Social Science 2nd Quarter

8/3/2019 Social Science 2nd Quarter

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Social Science 2nd

Quarter

I. Ibn Khalduns Key to History Ibn Khaldun

- father of modern-day historiography and the socialsciences

- witnessed two warring dynasties in North Africa, theMarinids and Hafsids

- one of his last students was Timur (aka Tamerlane),the great Asian empire builder

Rise and Fall Cycle1. A dynasty establishes its power in a city2. The city reaches a period of prosperity and

prominence

3. Leaders grow either weak, lax, corrupt, or allthree; Primary cause is luxury

4. Tribes in the periphery gather in strength andnumber

5. At its weakest, the city is overrun by invadingtribes

Asabiya- group feeling- as a quantity it determines how well one group can

work together

- belonging to something that is expanding Ibn Khaldun observed that:

- Desert tribes have higher asabiya than city dwellers- Groups with higher asabiya dominate groups with

lower asabiya

- There are factors that can increase or decreaseasabiya:

Religion - group feeling among people who arenot related by blood

Royal authority (law, government) - energies ofa people towards a common purpose

Why a Tribe has Higher Asabiya- Share common blood ties- Driven by the shared need to survive- Have to utilize fewer resources- Encounters competition from other tribes

Why a City has Lower Asabiya- Not everyone is related by blood- Job specialization and diversification- Thriving intellectual life allows for a variety of views- Luxury, wealth, status, and class set people apart- Government is distant; decision making delegated to

a few

II. The Empire The Akkadian Empire

- the first empire in history The Persian Achaemenid Empire

-

the earliest large empire in history

The Umayyad Dynasty- after the death of Muhammad

Empire- A geographically extensive group of states and

ethnicities governed by a central authority.

a. Territorial Empires created through direct conquest, war and

control with force

direct political control in the area, greatertribute is collected, armies are tied down

b. Hegemonic Empires Created through indirect conquest, coercion,

and control with power.

indirect political control, less tribute iscollected, armies are more expansive

Mesopotamian civilization- founded between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers- succession of nations that built on the achievements

of the one before

a. Sumerians (3200 2000 BCE) Had the earliest cities Invented: the wheel, writing (cuneiform), lunar

calendar, the ziggurat as the city center

Introduced irrigation Sexigesimal Behistun Rock

b. Akkadians Sargon

c. Amorites (2000 1600 BCE) Also called Old Babylon A Semitic people that conquered Akkad Hammurabi (ruled 1792-1750BCE) Known for: The Epic of Gilgamesh,mathematics,

division of time: duodecimal system

d. Assyrians (1300 612 BCE) Splendid city of Nineveh


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Superb and unmatched warriors of the timee. Chaldeans (612 539 BCE)

Also called New Babylon Advances in architecture and astronomy

Persepolis The Persians-

Persia is modern-day Iran.- earliest inhabitants: Elamites who would often feud

with the Babylonians and Assyrians.

- More influential, have been the Aryans who cameinto Iran around 1100BCE. Of these people, the

Medes and the Persians were most prominent.

Achaemenid Empire (550 to 330 BCE)- founded by Cyrus the Great

Contributions of the Persian Empire1. Zoroastrianism earliest monotheistic religion;

conflict between asha (truth, order) and druj (the

lie, chaos).

2. Universalism Incredibly tolerant of other cultures;followed a One World Policy, and called their king

the Shahanshah or King of Kings.

3. Effective Imperial Administration divided theirlands into satrapies (governed by a satrap), a

monarchy with a noble class, professional armies,

taxation systems, and even banking.

III. The History of India South Asia

- History played out differently in the Indo- GangeticPlain to the north and in the Deccan plateau to the

south.

- North was open to foreign intrusion; south wouldplay a larger role later on as maritime trade

intensified

India by the End of the Axial Age- 1500BCE the Aryans migrated into the Indus River

Valley

- Indo-Aryan populations moved further eastward intothe rest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

- sixteen greatrealms emerged to compete forsupremacy

- power of the Kshatriya increased; the rights of thecommon man diminished

- Political situation during the time of the BuddhaTHE FIRST EMPIRES

A. The Maurya- The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana

Nanda

- Was founded by Chandragupta Maurya afterconquering the Nanda Empire at 20 years old

- Chandragupta extended the borders of the empiresouthward into the Deccan Plateau

- Chanakya, the King Maker or The Indian Machiavelliwrote the Arthashastra and taught Chandragupta

- Kautilya favors an autocratic welfare state, andbelieves that no kingdom can survive without a good

and efficient economy

- Arthashastra talks about the Rajarishi as the idealleader:

Has self-control Cultivates the intellect by association with elders Keeps his eyes open through spies Is ever active in promoting the security and

welfare of the people

Ensures the observance (by the people) of theirdharma by authority & example

Improves his own discipline by learning in all branches of knowledge Endears himself to his people by enriching them

& doing good to them.

o The First Emperor Of India1. Established government bureaucracy2. Controlled economic activity in mines, forests,

pearl fisheries, and salt fields

3. Operated farms, shipyards, and arsenals.4. Maintained a formidable military5. Constructed and improved of infrastructure6. Funded his works through a land tax

o Ashoka- Most popularly known as the patron of Buddhism- Maurya lost their territories and north India dissolved

into a number ofsmaller states ruled by local

dynasties after his death

o Savatahana- kingdom in central South Asia, that established its

own empire that would last for 400 years

B. The Kushans- from Chinese Central Asia, the Kushans Yuezhi

built an empiresupported by the Silk Road

- art: synthesis of Buddhist and Hellinistic (Greek) styles- The spread of Buddhism also intensified.- Gold coins depicting Kanishka, the greatest king

THE GOLDEN AGE

A. The Guptao Key Advancements:

1. Indian culture was crystallized. From architecture

to poetry, expressions were very rich and detailed.


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2. Art forms were plentiful: the Panchatantra, the sanskrit

drama, architecture, sculpture

3. The cults of Vishnu and Shiva became very popular.

4. Buddhists patronized education, leading the Gupta to become

the center of learning at that time.

B. The Cholans- the most prominent empire of the Tamil; cultural super

power in Southeast Asia

- The Meenakshi Temple in Madurai is the oldest city inSouth India.

- Built by King Suryavarman II, Angkor Wat is a fusion ofKhmer architecture and South Indian style; dedicated

to Vishnu.

- Pura Bekasih is the most prominent Hindu temple inBali. In mostly Muslim Indonesia, Bali is 93% Hindu.

ISLAM IN INDIA

A. The Mhugals- 1526: Babur established the Mughal line that would

last until 1858.

o Sikhism- Founded by Guru Nanak; synthesis of Hinduism and

Islam.

- Sikhs would form a powerful resistance against laterabuses of Mughal rule

Guru Nanak preached about

1. The unity of God

2. The brotherhood of man

3. The rejection of caste

4. The futility of idol worship

o Highlights of the reign of Akbar1. Was extremely tolerant of other religions, opened

government jobs to Hindus of all castes, and ended the

tax on non-Muslims (jizyah).

2. Instituted the mansabdari system wherein officials

would receive salaries.

3. Formed smart alliances (particularly with rajputs) and

worked hard to be a man of the people.

** Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his wife,

Mumtaz Mahal.

o Aurangzebs reign began the decline ofthe Mughal.1. Was fixated on expanding the empire southwards to

the rest of the subcontinent.

2. Persecuted non-Muslims, destroyed Hindu temples,

reinstated jizyah, and alienated allies like the Rajputs.

3. His harsh policies led to the rise of resistance

movements such as the Maratha and the Sikh.

o Several factors sealed the fate of the Mughal: Rise of the powerful state ofHyderabad (1724)

Persian invasion of North India by Nadir Shah (1739)

Invasions ofAfghan tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali

British victories in the Battle ofPlassey in Bengal, and

the French on the southeastern coast

IV. The History of China Ten Major Dynasties of China

THE FIRST EMPIRES

A. Qin Dynasty- Under the guidance of Li Si, The first emperor utilized

Legalism.

Qin Shih Huang Di- The First August God of the Qin- centralized all power to himself by placing only giving

power to those loyal to him; had a powerful army

- network of roads, unified currency, system of writing,and even philosophical thought (through book

burning) throughout the empire.

B. Han Dynasty- Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to form

an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu

- Confucianism became the state philosophy. Men ofwisdom and virtue were put in place through the civil

service examinations

- Scholar-officials were expected to be junzi. Women,were not allowed to take the exam.

- Innovation during the Han would be unmatched untilthe Song. It was the highest civilization of its age.

- Seismograph invented by Zhang Feng in the year 132.

6. Shang7. Zhou (Chou)8. Qin (Chin)9. Han10. Sui

1. Tang2. Song3. Yuan (Mongol)4. Ming5. Qing (Ching, Manchu)


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PATTERNS IN CHINESE HISTORY

Pattern 1: TERRITORIAL PRESSURE

- Incursions from China's north by nomadic groups, arefrom those attracted by the wealth of the settled,

agricultural civilization of China.

- these invaders rules through the Chinese bureaucracy,leading to the expression that China "sinicizes its

conquerors

Pattern 2: CULTURAL CONTINUITY

** Dynasties rise and fall but Confucian values keep China intact.

This is seen manifested in several ways:

1. The evolution of the bureaucratic structure the civilservice examination system, the scholar-gentry who sit

for exams and staff the civil administration;

2. The refinement of the Confucian classics as the basis ofeducation and elite selection;

Thus there emerged a tendency in China towards political

unification and reunification. A factor that also facilitated this

was increasing population density.

Pattern 3: STRENGTHENING OF THE IMPERIAL CENTER

**Beginning with the legalistic approach of the First Emperor of

the Qin, the emperors of China continued a trend of

concentrating power towards the center. Government was

strengthened when authority was moved towards the emperor.

** When power is too concentrated at the center, a dynasty

becomes more vulnerable to rebellion

**Height of imperial concentration can be seen in the Mingdynasty.

THE GOLDEN AGE

A. Tang Dynasty- The ruler depends on the state, and the state depends

on its people

- Changan was an imperial city, an administrative center designed to show off the power of the emperor and

the majesty of his court

B. Song Dynasty- Period of great change

1.

The traditional aristocracy weakened even furtherafter the Tang.

Two reasons:

(a) Shift to large cities(b) the abolition of the equal field system in

favor of a money tax

2. Economic base began to expand to, andsomewhat shifted to the south. Food production

improved immensely and led to a spike in

population growth. Cities also grew immensely

dense.

3. The government became even more autocratic.The central government was better funded, and

more government officials came from the

commoner class.

Zhu Xi (1130-1200)- Neo-Confucianism- Introduced a philosophy that synthesized Daoism,

Buddhism, and Confucianism.

Society during the golden age- Buddhism and Daoism ushered in a creative age and

Confucianism further deepened as the social ethic of

China.

- Two main classes: the gentry (scholarly elite) and thepeasants. Third would be the merchants.

- Women had an important role to play in the family,but their subordinate role was reinforced towards the

latter Song dynasty.

V. The History of IslamSETTING THE STAGE

Islam- Islam was born in a desert town

The Incense Road- Trade in aromatics (such as frankincense and myrrh)

and spices connected ancient Arabia, Egypt, India, and

Africa

- Mecca was one of the key cities along this route- Connects with the Silk Road- A Magi was an astronomer and a follower of Zoroaster.- To the east of Judea is Persia.- Gold, frankincense and myrrh were all goods traded

along the Incense Road.

THE PROPHET

Setting- Christian Byzantine Empire in Europe and the

Zoroastrian Sasanid Empire were exhausting each

other through a rivalry

- Arabian peninsula, the caravan town of Mecca wasquickly becoming a prosperous trading center

- Throughout Arabia were the Bedouin tribes who livedon herding and sporadic raids (ghazu) on settlementsand caravans

The Bedoiun- Tribes were bound together by the muruwah spirit

which emphasized courage in battle, patience, etc

- Most of the tribes were polytheistic, and Mecca servednot only as a trading center but a place for the

different tribes to house their idols in the Kabah

Muhammad


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- was raised an orphan in a less well-to-do tribe calledthe Quraysh.

- married Khadija- troubled by the idolatry, worldliness, and lack of social

conscience

- profound religious experience change his life when hewas 40 years

Muhammads Teachings

- preaching against their traditional gods and goddessesthreatened both

(a) their ancestral ways

(b) the Meccan pilgrimage shrine and the lucrative

trade it attracted

- fled Mecca for the town of Yathrib (later Medina)- Hijrah Migration to Medina; start of the Muslim

calendar; beginning of the first ummah

- allegiance to the ummah- Honesty in public and personal affairs- Modesty in personal habits- Abstention from alcohol and pork- Fair division of inheritances- Improved treatment of women- Careful regulation of marriage and divorce

Five Pillars of Islam Shahadah (profession of faith) Zakat (charity) Sawm (fasting) Salat (ritual prayer) Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

** Muhammad saw himself as the restorer of the original

message of God.

** He triumphantly returns to Mecca, casts out idols from the

Kabah, declaring the supremacy of the one true God.

** A tribal confederation is bound by personal allegiance to

Muhammad and submission to God

RISE OF ISLAM

Abu Bakr (Sunni)- Muhammads most gifted student, assumed

command of the ummah

- He is called the caliph Ali (Shiites)

- his cousin who became the caliph in 656 but waslargely contested by rival parties

- loyalists (partisans, shia) claim that he is the true imam Reasons for the ease of Islams spread

The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak andvulnerable.

Islam bound the once separated tribes together.

Other people were ready to accept Islam,especially with its emphasis on having no clergy

and focus on social justice.

Muslims were tolerant and protected theirsubjects. They did not force conversion and

allowed others to continue with their own faith and

laws provided they pay tax (jizyah).

Muslims adopted existing systems of governmentand trade.

THE GOLDEN AGE

** The Umayyad and Abbasid periods -- The High

Caliphate where a politically strong, culturally vibrant,

and economically wealthy system led to a Golden Age

During the Abbasid dynasty, the following emerged:1. Ulama (persons of right knowledge) argued that

Muslim law must be derived from the practices (sunnah)

and sayings (hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad, the

Perfect Man.

2. Shariah law became the Muslims definitive guide for

legal, social, commercial, political, ritual and moral

concerns.

3. Sunni Islam was concretized, following three

principles:

The umma is a theocracy, ruled by shariah law The caliph is charged with administering the

ummah and protecting the Dar al-Islam.

A person who professes the shahadah is a Muslim,and those who commit a mortal sin is excluded

from the ummah.

Decline- caliphate weakened as power devolved to local leaders

such as the amir and religious authorities such as the

ulama.

- Islam is egalitarian- Muslims were an inherently mercantile people

** Between 1450 and 1650, Islamic culture and statecraft

blossomed. Instead of one universal empire however, there

emerged three, distinctively Islamic states.

- Ottoman Empire in the Middle East- Safavid Empire in Iran- Mughal Empire in India

>> Summarized from Sir Martins power points :)

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Social Science 2nd Quarter