Social Studies 8

Using an Atlas

• Absolute location• atlas• bar graph• cardinal directions• cartographer• circle graphs• climographs• compass rose• density• distortion• Equator• Mercator Projection• intermediate directions• latitude• legend (key)• line graph• longitude• orientation Physical map• Polar projection• political map• relief• population maps• scale• primary resource• map• Prime Meridian• globe• relative location• Robinson Projection

•Shows the ratio between a unit of length on a map and a unit of distance on the earth

• Imaginary lines that measure distance north and south of the equator

• Imaginary lines that measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian

•Describes a place in comparison to other places around it

•Direction -- usually shown on a map using a compass rose or directional indicator

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS), field work, satellite images, photographs, maps, globes, data bases, primary sources

• Help people carry out daily activities (ex. Route to school or the store)• give directions to others• understand world events

• Compare sketched maps to more formal maps such as those in an atlas or book• Describe the location of places in terms of reference points (the equator or Prime Meridian

• Can describe the location of places in terms of geographic features and land forms (ex. West of the Mississippi River, or north of the Gulf of Mexico)

• Describing the location of places in terms of the human characteristics of a place ( ex: languages, types of housing dress, recreation, customs or traditions

• Symbols• Colors• Lines• Boundaries• Contours

• Thematic maps show a theme or a particular idea. There are many different types.

• Population density• population distribution• economic activity• resources• languages• ethnicity

• Climate• precipitation• vegetation• physical• political

• Changes in KnowledgeKnowledge–Map of Columbus’s time –Satellite images

• changes in Place NamesPlace Names–Formosa, Taiwan, Republic of China–Palestine, Israel, Occupied Territories

• changes in Boundaries Boundaries–Africa in the 1910s and in the 1990s–Europe before WWII and after WWII and since 1990

• Changes in perspectives perspectives of place namesof place names--Arabian Gulf v. Persian Gulf–Sea of Japan v. East Sea–Middle East v. North Africa and Southwest Asia

• Changes in Disputed Disputed areasareas-- Korea–Western Sahara–Former Yugoslavia–Kashmir

• Three types of map projections–Mercator–Polar–Robinson

• All three types have distortion

• You can distort area, shape, distance and direction• A Mercator projection is best used for ship navigation because of the nice straight lines

• Nice Straight lines

• A Polar projection is best used in airplane navigation. It is easy to plot the Great Circle Routes used to fly long distances• A Robinson projection is best used for data representation. Most of the maps in textbooks are Robinson projections

• Latitude lines are straight. Longitude lines are curved.

• Used to Used to show parts show parts of a whole of a whole or or percentagpercentageses

• Used to Used to show items show items in relation in relation to others to others

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• Used to Used to show loss or show loss or gain or gain or information information over several over several time framestime frames

• Shows the Shows the population of a population of a country or country or region. Allows region. Allows you to break you to break into male and into male and female and by female and by age groupsage groups

• J F M A M J J A S• Shows precipitation and temperature averages over a one year period

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• Recycling programs• conversion of land• airport expansion• bicycle paths• water sources• air quality• mass transit

Social Studies OnlineIntroduction

–Recognize that a map contains elements such as title, scale, symbols, legends, grids, and cardinal and intermediate directions.

• Maps have a lot of information, but you need to know how to read them. There are several parts to a map which explain details and help you really see where you are and where you're going.

• Maps often have symbols to represent such features as highways, small roads, campgrounds, and rest areas. These symbols are listed in the legend.

• The compass shows the directions on a map: north, south, east, and west.

• The index tells you where to find a specific place on a map. Depending on the size and type of map you're using, the index can help you locate a city, town, or street.

• The scale helps you measure the distance betweeen two places. When you know the distance you can calculate how long the trip will take.

• What’s on a map?• Map Adventures (handout)

• A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced size

• Any geographical image of the environment

• A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomena

• To represent a larger area than we can see• To show a phenomenon or process we

can’t see with our eyes• To present information concisely• To show spatial relationships

Represent a larger area

Show what we

can’t see

Present info concisely

Show spatial relationships

• Maps are selective views of reality• Size of the map relative to reality (scale)• What’s on the map (symbolization)• Shape of the map (projection)

• Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground

• Scale is a fraction• Larger area covered means larger

denominator• Larger denominator means smaller

fraction• So a large-scale map covers a small area

Large-scale

Small-scale

• Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground

1. Graphic:

• Stays the same when photocopied• Might not be right for the whole map

1. Verbal:1 inch equals 10 miles

• Easy to understand• Can change if photocopied

1. Representative fraction or ratio:1:24,000

• Units don’t matter• Can change if photocopied

• Symbols are a code instead of text• Three kinds: point, line, area• Consider shape, size, orientation, pattern,

color, value

• Every symbol counts as one occurrence• Qualitative points

– Indicate location– Can also describe that location

• Quantitative points

– Show a distribution– Indicate a value (graduated

symbols)

Indicate locationDescribe location

Show a distribution

Indicate a value

• One-dimensional• Mostly taken for granted (borders, roads)• Isolines connect same values• Flow-line maps indicate value by width of

line

Isolines(Contour

lines)

Flow-line maps

• Each territory or region has one value• Differences in kind• Differences in value

– Choropleth maps – Usually, darker indicates more

• Cartograms distort area to show value

Differences in kind

Differences in kind

Differences in value(Choropleth)

Cartogram

• Also called quadranglesAlso called quadrangles• Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.• Done by the US Geological Survey Done by the US Geological Survey

(USGS) since 1897(USGS) since 1897• Map out the entire country in a standard Map out the entire country in a standard

fashionfashion

• Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest point and plotted what you could see point and plotted what you could see from therefrom there

• Aerial photography after WWIIAerial photography after WWII• Two overlapping photos are put in a Two overlapping photos are put in a

stereoscopestereoscope• 10 photos for each 7.5 minute map10 photos for each 7.5 minute map

• Show 2D features, point, line and area; Show 2D features, point, line and area; also show 3D via contour linesalso show 3D via contour lines

• Common symbols are in the appendix of Common symbols are in the appendix of the textthe text

• Note the contour interval at the bottom Note the contour interval at the bottom of the mapof the map

• Political maps show how people have divided places on the Earth into countries, states, cities and other units for the purpose of governing them.

• Physical maps show what the surface of the Earth looks like.

• The world has four major oceans.• Atlantic• Pacific• Arctic• Indian

Pacificocean

Atlanticocean

Arcticocean

Indianocean

• Students generally associate Arctic and Antarctic with cold weather, so students could make the observation that the climate at the poles is cold. This map shows the general climate regions of the world.

• Religious beliefs help define a people’s culture, so to understand a people, it is important to consider what religions influence that group.

• What is the purpose of a Political map?

To show borders of countries, states, cities

• What is the purpose of a Physical map?• Physical maps show what the surface of

the world looks like

• What are the four major oceans of the world?

• Atlantic• Pacific• Arctic• Indian

• Why is it important to understand a peoples religion?

• because religion helps shape their culture

►The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.

►Longitude lines run north and south.

►Latitude lines run east and west. ►The lines measure distances in

degrees.

Latitude

Longitude

►The equator is 0 degree latitude. ►It is an imaginary belt that runs

halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.

Equator

► The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

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MERIDIAN

►By using the equator and prime meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres, north, south, east, and west.

►A compass is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed.

►On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the user locate these directions.

►The needle on a compass is magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction they are headed.

►There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.

► Direction Quiz

Source: http://aerocompass.larc.nasa.gov

► The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.

► The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.

► They help describe the location of places in relation to other places.

►Maps are made to scale; that is, there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance.

►For example, each inch on the map represents one mile on Earth. So, a map of a town would show a mile-long strip of fast food joints and auto dealers in one inch.

Scale

►The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day.

►As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day.

►Places that have the same longitude will be in the same time zone.

► The legend is the key to unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the map.

Religions Legend

Legend

► Look up Latitude and Longitude for US Cities► Maps and Map Skills Degrees, Latitude, &

Longitude Worksheet► Latitude and Longitude Map (lesson plan)► Scale► Time Zones► Anchors Aweigh (a map adventure)► Map Quiz► Make Your Own Map► Topography Maps► U. S. Map Collection► GeoSpy Game► Globe Projector► GeoGame