t h e r

o u t l a y s f o r n a t i o n a


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not r ela te d t o d e f e n

years r e v is e d d o w n

would b e e x p a n d e d


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148

r e p u b l i c a n g o v e r n

p r i n c i p l e s o f p r o f i t


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p e r s o n n e l , a n d r e g

of m at er ia l p r o d u c t


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150w h e r e a s t h o s e w h

s i o n s s h o u l d l e a v

i ll h h l d


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later, on t h e t w e n t y

nal p u b l ish e d an a r t i


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e m p l o y m e n t co n t

s p o n s i b l e f or a n y

152


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them t h e r e , f i r m s

d aycare c e n t e r s . T

w i t h t h e W a g e F u


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154

b e r 1 9 4 9 w a s t h u s

l


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l i v e s a s K i d r i h a

p e asan t s .1&l I n d e e d

led b y e n g i n e e r s a


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156

Fo r n o w , u n t i l t

f o u n d e d o n l y i n


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dislocation ol s e r v i c e

jobs sev er a l y e a r s l a


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158

d u l g ed . M a n y o t h

h u n d r e d o d d s ta ff


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g o o d s t o p e o p l e i n

s o c i a l w e l f a r e a s a


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160

F e w m o n t h s h a

in S e p t e m b e r 1 9


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an a l t e r n a t iv e t o t

workers' c o n t r o l , a n


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162

t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f

d u ct i o n ). A n d t h e


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polit ical c o n t r o l a n d

reversal m a d e p o s s i

To t h e e x t e n t th a t


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A


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of o p p o n e n t s , d i s

i n c r e a s e c a p i t a l c

S l o v e n e m o d e l w


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166


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economic interestw i t h A d a m S m i t h ,


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168t h e i r e l e c t e d r e p r

b o a r d , a n d b e t w e


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t h e f i r m , w h i c h u n

l a b o r 9 A s an o ff ic


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170

p r i c e o f f a c t o r s o f

g o od s r e l a t iv e l y l o


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ing fo r d i ffe ren t p

marketm ean t th e o


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172

i t i e s d id no t mean

marke t c l ea r ing p r


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leaders con cer n lo

h


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174

t o pay t h e gu a r an te

i


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t r i a l ra ther than a

be tween the i r con


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1761955, the las t d is t i

we re r ede f ined a s


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u n e m p lo y m e n t w

nomic , pol icy ; i t


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178

com e in s t i tu t ion s

youth heal th) 31


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loca l bu rea u s o rgan

grea te r u n d e r s t an d

d k


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180

ins tea d in schoo

m a n a g e m e n t t


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had been taken , it

was reached on ly

Al th h bl i


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182be ing a pu rg e (as

a lli es o f H eb ra n g


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foreign occu p a t ion

tilist, and b u rea u c


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184ch i ld a l low an cc fu

re se r v e fund for w


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(represen t ing socie

cial in terests as the

i B k


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a d irect cap i ta l tax o

l ican governments .

188


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equ ipped wi th ad

th e t e r r i tor i a l d


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ca lcula t ions made

t r i a l ou tpu t . Th i s

on the a rgu m en t t


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190leges and s tor es

account ing .65


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192


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194

T h e s e f i g u re s


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once a censual de


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196

M or e ov e r , t o r e g


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the defin it ion o f e

assessment oi th e r


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198

es t i m a t ed t h a t t h e

n u m b e r o f p e r so n


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200


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60


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60


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1 400


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208


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210fa re of socia l ism

the con seq u en ce


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pr eoccupa t i on wi t

ular ly Kosovo and


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212

cam p , t h o se w h o


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tha t ne t p rof i t i s

fewer w orke r s wh o


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214ments in f ixed cap

m o r e e m p l o y m e n t


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an increase in the

in w ay s th a t le ad to

6


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216al ike . F inal ly , Ty

socia li s t econ om i


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Malthus ian t e rm s o

classical ter m s of te


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218te ed m in im u m w

m a n a g e m e n t o f t


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T he obs tac l e s to

some b l ind an tag


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220

m ad e m os t dec is


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to the internatio nal

ment do m estic res o


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this mod e l t o t h e r

ment pr o tec t ion (s


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224n e c e s s a r y t o st e a d

h l


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f ina l goods fo r sa

im p or t o f a d v a n c e

6


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226Bor i s lav Skegr o ,

f o r m a n c e a t h o m


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e ia l p lans (which w

of t he pr i ce office ,


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228th ose ra re occas i

panded the money


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the need to ad ju s t t

l i t t le control . The s

230


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con t ra c tu a l r e l a t i

l a rge r p rocess ing


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t e r ac t t hem wi th

because t he t r ansa

232


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c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n

p loymen t p romot i


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with no con t ro l o

ld i

234


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234b ecom e d i sto r t ed .

d u c t io n i n ce n t i v e


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the Nat iona l Bank

the sys tem defea te

236


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s t r a t egy o l d i sman

n o m i c i n t e r e s t . T


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federal p l an em p ha

subs t i t u t i ng inves t

238


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t o a cha n ge in in t e

2 a n d 4 b e t w e e n

Th l h h l i


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Thus , a l though l i

forms, th ey w ere u

240


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hers . Conserva t ive

m e n t p re f e r e n c e s


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Policy in this f irs t p

242


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i cy tow ard labor

November 1952 .


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fo l lowed in Octob

next year, th e l ead

244


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v es t m en t i n t h e

m ar k e t i n g i n t o p


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v i ew, t he deve l opm

i den t i f i ed w i t h Be l

246


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246and r eg i ons d es

t (i l


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tens ions skyrockete

tween Khrushchev

248


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W est e r n r ece s sio

Th e rem ova l o f t

A h i


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At the same t imnew e ra as a r e su l t

fede ra l r ev en u e d u

250


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instead (especia l ly

European commerc

252


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This sh i f t in in

va t ive p ol it i ca l r ea


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financed jo in t ve n

freedom was grant

254


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Yu gos lav ia was p

i f i


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cha i red by the S

assembly in Ju ly 1


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(ac t ional debates w

had lit t le say exc

258

i d b h


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re qu i red by each ings in Wes te rn m

Th ff h


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The effect on theIns tead o t p revent in


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d d h


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c o m p o u n d e d t h e a n d b y m a k i n g n

262


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wi n d fa l l p ro f i t s

a n d l a b o r t u rn o v

d h i


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and the p r iva t e r e s

p loyment accord in

264


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b een exha u s t ed b

t r ia l iza t ion and p

f i i


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f i rms s t ra tegies toib i l i t y t o h i r e and

266


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m e nt : t o i nc r e a s

m a nuf a c tu r ing a n

d f h


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m and fo r ne w hoca l i t i e s coped by

268

l d h h


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l ayed the seventhing to pol i t i ca l l

h d

made ma ss ive cu t s

) i d


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corps) in order m o d e r n iz a ti on t h

270

i i i


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t ion re s t r i c t ions oto inc rease t echn

( h i h i h ) i


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(that is, h ighe r ) p r i csu mer c r e d i t in 1 9 6

272

Th l i


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Th e mo s t exp l isy s t em a re found

f h


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ager s fr o m t h e o vr ep r esen t a t ion o f p

274


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N ew em p loym

th e socia l sec to r

h f


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t he p r ocess o f cu t1960s. I ns t ea d o f c

ti t l l l

276


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s k i l l e d w o r k e r s w

t r i bu t ed t o t h i s v

h l d i


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school and requ i reto inc rea se th e su

duce the sup p ly o f


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wage ( some t imes n


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r ate o f u n e m p l o y m

W h i le t h e p r i v a t

280

Th l i t i l


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The pol i t i ca l co

l el s to t h os e o f t

D i th 1980


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During the 1980e m p l o y m e n t c o n s e

i t t

282


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i ng to expo r t speT h e m o r e d e v e l o p

i d i i t


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cr e as in g d i sp a r i ty c r e a t e d a n e v e r g

284

t t i l


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t r y , r a w ma t e r i a l i n t ens i f i ed the in

The sec tora l d


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fo llo w ed t h e h i s

p r i va t e sec to r sm

286

i d d i i d


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ing d e m a n d in i ndtu r e , r e s t r i c t ive p

l t t h i


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p loym en t g row th ilu te t e rm s for t he

288

t t h d


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t o t h e m o r e d e v eimpor tan t s ing le

b f l


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be ca u s e o f l ow e r wm ode l w ou ld a r gu

290

b t


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e n c e s w e r e s u b s twhere t imber , m i

t i l t


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por t iona l r a te s , anpr od u ce r s o f r a w m

292


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l f i t f i


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l a rge f i rms to f ininven to r i e s ( even

294

b l i t h


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r e p u b l i c s , e v e n t hs u c h w a g e l e v e l s

compensa to ry t r an


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o rie n te d e n t e r p r i se

r ising tha t th e fig

296

i l l t i i


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i l l a t i ons on immrur a l a reas ); r ev iv

t i t i l i i


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r e s t r i c t ive po l i c i e sa ga in s t t h e g o v e r n

298

t I t t b l i


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t r y . I t s t ax ob l igrepubl ics wi th wh

t l l i l d


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tral po l icy w ou l d e spub l i c s cou l d no t

300

l t fi t (


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w er e l e t go fir st (men t was pr o t ec t e

paid d e leg a t es sa l


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the a rea , th e m or e

i i l i

302

t i


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v e te ra n s o rgan izsure on loca l i t i e s

The con f l i c t be t

t t i


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ment p romot ion w

the pr iva te sec tor

304

i 1957) 109 Af t


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in 1957) .109 Af teW e s t e r n E u r o p e a

p loymen t in tu rn b

d d d


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d e m a n d e d o r p r o p ofu lfillin g in t h a t u n

306


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G a l e n i k a T

members had to sa

f j b t h h d d


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of jo b t h e y h a d d

h e t h e r t h e i f e

308

d h T


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e r ed each ca se. Tm a n a g e m e n t b o a

b k f i


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b e e n s p o k e n o f in the t r ade un ion ro l


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f lit i l t t b


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o f p o lit ica l p r o t e s t bp l o y m e n t w h o r e c

312

Th e socia li s t c

i t i d l id


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soc ie tywide so l id

f d i i

t ions and concep t s


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dus t r ia l hou sehold

314

t d b


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was accep tcd bemember ) wou ld t

wor ker s d i d r e so r t

k h h d


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w o r k er s, w h o h ad w a ge s b e c a u s e t h e

316

i t i l


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i za t ion a l so perpes h a p e d t h o s e p r i n

The con cep t o( e

l t i f k" (


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relat ion o f w or k" (rsoc ia l d i s t inc t ions

318

d t h d


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a g e n d a o n t h e da nd ju d ge s (on e

p o litica l a c ti v is m . A

l t f


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u n e m p lo y m e n t o f ev o l v em e n t in d e cis i

320

you th , w h ich had

l i i i h


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l igen ts ia in th e to

em p loyed from th

th d l d


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th e re d ev e lop ed a

322


335/457

am on g m anag e r s e c o n o m i c c h a m b e

figu re from th e h

k i l l d k t


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sk i l l ed worke r s ; tt i on p lummet ing

324

cam p o f t l ie f act t h

i f


337/457

i m m u n e fr o m u n e

g r o u p c i r c u l a t e d

Th ff t f


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Th e eff ec t o f g r o wh i i

326

i th t f i l i l


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without fami l ia l cd i sadvan tages in r


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328

t d


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a ggr e ga t e pa r a d ola is sez fa i re ; and

party and u n ion , a

i l t i


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a s ing le accou n t ingt l l th

330

i d f h


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i n o d e s o f e x c h a ni it it

in the Yugoslav s

it hi t h k l


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wit hin t h e w or kp lg r ega t e wage b i l l


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par t y s cho i ce t o

h th P


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who was another P

334

k i l


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w or k i ng c la s s ane r n m e n t s . A l t h o u

t he pa r t y t hus occ

h l


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o m y w h e r e e m p l o y

336

pens ion in the

k i th i d


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worke r s wi th ind

E xp e r t s a n d i n t e l

S h l f th h t


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Schools o f th ou gh t c

338

f i i h


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f i rms in search op e r t s in th ese r ep

t h e e c o n o m i c r e f o

d


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vor ed m any a r eas t h e i r r e p u b l i c a n p


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354/457

342

Kat zens t e i n s a r gu


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for Sloven ia : th e

Although th i s po

l


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ru les on wages an

344

m en t t o a p os twa


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p ow er in g of Serb


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346

W i t h m ean s u se

l i t


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ca l r e qu i r e m en t

and geogr aph i ca l

cu ssed in chap t e r


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d im ens i on . F ina l

348

s tudents f rom poo

h i i (


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to the c it ie s (esp e

t o r s w o r k e d t h r o u g

th th i t f fi


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the au tho r i ty of finsp i r a l t owar d hype

350

t r a l i ty and de fen

t h E C d t h E


363/457

t h e E C a n d t h e E

t io n al a m e n d m e n t

i t it t i f


364/457

i n s t it u t i o n s o f a nT h l f

352

cess fu l republ ican

h ld t f th f d


365/457

ho ld ou t o f t h e fed

members to accep

ta t ion as be ing in


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coope ra t ion and h

354

gi t ima cy of th ose

d d i t b i l it


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a nd p r e d i ct a b i l it y

t io n al t im e t a b l e a c

u n l e s s o v e r r i d d e n


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p e r u n i ty a s it

356

Al th h


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Al though an exb t d t

pa r i t y by r epub l i c

a li sm) . By 1985, Sl

f d t i f


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confed e ra t i on o f so

358

ven ia (and Kosovo

t i h


371/457

t i m e w h e n u n e m pt i t i i

I n a l l t he r epub

v id e d p a r t y le a d e r


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t i f i ab l e s i ng l e r e

360

a rehv o f Ka rd e l j

d l i i


373/457

d e ce n t r a l iz a t i o n a

pr of ound socia l u

l d d


374/457

cl u d e d g r o u p s en e v e r g iv e n e n t r y

362

l abo r i n r e sponse

th b l i t


375/457

t h e p u b l i c sec to r

r a t i o n a l i z e r e s o u r

l ea d e r s s o u g h t s e v

i t d i l b il it


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i ty an d ava i lab il ity

.364

Thus, this pol i t i

l t i i t


377/457

r evo l u t ion aga i ns t

ad jus t t l i e supp ly

d ow ns iz ing o f t he

b k t th l d


378/457

back to th e land

366

co u l d n o t b e s e p a r

es t s a s na t i ona l i

i S l i Th A


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in S loven i a Th e A

t io n a lis t ca m p a i g n

a r m y a n d fo r m e r C

b i i t i


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b i n in g a n a n t i co m m

e m p l o y e r w o r k p

t h t h t

368


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t h e r e w as a t h r ea t

in t e n d e d (namenjeu c a t i o n a l r e f o r m ,


382/457

t h e p r i v ile g e s o f

370

a n d t h e f e d e r a l

t d b t


383/457

ments and be twe


384/457

372

poor , d e i nd u s t r i a

h d b d


385/457

h a d b e e n d e p e n

Slovakia and t h e Yugos lav one of th

i t


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e ig n t y o v e r e c o n o m

374

Foa m od els. Yet

Sl i d C


387/457

Sloven ia and Croa


388/457

Social Sector,Economic A cti vit y

(1)

Social SectorNo necono mic

Acti vi ty

(2)

1962 2775 549


389/457

1962 2775 549

A p p e n d i x T a

Unemployment,


390/457

378

Un


391/457

1952 1953

Registered job 71.4 68.0seekers

Percentage change -4 .8

Migrant workers


392/457

Migrant workers

1957

1958

Unemployment

Le ss T

Les s Tha n 6 M on

Total 6 Mon ths (% To

123.7 92.9 75.

173 7 134 2 77


393/457

1958 173 7 134 2 77

1971 289.5 1972 333.5

1973 398 7


394/457

1973 398 7


395/457

382


396/457

1959 1

Yugoslavia 5.8

Less-developed regions

Bosnia Herzegovina 5 5


397/457

1975 19

Yugoslavia 11.6 13

Less-developed regionsBosnia-Herzegovina 12.9 14

Macedonia 26 8 28


398/457

Socioeconomic Str

Econ

1953 19

Yugoslavia 46.3 4

Less developed regions


399/457

386


400/457

B l


401/457

388

19


402/457

1962 / 96 3 1'XU J9


403/457

390

A


404/457

m i / 982 19

833 2 887 8 91


405/457

392

Youth Unemp


406/457


407/457

394

Badovinac, TomislBahry, Donn a. Pe

l


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----------. On Civil-

ms. N.d.----------


409/457

396

Bonnell, Victoria E.Petersburg and M


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Carlo, Antonio. Cap36 (Summer 1978


411/457

398

Comisso, Ellen. WoYale University Pr


412/457

----------. The BattleViking Press, 19


413/457

400

tions in Manpow8 (1981): 193-20


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Farka, Vladimir. Nja lna Politika 5, n


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402

Gedeon, Shirley J

M ana gem ent. P


416/457

Policy Proces s. Pcal Science Assoc


417/457

404

Hoffman, George WComparat ive Ana


418/457


419/457

Kalember, Dragica.rem enost i. Ph.D

406


420/457

----------. O nekim(January 1947):

----------


421/457

408

merits and the PoEuropean Monog


422/457

Le hm bruc h, Ge rharSchmitter and Ge


423/457

410

Macesich, George.ning. Charlo ttesv


424/457

and the Im pac t of

ms. Zagreb, 1989----------. Recent Te


425/457

412

Milenovi, Miodrag


426/457

Mustabegovi, Ejubdne snage u priv1949): 28-31.


427/457

414

Pani, Miod rag Lj. Osmi kongres SKJ. B


428/457

Piore, Michael J. m en t . Journal o f

----------


429/457

416

Przeworski, Adam.University Press,


430/457

Roemer, Michael. Dopment 9, no. 5 (1

Roksandi, Drago.


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418

Sc hu m pe ter, Josep hgang F. Stolper,


432/457

krbi, P. ManjakSlider, Darrell. The

the Labour Force


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420

Yugoslav Econom1977): 74-101.


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----------. Peasants, PoStanford Universi

----------. Postwar F


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422

Unkovi, Andrija. Zodrane u Minis


436/457

VuSkovic, Boris. SoFebruary 1976): 2

Wachtel, Howard. W


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Yugoslavia. The CoLjubljana: Dopisn

----------. Law on the

424


438/457

Migracije (Zagreb),Narodna Armija (BNarodna D rava P


439/457


440/457

428

borrowing. See loans

Bosn iaH erzego vina : ab


441/457

Connor, Walker, 35, 4

conscription, military, constitutions: amendme


442/457

430

defense policy (cont.)localization of govern


443/457

97; national id entity

lic, 347; private sect

productivity for expa


444/457

432

Foa model (cont.)60; reality of, 165; salso d evelopm enta l i


445/457

thority, 838 5; p eop

cept, 74

Herzegovina. See Bosn


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434

Kardelj, Edvard (cont.tive s, 172; d raft con


447/457

levels, 152; with de

cialization, 264, 29

production workers


448/457

436

localization (conl.)of, 78; labor cooper150, 242; of labor r


449/457

national independence65, 98, 146, 164,

nationalism: Albanians


450/457

438

private sector (cont.)p u blic sector, 7374


451/457

sector w age rates, 1

of trade, 9091

Regulation on Settling52


452/457

440

Slovene model (cont.)227; return to pure v345 46 349; vision o


453/457

state, the: anticentralis

d isapp earan ce of (Sl

83; implication of so


454/457

442

unemployment (cont.)consequences of risi

of 8; with economic


455/457

Warsaw Pact: choice ag

248; collapse (1989),

(1955), 243; troops inkia 250


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Susan L. Woodwar

gram at the Brook


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Documents

Socialist Unemployment - The Political Economy of Yugoslavia