Social support mediates the relationship between ... Mc Hugh_CARDI presentation... · Social support mediates the relationship between extraversion and body ... support mediates the

Social support mediates the relationship between extraversion and body mass index in later life

Dr Joanna McHugh

Professor Brian Lawlor Sept 2013

© TRIL Centre 2011, all rights reserved

Personality and the Lifespan

• Change is the only constant in early adulthood1

• Consistent after 302?

TRIL Overview: PAGE 2

1. McCrae & Costa (1990).

2. Terracciano, Costa & McCrae (2006).


Extraversion/Introversion

• Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model3: • personality understood in terms of 2

basic dimensions;


Extraversion Neuroticism

3. Eysenck & Eysenck (1991).


Extraversion & Health?

• Extraversion & Weight • More extraverted individuals

heavier4,5,6,7,8? • Only an association for

women?9,10,5. • Extraversion & Alcohol

• More extraverted individuals drink more11,12,13,14,15

• Perhaps extraversion = disinhibition?


weight

age

Later life – the perfect time to look at the relationship between personality and weight?

4.Kakizaki et al. (2008).

5. Brummett et al. (2006).

6. Sutin et al. (2011.

7. Roehling, Roehling, & Odland (2008)..

8. Terracciano et al. (2009)..

9. Hallstrom & Noppa (1981).

10. Kittel et al. (1978).

11. Martsch & Miller (1997)..

12. Vollrath & Torgerson (2002)..

13. Allsopp (1986)..

14. Cook et al. (1998).

15. Tarnai & Young (1983).


Mechanism of action?

Extraversion

• Motivation to enjoy16

• Extraversion = low basal arousal, sensation

seeking = over-eating?17 & binge drinking?18

• Via serotonin?19,20,21


Weight

Alcohol intake

?

16. Kuntsche, von Fischer & Gmel (2008).

17. Davis et al. (2007)..

18. McAdams & Donnellan (2009).

19. Cleare & Bond (1997)..

20. Manuck et al. (2000)..

21. Blundell (1984).


Mechanism of action?

Extraversion


Weight

Alcohol intake

Social support?

Stress?


Social Support


Social

support

Weight22 Alcohol23

22. Zettel-Watson & Britton (2008)

23. Sieber (1981)


Stress

• Overeating, binge drinking as stress behaviours?24,25. • Tension reduction hypothesis26.


24. Ensel & Lin (2004)

25. Kassel, Stroud & Paronis (2003)

26. Conger (1951)


Hypotheses

• Extraversion will be related to weight (differentially for men and women?) • Mediated by:

• Social support • Stress

• Extraversion will be related to alcohol intake • Mediated by:

• Social support • Stress



TRIL Clinic


• Established in 2007 to gain a holistic understanding of the physical, cognitive and social health of older people.

• Between 2007 and 2009, The TRIL Clinic at St James’s Hospital in Dublin assessed 625 older adults aged 65+. In 2010-2011, the Clinic completed a longitudinal follow up.


Methodology: Extraversion & Social Support & Alcohol Intake


Data collected:

1. Social Support (LSNS27)

2. Alcohol intake: ‘how often do you take an alcoholic drink?’

3. Extraversion (EPQ-R3)

4. Body Mass Index (kg and cm); underweight & normal, overweight, obese

5. Perceived Stress (PSS28)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3. Eysenck & Eysenck (1991)

27. Lubben & Gironda (2004)

28. Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein (1983)


Results: Extraversion, BMI & Gender


Does extraversion vary

according to weight

category and gender? • Weight category:[F1,529

= 7.71, p<0.01],

• Gender:[F1,529 = 1.3,

p>0.05].

• Interaction: [F1,529 =

3.56, p=0.06].

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

normal weight overweight obese

Weight Category

EP

Q-R

Ex

tra

versio

n S

co

re

Males

Females


Results: Extraversion, alcohol intake & Gender


Does extraversion vary

according to alcohol

intake and gender? • Alcohol intake:[F3,556

=2.89,p<0.05]

• Gender:[F1,556 <1].

• Interaction: [F3,556 <1].


Mediation Analyses

Extraversion


Weight

Alcohol intake

Social support?

Stress?

n.s. [F2,471 = 2.27, p>0.05; Adjusted R2 = 0.005]

Significant: [weight: [F2,566 = 5.18, p<0.001; Adj. R2 = 0.0145]

Alcohol [F2,557 = 4.19, p<0.05; Adj. R2 = 0.0113]


Hypotheses & Findings

• Extraversion related to weight YES (differentially for men and women?) NO • Mediated by:

• Social support YES • Stress NO

• Extraversion related to alcohol intake YES • Mediated by:

• Social support YES • Stress NO



Conclusions


• Cross-sectional findings suggest that extraversion varies

across weight categories, with greater levels found in the

heavier categories.

• Social support mediates the relationship between

extraversion and weight, and between extraversion and

alcohol intake.

High levels of extraversion may co-vary with

poor health behaviours but the impact can be

ameliorated with social support.


Implications for improving health


• Personality-contingent effect of social support

• Points of modification in the extraversion – weight –

alcohol intake relationships?

• Take home:

Health behaviour interventions should incorporate social

support components, allowing a level of personalisation

according to extraversion levels in the target population.


References 1. McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T. (1990). Personality in Childhood. New York: Guilford Press. 2. Terracciano, A., Costa, P.T. & McCrae, R.R. (2006). Personality plasticity after age 30. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(8), 999-1009. 3. Eysenck, H., & Eysenck, S. (1991). Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Revised (EPQ-R). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 4. Kakizaki, M., Kuriyama, S., Sato, Y., Shimazu, T., Matsuda-Ohmori, K., Nakaya, N., Fukao, A., Fukudo, S. & Tsuji, I. (2008). Personality and body mass index: A cross-

sectional analysis from the Miyagi Cohort Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 71-80. 5. Brummett, B.H., Babyak, M.A., Williams, R.B., Barefoot, J.C., Costa, P.T. & Siegler, I.C. (2006). NEO personality domains and gender predict levels and trends in body

mass over 14 years during midlife. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 222-236 6. Sutin, A.R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A.B., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Personality and obesity across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3),

579-592. n = 1988. 7. Roehling, M.V., Roehling, P.V. & Odland, L.M. (2008). Investigating the validity of stereotypes about overweight employees. Group and Organization Management, 33(4),

392-424. 8. Terracciano, A., Sutin, A.R., McCrae, R.R., Deiana, B., Ferrucci, L., Schlessinger, D., Uda, M. & Costa, P.T. (2009). Facets of personality linked to underweight and

overweight. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(6), 682-689. 9. Hallstrom, T & Noppa, H. (1981) Obesity in women in relation to mental illness, social factors and personality traits. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 75-82. 10. Kittel, F., Rustin, R.M., de Backer, G. & Kornitzer, M. (1978) Psychosocialbiological correlates of moderate overweight in an industrial population. Journal of Psychosomatic

Research, 22, 145-158. 11. Martsch, C.T. & Miller, W.R. (1997). Extraversion predicts heavy drinking in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(1), 153-155. 12. Vollrath, M. & Torgerson, S. (2002). Who takes health risks? A probe into eight personality types. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1185-1197. 13. Allsopp, J.F. (1986). Personality as a determinant of beer and cider consumption among young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 7(3), 341-347. 14. Cook, M., Young, A., Taylor, D. & Bedford, A.P. (1998). Personality correlates of alcohol consumption. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(5), 641-647. 15. Tarnai, J. & Young, F.A. (1983). Alcoholics’ personalities: Extravert or introvert? Psychological Reports, 53(1), 123-127. 16. Kuntsche, E., von Fischer, M. & Gmel, G. (2008). Personality factors and alcohol use: A mediator analysis of drinking motives. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8),

796-800. 17. Davis, C., Patte, K., Levitan, R., Reid, C., Tweed, S. & Curtis, C. (2007). From motivation to behaviour: A model of reward sensitivity, overeating, and food preferences in

the risk profile for obesity. Appetite, 48, 12-19. 18. McAdams, K.K., & Donnellan, M.B. (2009). Facets of personality and drinking in first-year college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 207-212. 19. Cleare, A.J. & Bond, A.J. (1997). Does central serotonergic function correlate inversely with aggression? A study using D-fenfluramine in healthy subjects. Psychiatry

Research, 69, 89-95. 20. Manuck, S.B., Flory, J.D., Ferrell, R.E. Mann, J.J. & Muldoon, M.R. (2000). A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase – A gene may be associated with

variability in aggression, impulsivity and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry Research, 95, 9-23. 21. Blundell, J.E. (1984). Serotonin and appetite. Neuropharmacology, 23, 1537-51. 22. Zettel-Watson, L. & Britton, M. (2008). The impact of obesity on the social participation of older adults. The Journal of General Psychology, 135(4), 409-424. 23. Sieber, M.F. (1981). Personality scores and licit and illicit substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(3), 235-241.

24. Ensel, W. & Lin, N. (2004). Physical fitness and the stress processes. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 81-101. 25. Kassel, J., Stroud, L., & Paronis, C. (2003). Smoking stress and negative affect: correlation, causation and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129,

270-304. 26. Conger, J.J. (1951). The effects of alcohol on conflict behaviour in the albino rat. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 12(1), 1-29. 27. Lubben, J., & Gironda, M. (2004). Measuring social networks and assessing their benefits. In C. Phillipson, G. Allan & D. Morgan (Eds.), Social networks and social

exclusion: Sociological and policy perspectives. Keele, UK: Ashgate. 28. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24(4), 385-396.


Loneliness

Questions?


Thank you!

Documents

Social support mediates the relationship between ... Mc Hugh_CARDI presentation... · Social support mediates the relationship between extraversion and body ... support mediates the