Social Reform Solutions to the Problems Of the Industrial Revolution

Social ReformSocial Reform

Solutions to the Solutions to the

Problems Problems

Of the Of the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

DarwinDarwin

1859 Charles Darwin 1859 Charles Darwin produced the theory produced the theory that humans evolved that humans evolved over millions of years.over millions of years.

Natural selection.Natural selection.

Members of each Members of each species compete to species compete to survive.survive.

The most able survive The most able survive and improve the and improve the species.species.

Class QuestionClass Question

If someone believes in the theory of If someone believes in the theory of Survival of the Fittest and applies it Survival of the Fittest and applies it to humans who do you think that to humans who do you think that person will see as the weak humans person will see as the weak humans during the Industrial Revolution and during the Industrial Revolution and what do you think they will do about what do you think they will do about it?it?

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

Took Darwin's Took Darwin's theories and theories and applied them to applied them to human society. human society.

Spencer, not Spencer, not Darwin, was the Darwin, was the first person to coin first person to coin the phrase "survival the phrase "survival of the fittest." of the fittest."

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

He believed that government He believed that government intervention such as welfare for the intervention such as welfare for the poor, public education, and poor, public education, and government healthcare, helped weak government healthcare, helped weak humans survive. humans survive.

Spencer believed that the poor Spencer believed that the poor should be allowed to die off thus should be allowed to die off thus making society stronger.making society stronger.

Social ReformistSocial Reformist Utilitarianism Utilitarianism

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

– People should be People should be judged on the basis judged on the basis of their usefulness.of their usefulness.

– Government should Government should promote the promote the greatest good for greatest good for the greatest the greatest number of people.number of people.

John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill– Believed Believed

government should government should improve the lives of improve the lives of the poor.the poor.

– Government should Government should create policies that create policies that make the division make the division of profits equal.of profits equal.

SocialismSocialism

Concentrate less on the lives of the Concentrate less on the lives of the individual and more on the needs of society.individual and more on the needs of society.

Government controls the distribution of Government controls the distribution of goods.goods.

Businesses and farms belong to all the Businesses and farms belong to all the people, not individuals.people, not individuals.

Factors of production are owned by the Factors of production are owned by the people.people.

Socialism was the belief in human nature, Socialism was the belief in human nature, progress, and a concern for social justice.progress, and a concern for social justice.

Utopian SocialismUtopian Socialism

Self sufficient Self sufficient communities where communities where the work is shared.the work is shared.

All people would have All people would have equal wealth.equal wealth.

All fighting in the All fighting in the world would end.world would end.

Robert Owen set up a Robert Owen set up a Utopian factory Utopian factory community.community.

Marxist SocialismMarxist Socialism

Karl MarxKarl Marx– German PhilosopherGerman Philosopher– Promoted a radical Promoted a radical

theory of “scientific theory of “scientific socialism”socialism”

– Worked with German Worked with German Economist Friedrich Economist Friedrich Engles.Engles.

– Wrote the Wrote the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto in 1848. in 1848.

What is Communism under What is Communism under MarxMarx

Marx believed;Marx believed;– In two social classes In two social classes – The Bourgeoisie or the owners of the factories The Bourgeoisie or the owners of the factories

and the raw materials which are processed in and the raw materials which are processed in them. them.

– The Proletariat, or the workers who are forced The Proletariat, or the workers who are forced to sell their labor to the Bourgeoisie.to sell their labor to the Bourgeoisie.

What is Communism under What is Communism under MarxMarx

Marx believed that the Industrial Marx believed that the Industrial Revolution had caused the rich to become Revolution had caused the rich to become richer and the workers to become more richer and the workers to become more impoverished.impoverished.

Marx said that the only way society could Marx said that the only way society could become equal if is the workers rose up and become equal if is the workers rose up and overthrew the owners.overthrew the owners.– ““The proletarians have nothing to lose but their The proletarians have nothing to lose but their

chains. They have the world to win. chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all counties, unite.”Workingmen of all counties, unite.”

The Communist ManifestoThe Communist ManifestoHistory was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalist (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat)(bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat)In order to make profits the capitalist took advantage In order to make profits the capitalist took advantage of the working class (Lower wages).of the working class (Lower wages).The proletariat would The proletariat would – Rise up and overthrow the capitalist system Rise up and overthrow the capitalist system – Create their own government.Create their own government.– Take control of the means of production.Take control of the means of production.– Establish a classless, communist, society.Establish a classless, communist, society.– Wealth would be shared. Wealth would be shared.

Marxism/CommunismMarxism/Communism

The Communist Manifesto produced only The Communist Manifesto produced only a few uprisings in 1848 which were a few uprisings in 1848 which were quickly put down.quickly put down.

However Marxist thought will However Marxist thought will inspire revolutionaries like inspire revolutionaries like – Lenin-Russia (1917)Lenin-Russia (1917)– Mao Zedong-China (1930’s)Mao Zedong-China (1930’s)– Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam (1950’s)Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam (1950’s)– Fidel Castro-Cuba (1950’s)Fidel Castro-Cuba (1950’s)

ReformsReforms

In the later part of the 19In the later part of the 19thth century century people began to see the social people began to see the social consequences of the Industrial consequences of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution– PoorPoor– Long hours little payLong hours little pay– Child laborChild labor– Slums in citiesSlums in cities

It was clear that social reforms were It was clear that social reforms were needed!needed!

ReformsReforms

Advances in EducationAdvances in Education– Public schools are set up.Public schools are set up.

Michael Sadler (The Sadler Report)Michael Sadler (The Sadler Report)– Lead to the Factories Regulation Act of Lead to the Factories Regulation Act of

1833.1833.Prohibitive children under 9 from being Prohibitive children under 9 from being employed.employed.

Limited the number of hours worked for Limited the number of hours worked for children under 18.children under 18.

Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833

In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. improve conditions for children working in factories. – No child workers under 9 years of age No child workers under 9 years of age – Employers must have a medical or age certificate for child Employers must have a medical or age certificate for child

workers workers – Children between the ages of 9-13 to work no more than 9 Children between the ages of 9-13 to work no more than 9

hours a day hours a day – Children between 13-18 to work no more than 12 hours a day Children between 13-18 to work no more than 12 hours a day – Children are not to work at night Children are not to work at night – Two hours schooling each day for children Two hours schooling each day for children – Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law Four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law

throughout the whole of the country. throughout the whole of the country. – Make conditions safer in the factoriesMake conditions safer in the factories

However, the passing of this Act did not mean that However, the passing of this Act did not mean that overnight the mistreatment of children stopped. overnight the mistreatment of children stopped.

NationalNational Child Labor Child Labor CommitteeCommittee

By 1904 reformers ended child By 1904 reformers ended child labor.labor.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

During the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution workers had rioted or went on strike workers had rioted or went on strike usually whenusually when– food prices were too highfood prices were too high– High unemploymentHigh unemployment

Most of these riots often lead to no Most of these riots often lead to no change in the working conditionschange in the working conditions


By the 1830’s-1840’s however By the 1830’s-1840’s however workers understood that if they workers understood that if they stood together during strikes they stood together during strikes they might change their plight in the might change their plight in the factory systemfactory system


Unions were developed to support workersUnions were developed to support workers– Unions assisted inUnions assisted in

Gaining better working conditionsGaining better working conditionsMore payMore payShorter work days Shorter work days Shorter work weeksShorter work weeksSafety in the workplaceSafety in the workplacePensionsPensionsHealth InsuranceHealth Insurance

In Britain the labor unions often times formed In Britain the labor unions often times formed political parties. The most famous was the political parties. The most famous was the Labour Party which is still a force in politics Labour Party which is still a force in politics in Britain today.in Britain today.


Towards the end of the Industrial Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution factory owners realized Revolution factory owners realized that that – HealthyHealthy– HappyHappy– Well paid work forceWell paid work force

Meant Meant – More productivityMore productivity– Loyal workersLoyal workers

WomenWomen

Factory work offered higher wages Factory work offered higher wages for women.for women.

Women however only made 1/3 of Women however only made 1/3 of what a man makes.what a man makes.

Women became reformistWomen became reformist– Serviced the poorServiced the poor– Fought against slaveryFought against slavery– Fought for the rights of womenFought for the rights of women

Global Impact of IndustrializationGlobal Impact of Industrialization

Migration Migration – From 1845 to 1900’s Polish, Italian, From 1845 to 1900’s Polish, Italian,

Russians, Jews move to the United Russians, Jews move to the United States.States.

Starvation in IrelandStarvation in Ireland– Potato famine causes many to starve Potato famine causes many to starve

and die in Ireland. Many Irish move to and die in Ireland. Many Irish move to United States and Canada.United States and Canada.

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems

TraditionalTraditional– Based on agriculture Based on agriculture – Limited Limited barter trade trade – NeolithicNeolithic Civilizations Civilizations – Early River Early River Valley Civilizations


MarketMarket– Based upon Supply and Demand Based upon Supply and Demand – Usually focus on consumer goods Usually focus on consumer goods – Little government control.Little government control.

– Free MarketFree Market– Adam Smith Adam Smith – Capitalism Capitalism


CommandCommand– Controlled by strong, centralized Controlled by strong, centralized

government government – Usually focuses on industrial goods Usually focuses on industrial goods – Little attention paid to agriculture and Little attention paid to agriculture and

consumer goods consumer goods

– Marxism/CommunismMarxism/Communism– Soviet Union/ChinaSoviet Union/China


MixedMixed– Combination of Market and Command Combination of Market and Command

economic systems economic systems – Market forces control of most consumer Market forces control of most consumer

goods goods – Government directs industry in need Government directs industry in need

areas.areas.

– The United States today The United States today

Economic VocabularyEconomic Vocabulary

Factors of ProductionFactors of Production – which are the resources necessary to which are the resources necessary to

produce goods and services. These produce goods and services. These factors include human resources, natural factors include human resources, natural resources, and capital or money resources, and capital or money resources. resources.

– LaborLabor– MaterialsMaterials– MoneyMoney


Human Human Needs and WantsNeeds and Wants. . – Attention must be paid to the resources Attention must be paid to the resources

humans need to survive, and to those humans need to survive, and to those goods and services that serve to goods and services that serve to enhance living. enhance living.

– HousingHousing– FoodFood– ClothingClothing


ScarcityScarcity – Scarcity is the conflict between limited Scarcity is the conflict between limited

resources and unlimited need. When resources and unlimited need. When scarcity of any resource occurs, new scarcity of any resource occurs, new factors of production must be explored factors of production must be explored for humans to continue to survive.for humans to continue to survive.

– Lack of oil for gasoline production Lack of oil for gasoline production means new methods of energy for means new methods of energy for vehicles must be found, electric.vehicles must be found, electric.

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Social Reform Solutions to the Problems Of the Industrial Revolution