Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
+
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYChapter 18
+SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
■The scientific study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others
+ SOCIAL THINKING (Cognition)
■The way we gather, use and interpret information about the social aspects of the world around us
■Amateur scientists trying to figure out why people act the way they do
■Handout-celebrities
+Attribution theory
■How people determine the cause of what they observe■Actor-observer effect-tendency to attribute own behavior (we are the actor) to external causes (situational), but others (people we observe) to internal (dispositional) factors
+
+ 7
+Fundamental Attribution Error■Our tendency to overestimate internal (dispositional) causes of other’s behavior while ignoring external causes (situational)
+
Self Serving Bias
■Tendency to take credit for our success (dispositional) and blame our failures on the situation
+ 13
+Just World Phenomenon
■Blame the victim
+False Consensus Effect
+Compliance Strategies
■Foot in the door■Door in the face■Norms of reciprocity (clip)
+ Why do our actions affect our attitudes?
■Leon Festinger
+Cognitive dissonance
■To reduce tension created by opposing actions and beliefs, a person will modify either the actions or the beliefs to create cognitive consistency
20
+Social Influence
■Self-fulfilling prophecy■Conformity■Obedience
Social Influence
■Self-fulfilling prophecy■Rosenthal’s “Harvard bloomers study”
23
Normative Social Influence v Informational?
+ SOCIAL INFLUENCE
■Solomon Asch-conformity study
+ Reasons for Conformity■ We are made to feel incompetent or insecure
■ The group has at least 3 people
■ The group is unanimous-a single dissident increases social courage
■ We admire the group’s status and attractiveness
■ We have made no prior commitment to any response
■ Others in the group observe our behavior
■ Our culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
+
Role Playing
■Zimbardo’s prison experiment
+Group Dynamics
■Cohesiveness■Pressure■Norms■Roles
+ Group influence on decision making
■Social facilitation■Social inhibition/impairment■Social loafing■Group polarization■Groupthink■Deindividuation
+ Group Influence
■Social Facilitation■Social impairment (inhibition)
+ Social Loafing■The more people there are, the less effort
they exert■Correlation?
+Social Loafing■Happens when people think■ the rest of the group isn’t pulling their weight ■ others are less skilled or less motivated
■Avoid it by making individuals feel responsible for group’s results.
+Snack Preferences
+Group polarization
■ Like minded individuals’ beliefs become more extreme after discussion
■ NOT conformity, peer pressure
+Groupthink
+Groupthink
■ Irving Janis
■The tendency for some groups to make bad decisions■Highly cohesive groups■There is a distinct and directive leader■Group is isolated from other influences■There is time pressure or intense stress■Leader already has mind made up
+
■ How are group polarization and groupthink different?
+Deindividuation■If you could do anything …
+Deindividuation
■Anti-social-36%■Non-normative-19%■Neutral-36%■Prosocial (helping)-9%
+Deindividuation
■(loss of individuality)■The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster ■anonymity■group size■arousal
+ 46
+Bias-us versus them
■Ingroup■Outgroup
+ Ingroup
+Bias consequences
■Scapegoat theory-blaming an entire outgroup for social or economic frustrations■Ethnocentrism-judging a person’s own ethnic, racial or national group as best and judging outgroups by that standard
Social Learning Theory
■Children learn prejudice and stereotypes by watching their parents■Assumes it can be unlearned by watching other role models
52
+ Intergroup Relations and Prejudice
■Stereotypes■Prejudice■Discrimination
+ Intergroup Relations and Prejudice
■Stereotypes-belief■Prejudice-attitude (-/+)■Discrimination-behavior
■Implicit prejudice (unknown to self)■Harvard implicit prejudice test
+Reducing prejudice
■Contact theory■Contact between hostile groups will
reduce animosity BUT only if the groups are made to work towards a goal that benefits all
+ Sherif-Camp Study
Sherif Study■Create bond-ingroup bias
■Competition/frustration
■Cooperation-superordinate goals
60
+Contact Research■Aronson■Jigsaw classroom
+Prosocial Behavior
■Altruism
+ Kitty Genovese murder
+ Research
■Darley and Latane■Bystander Intervention■Diffusion of responsibility ■ (70% alones, 7% w/ others)
■Pluralistic ignorance
+
+Attraction
■Proximity **■Similarity■Physical attractiveness■Familiarity (mere exposure effect)■Reciprocal Liking
+ Lonely Hearts Club
■ Shy and Single-Long Island, Jewish, professional (32) seeks long term relationship. I enjoy music (folk and rock), the outdoors, reading, and sushi
■ Come Build a Future With Me-Suburban Chicago, carpenter looking for a companion (25-35) for friendship and more. Favorite activities include concerts, dining and athletics.
■ Alone in the City That Never Sleeps-Manhattan business executive ready to settle down. I love pets and children and like to travel, go to movies and read.
■ Life of the Party Seeks Partner-Single secretary in San Francisco looking for life partner. I am ambitious, vivacious, and delicious. I enjoy yoga, jogging and creative pursuits.
+ Persuasion Elaboration Likelihood Model
■Peripheral route
■Central route
■ Create a short sales pitch utilizing one of the above methods. Audience will identify method
+ Persuasion Elaboration Likelihood Model
■Peripheral route-pairs superficial + factors that leads to less stable change in attitude
■Central route-stable change by carefully analyzing facts, stats and other info
+ Aggression
Hostile aggression is ‘hot’, impulsive behavior motivated by a desire to hurt someone
Instrumental aggression is ‘cold’, premeditated behavior used as a means to some other end