Trinidad and

TobagoSocial Studies Atlas

Contents Page

Learning to Use the Atlas 1/2Picture and Plan

Classroom 3School and its Surroundings 4

Picture and Map Village and its Surroundings 5

Map Skills 6-8Geographical Study Skills: Survey Maps 9

Caribbean ThemesPhysical and Political 10/11Population 12/13Industry, Trade and Tourism 14/15Environment and Conservation 16/17Earthquakes and Volcanoes 18/19Climate 20/21Natural Resources 22History 23-25Culture and Heritage 26/27Integration 28

Trinidad and TobagoHistory 29/30National Symbols 31Political 32/33Physical 34/35Climate 36/37Vegetation and Land Use 38/39 Natural Resources 40/41Soils 42Agriculture 43Population and Social Issues 44/45Urban Areas 46Transport 47Industry 48Trade 49Natural and Historical Heritage and Tourism 50/51 Environmental Issues 52/53

The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands and Bermuda 54/55Cuba 56Cayman Islands 57Jamaica 58-61Haiti and the Dominican Republic 62Puerto Rico 63Eastern Caribbean 64The Virgin Islands 65Anguilla and Montserrat 66St Kitts and Nevis 67Antigua and Barbuda 68Guadeloupe and Martinique 69Dominica 70St Lucia 71St Vincent and the Grenadines 72Grenada 73Barbados 74/75Guyana 76/77Aruba, Curaçao, St Martin/St Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands 78Belize 79

WorldPhysical 80/81Political 82/83

Regions: Physical and Political North America 84United States of America 85 South America 86Europe 87Africa 88Asia 89Australasia 90

World ThemesCountries and their Capitals 91Climate 92Environmental Problems 93/94Economic Activity 95Population 96Birth Rate and Life Expectancy 97Religion and Language 98The United Nations and Commonwealth 99Transport 100

The Seasons 101Day and Night and Time Zones 102The Earth and Solar System 103

Index 104/105

Macmillan Education4 Crinan StreetLondon, N1 9XWA division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

Companies and representatives throughout the world

www.macmillan-caribbean.com

ISBN 978-0-230-47438-3

Text, design, illustration and cartography © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2015

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Cartography by Kevin Baverstock and Map Creation LtdCover photographs by Alamy/Aydin Buyuktas (tr), Alamy/Dennis Cox (br), Alamy/ Keren Su/China Span (cl): Getty/Planet Observer/UIG (tr): Thinkstock/Roger McClean (br).

The publishers would like to thank Charlene Costello and Renee Ramdial for their contribution to the development of this atlas.

The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their photographs:Almay/AfriPics.com p92(bl), Alamy/Art Directors & TRIP p40, Alamy/Danita Delimont p45, Alamy/Julio Etchart p17(l), Alamy/FLPA p39(tr), Alamy/INTERFOTO p31, Alamy/Holger Leue/LOOK Die Bildagentur der Fotografen GmbH p92(cl), Alamy/ Nature Picture Library p76, Alamy/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd p74, Alamy/Paul Thompson Images p39(cr), Alamy/Kevin Schafer pp50(tr), 52, Alamy/Dave and Sigrun Tollerton p34(cr), Alamy/Richard Wareham Vervoer p47, Alamy/Nik Wheeler pp14, 39(br), Alamy/WORLDWIDE photo p29(cr); Bananastock p84; BrandX pp80, 86, 87; Stephen Broadbridge pp33(br), 46; Corbis p35(bl), Corbis/Zha Chunming/Xinhua Press p33(tr), Corbis/Howard Davies p60, Corbis/JOSE MENDEZ/epa p27(tl), Corbis/ANDREA DE SILVA/Reuters p41, Corbis/NOAA p20(bl), Corbis/Douglas Pearson p59; DigitalStock p90; Getty/1001slide p88, Getty/AFP/Stringer p20(br), Getty/altrendo images p49, Getty/Asia Images, Getty/Steve Bly p51(bl), Getty/Doug Armand p13, Getty/Eco Images p17(r), Getty/Ian Dagnall p92(cr), Getty/Glowimages p43, Getty/Herve Gyssels p51(br), Getty/Jack Hollingsworth p27(tr), Getty/Matura, Trinidad, West Indies P53, Getty/Robert Harding World Imagery p50(cr), Getty/David Sanger p19, Getty/James R.D. Scott p16, Getty/Tetsuo Wada/Aflo p101(cl), Getty/Val Wilmer p29(tr); Image Source pp82, 85; Medio Images pp15, 57; NASA p94; Pixtal pp11, 65; Superstock p54; Thinkstock/beerlogoff p101(br), Thinkstock/Robert_Ford p101(bl), Thinkstock/iStock Editorial/agafapaperiapunta p101(cr).

The publishers would like to thank the following for information and assistanceprovided: Trinidad and Tobago: Central Statistical Office; Environmental Management Authority; Forestry Division; The Geological Society; Institute of Marine Affairs; Manatee Trust; Meteorological Service; Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs; Ministry of Food Production; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Housing and Urban Development; Ministry of Trade, Industry, Investments and Communications; Ministry of Transport; Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management; Office of the Parliament; Port-of-Spain Corporation; Soil and Land Capability Unit; Survey and Mapping Division; The Tobago House of Assembly; Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company Ltd; ttconnect (online government portal); Turtle Village Trust; The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre; Water and Sewerage Authority.

These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them.

Scan this code or visit www.bit.ly/1DcRKi5 to download black and white outline maps for project work.

ISBN 978-0-230-49877-8 AER

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Scale 1:600 000

20 kilometres0

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Scale 1:1 700 000

40 kilometres0

Features of a Map

Martinique1 2

A A

What is an Atlas?

Types of Map

Lorrain

14°40'N

Baie de Fort-de-France

CaribbeanSea

Mac

ouba

Lorr

ain

CarbetGalion

Madam

e

Lézarde

Pilo

te

61°00'W

14°40'N

Baie du Galion

Baie du Galion

1

The maps in an atlas are drawn to quite small scales so that very large areascan fit onto a single page. To use these maps correctly, and to obtain all the

1 2

MARIN

FORT-DE-FRANCE

TRINITÉ

61°00'W

B B

Pineapples

Tourist centre

Sugar factory

Oil refinery

Bananas

Cocoa

Cattle

Cruise ship port

Commercial centres

information they illustrate, they are provided with a set of secondaryinformation described below. This includes details about the scale, the direction of true north, a grid to help locate places, and a key to explain the use of symbols. This atlas starts with maps of the Caribbean region. These are followed by detailed maps of Jamaica and then maps of each country, island or group of islands. After that the atlas shows maps of the rest of the world.

There are many types of map, each designed for a different purpose. Themap of Martinique below provides us with information about the physicaland human environment, such as relief and roads - this is called a topographic map.Maps with information about specific themes or topics are called thematicmaps. For example this resources map of Martinique on the right shows us the natural resources of the island for instance the forests as well as the economic activities such as tourism and oil refining.

Examples of other thematic maps in this atlas are: Annual Rainfall (see page 36/37) Population (see page 44/45) Tourism (see page 51) Administrative boundaries (see page 32/33)

A map is made up of many differentparts. Depending on what the mapis for, it will include differentfeatures, but in order to be able tounderstand any map it will have toinclude:

The different types of symbols usedand other parts of a map areexplained on this map of Martinique.

Area/Colour SymbolsKey

Over 1000 metres

500-1000 m

200-500 m

100-200 m

The different colours show theheight of the land above sea leveland the location of coral reefs.

These symbols show the location offeatures at an actual point on themap.

Location and Direction

These are lines of latitude andlongitude. See page 2 foran explanation of how they work.

ScaleScale is shown by a representativefraction and a scale bar. Seepages 3 and 5 on how tounderstand and use them.

1. A title2. A key3. A scale4. Compass direction

Mountain peakMt Pelée1397 m

0-100 m

Macmillan Publishers Limitedc

Physical FeaturesPte du Diable Cape or point

These features and their names areshown in black.

Water FeaturesRiver

Bay

Swamp

These features and their names areshown in blue.

Point/Shape SymbolsMountain peak

Swamp

International airport

Capital city

Major port

Important town

Other town

Grid references are used to locateplaces. See page 104 for anexplanation of how they work.

An atlas is a collection of maps, usually of the whole world, but often emphasising one region, such as the Caribbean in this case. This is a socialstudies atlas which provides information about the geography, history and culture of places and people in Trinidad and Tobago.

Coral reef

Pte du Diable

Cap St Martin

Mt Pelée1397 m

Morne Bellevue694 m

Pte de la Rose

Montagne du Vauclin504 m

Pte des Salines

Pte du Diamant

Ilet Ramville ou Chancel

MacoubaGrand RivièreBasse-Pointe

Le LorrainAjoupa-Bouillon

Le Precheur

Fond-St-DenisLe Morne-Vert

La Trinité

Gros-Morne

St-Joseph

Le Lamentin

DucosLe St-Esprit

Le VauclinRivière-Salée

Rivière-PiloteSte-Luce Le Marin

Ste-Anne

Le Diamant

Les Trois Ilets

Les Anses-D'Arlets

Schœlcher

Case-Pilote

Bellefontaine

Le Carbet

Le François

Marigot

Ste-Marie

Morne de Esses

Le Robert

Schœlcher

La Trinité

Anse a L'Ane/Pointe du Bout

Le DiamantLe Marin

Ste-Anne

St-Pierre

Le MorneRouge

St-Pierre

Fort-de-France

Fort-de-France

LEARNING TO USE THE ATLAS

Line SymbolsInternational boundary

Arrondissement boundary

Major road

Line symbols can show physicalfeatures like the route a road takesor imaginary lines such as the boundaries between countries orparishes.

The compass direction points toNorth. See page 4 for an explanation of how a compass works.

Urban area

Mixed cropsScrub/livestockSugar cane

Forest

Martinique – Resources

Coral reef

Secondary Information

Latitude and Longitude

οC30

25

20

15

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West East

Greenwich

30˚W 0˚ 30˚E North

South

0˚

30˚N

60˚N

Equator

30˚S

60˚S

90˚NNorth Pole

South Pole South Pole

North Pole

Meridian

WESTERNHEMISPHERE

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

SOUTHERNHEMISPHERE

EASTERNHEMISPHERE

60˚E

Greenwich

90˚N

Macmillan Publishers Limitedc

Line Graph

This uses a line to join the values for each year sothat a continuous trend can be seen. It allows thepopulation to be estimated for any years betweenthe named years.

Population Pyramid

This is a more complex version of a bar graphwhich divides a population by its age and sex.

Climate Graph

Many of the maps in this atlas are accompaniedby diagrams. These help the user to understandmore about the history, geography and economyof the country or state by putting statisticalinformation into a graphic form. These can be inthe form of bar graphs, line graphs or piediagrams.

Lines of Latitude and Longitude are the universal way in which places are located on maps. The north-south lines are known as lines of longitude. The line which passes from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich in London is the 0˚ longitude line. This line is called the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian and is the starting point for all longitude readings. Lines to the left of the Greenwich Meridian are measured in degrees West of Greenwich and readings are followed by the letter W (eg 61˚W). Lines to the right of the Greenwich Meridian are measured in degrees East of Greenwich and readings are followed by the letter E (eg 61˚E). Readings East and West

of Greenwich meet on the other side of the globe at 180˚. The east-west lines are known as lines of latitude. The 0˚ line of latitude is known as the Equator. All lines above the equator are measured in degrees North of the equator and readings are followed by the letter N (eg 14˚N). All lines below the equator are measured in degrees South of the equator and readings are followed by the letter S (eg 14˚S). If we require a more accurate measurement of position we use degrees and minutes. Each degree is divided into sixty minutes – for instance the reference forFort-de-France on the map on page 4 is 14˚ 38’N 16˚ 05’W.

Longitude Latitude and Longitude

Population Growth, 1960–2010

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

This graph is a combined bar and line graph,with two quantitative scales, where the rainfall(in millimetres) is shown by bars and temperature(in degrees centigrade) is shown by a line.

Latitude

Pie Diagram

These diagrams are used to show statisticalinformation for a single year. The circle is divided up into segments which are proportional to thepercentage of tourists from each area.

Bar Graph

The bars (columns) in a bar graph represent a quantity vertically (the number of tourists in this case), and are located along a horizontal timescale (years). This allows the visual comparisonof each year by comparing the height of the bars.The bars can also be subdivided to show secondary information, such as how many tourists came by cruise ship in this case.

Bridgetown

LEARNING TO USE THE ATLAS

Greenwich Meridian

South Pole

North Pole

Origin of Tourists, 2010

Population Pyramid, 2011

Percentage of total population

USA47.3%

Europe13.4%

Canada12.1%

Other27.2%

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Stopover Cruise ship

J F M A AM J J S O N D

10 5 10

FemaleMale

0 5

Thousands

400

200

201220100

600

800

1000

2011 20132009 Age70+

60-6950-5940-4930-3920-29

10-19 0-9

Age70+60-6950-5940-4930-3920-29

10-19 0-9

Tourist Arrivals, 2009–2013

2000 2010

100

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1960 1980 19901970

300

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Population in thousands

0 50 150100

Scale 1cm = 50 centimetres

200 centimetres

3

backpack

exercisebook

ruler

pencil

backpack

book

ruler

pencilpaper

chair

table

DanielMonique

Macmillan Publishers Limitedc

Cupboard

Floor

Teacher’s desk and chair

Students’ desks

Students’ chairs

Blackboard

Wall map

Window

Wall

Door

Classroom PICTURE AND PLAN

Daniel Monique

Key

1 2

3 4

5 6

Picture and Plan

Scale Bar

The pictures (1, 3 and 5) on thispage show views of a classroom as itwould appear if you were in theclassroom.

The plans (2, 4 and 6) on this pageshow the same things that are in thepictures, but appear as they would ifviewed from directly above.

Picture 1 and plan 2 at the top of thepage show a backpack, exercisebook, ruler and pencil.

Picture 3 and plan 4 show Moniqueand Daniel sitting at their desk.

Picture 5 and plan 6 show the wholeclassroom. Plan 6 does not showthe students and is much smallerthan a real classroom. This isbecause it is drawn to a smallerscale. It is the same shape, butmuch smaller in size.

The scale of the plan is 1:50. This means that 1 centimetre measuredon the plan represents 50 centimetres measured in the classroom. Inorder to be able to measure objects on the plan and work out theirreal size a scale bar is needed. See page 5 for more information on scale.

Objects viewed from above look different and are not always easy torecognise as their shape is different to how we usually see them. Tohelp us recognise objects on a plan they can either be labelled onthe plan itself or they can be given different colours and shapes andidentified separately in a key.

4

WEST

EAST

SOUTH

NORTH

Classroom

Classroom

Classroom

Classroom

Classroom

Classroom

School Playground

Flagpole

Gate

Gate

Playing Field

General Store

ClinicShop

Office

Store

Staffroom

HeadTeacherʼs

Room

Monique and DanielʼsClassroom

Gate

CaretakerʼsHouse

Shop

0 5 20 metres1510

Scale 1cm = 5 metres

Picture

Plan

Key

Macmillan Publishers Limitedc

PICTURE AND PLAN School and its Surroundings

Fence

Flagpole

Bridge

River

Field

Vegetable plot

Open space

Trees

School buildings

Other buildings

Road

Path1 2 33 4 5 6

Centimetres

The picture and plan on this pagenot only show the classroom frompage two, but also the whole schooland some of the surrounding area.This is possible because the scaleof this plan is smaller than the scaleof the plan of the classroom. Onecentimetre measured on this planrepresents five metres measured onthe ground. The scale is now 1:500, as seen in Figure 2.

To find out where places are inrelation to each other it is importantto know about direction. A compassis used to find direction. The needleof the compass always points North.By turning the compass so that theneedle lines up with the North pointon the compass, the four cardinalpoints can be found - North (N),South (S), East (E) and West (W).All the maps in this atlas have beendrawn with North at the top of thepage and as a reminder a NorthPoint has also been added to the page.

Figure 1. Figure 2.

5

Fm

GeneralStore

ClinicChurch

SchoolPlayingField

Shop

Fm

Fm

Fm

Village

Village

Market

586 m

406 m

449 mCoastal Town

Petrol Station

0 250 1000 metres750500

Scale 1cm = 250 metres

piece ofstring

Picture

Key

Map

Village and its Surroundings PICTURE AND MAP

Macmillan Publishers Limitedc

Road

Path

Farm

Bridge

Spot height

River

Urban area

School buildings

Other buildings

Over 400 metres

200-400 m

0-200 m

1 2 33 4 5 6

Centimetres

To measure distance between two points on a map (such as a road), students can use a piece of string and mark each end of the line to be measured. The length can then be measured using a ruler, and the scale bar is used to work out the actual distance on the ground.

On the eastern side of the map, the distance between the two spot heights is four cm (centimetres). As every centimetre on the maprepresents two hundred and fiftymetres on the ground the scale barhas been divided into one cmsections, which represent thefollowing distances on the ground:-1 cm = 250 m, 2 cm = 500 m,3 cm = 750 m, etc.The scale is now 1:25 000By laying your ruler alongside thescale bar you can see that four cmrepresents one thousand metres(1km), and that is the distancebetween the two hilltops.

The picture on this page shows amuch larger area than the picture onpage four. However the school canstill be seen in the centre of thevillage.

To show this area on a plan thescale must be smaller than the planon page four.On this plan one centimetrerepresents two hundred and fiftymetres on the ground.Fewer details can be shown at thisscale and symbols are used torepresent certain features such asbridges.

If all the individual buildings in thecoastal town were shown it wouldbe too complicated, therefore asymbol for an urban area is used.Small scale plans such as these arecalled maps.

Certain types of maps, such asphysical maps, show the height ofthe land (or relief) by a series ofcoloured layers or contours.Each layer shows an area of the landat a particular height above sealevel, so that when you look at themap you can immediately see wherethe hills, plains and mountains are.

c Macmillan Publishers Limited

Tobago

Dense montane forest is found where the rainfall is highest.

Charlotteville on the coast of Tobago showing low density housing

Port of Spain is an urban area where there is a mixture of industrial andresidential areas.

N

20 kilometres100

Scale 1:625 000

Montane Forest is located along the highest sections of the Main Ridge where rainfall generally exceeds 2000 mm and heights are 300 m and over.Lowland Rain Forest is located along the Main Ridge at elevations up to 300 m where rainfall is generally 1750 mm and over.Lowland Semi-deciduous Forest is found in the drier south western part of the island where rainfall is less than 1500 mm, and on well-drained soils.Littoral Woodland is found along the coast where wind and salt spray are two of the factors to which the vegetation must adapt.Wetlands, and in particular Mangrove, are found in pockets along the low-lying coastal areas where there is a mix of freshwater and saline water (brackish water).

39Vegetation and Land Use TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Montane forest (Trinidad) / Rainforest (Tobago)

Evergreen seasonal forest

Semi-evergreen seasonal forest

Dry evergreen forest and woodlands

Deciduous seasonal forest

Herbaceous wetland

Forested wetland

Mangrove

Young secondary forest

Urban or built-up land

Agricultural land

Plantations

Non-vegetated land

Vegetation

Land use

40

www.wasa.gov.tt/ (Water and Sewerage Authority) I www.ima.gov.tt/ (Institute of Marine Affairs) I www.mhe.gov.tt/ (Ministry of Housing andwww.energy.gov.tt/ (Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs) Environment – search for Forestry Division)c Macmillan Publishers Limited

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Natural Resources

Major WatershedsA watershed is a ridge or crest line that separates different drainage areas.This map shows the major watersheds on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

WellsWaterworks

Desalinationplants

Major water treatment plants

Major water transmission mains

Scale for Trinidad and Tobago maps.

40 kilometres200

Scale 1:1 200 000

40 kilometres200

Scale 1:1 750 000

Hillsborough Reservoir on Tobago.

N

N

Tobago

Tobago

Trinidad

Trinidad

Evaporation,vapour

from volcanicregions

Condensation,snow

Evaporationfrom glaciers

Glacialmeltwater

Condensation,rain

Evaporation fromrivers and lakes

Transpiration fromlarge forests

Evaporationfrom seas and

oceans

Infiltration andgroundwater outflow

This picture shows an imaginary landscape that includesphysical features that do not appear in Trinidad and Tobago.

San Fernando

Scarborough

Moruga

Point Lisas Navet Dam

Hollis Reservoir

North Oropuche

Caroni Arena

Caroni ArenaDam

Charlotteville

KingsBay

RichmondHillsborough

HillsboroughWest

Hillsborough Res.

Courland

North Coast

NorthCoast

EastCoast

WindwardCourlandLowlands

SouthernRange

NorthOropuche

SouthOropuche

WesternPeninsula

CedrosPeninsula

CentralWestCoast

Nariva

Ortoire

Water Cycle

Water Resources

Water Supply

Forest Resources

Fishing

Water Conservation TipsLess than 1% of the water on Earth is available to grow crops, manufacture products and supply our homes. • Don't leave the tap running when you brush your teeth.• Take shorter showers.• Fix dripping taps and leaks.• Wash large loads when you do the laundry.• Use a bucket to wash your car.• Use a watering can to water your garden.• Recycle waste water on your plants.

Fish Production,2008–2012

Year Tonnes

Forests cover large parts of both islands. Plantations of teak and Caribbean pine are grown on Trinidad (see the vegetation map on pages 38/39). Teak is ready for harvesting after 50 years and Caribbean pine after 30 years of growth. The Forestry Division ensures the sustainable use of this resource.

The fishing fleet of Trinidad and Tobago includes artisanal vessels (such as pirogues with outboard motors), semi-industrial and industrial vessels. The industrial fleet comprises shrimp trawlers that can spend up to 21 days at sea. See page 43 for a map showing fishing ports and fishing beaches.

Water Supply

Source %

Capacity of Reservoirs

Reservoir Million m3

2008 13 919

2009 13 910

2010 13 956

2011 13 224

2012 12 016

Desalination 10%

Groundwater 28%

Surface Water 62%

Caroni Arena 44.6

Navet 18.4

Hollis 4.7

Hillsborough 1.0

Port of Spain