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Overview for Exam 3
• October 26 & 28 Chapter 8 Conformity
• November 2 & 4 Chapter 9 Group Processes
• November 11 Chapter 10 Interpersonal Attraction
• Exam 3 November 16 (chapters 8, 9, 10)
Upcoming Papers
• Tuesday, November 2 (election day) Personal experience paper on chapter 8 (conformity)
• Tuesday, November 16 Reading Assignment from “Close relationships: Love, Sex, and Marriage” This paper is due the same day as EXAM 3
Overview for Final Exam
• November 18 & 23 Chapter 11 Prosocial Behavior
• November 30 & December 2 Chapter 12 Aggression
• December 7 & 9 Chapter 13 Prejudice
• December 14 FINAL EXAM 8:30 AM!!
Remaining Important Dates
• November 23 (Tuesday before Thanksgiving) Reading Assignment on Prosocial Behavior is due. This is also the LAST DAY I will accept extra credit summaries.
•• December 7 (Tuesday last week of class) your last
Reading Assignment on Intergroup Conflict and Prejudice is due.
Conformity
• A change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others
• A person changes their behavior in order to conform to the expectations of others
Sherif Study
• Autokinetic effect
• Ambiguous situation (1-10 inch estimates)
• Two phases of the study; alone and in group of 3
• Can lead to private acceptance not public compliance
• Informational influence in new “social norms” approaches to binge drinking
Informational Social Influence & Conformity
• 3 conditions that make people more likely to conform to informational social influence
• When the situation is ambiguous, and you are motivated to “get it right”
• When the situation is a crisis
• When other people are experts
How does Informational Influence Backfire?
• During crises, and one feels ill-equipped to respond, the need for information is acute
• People may start to reinterpret evidence to fit with their definition of the situation
• Example: “war of the worlds”
• Contagion, mass psychogenic illness
Social Influence & Social Norms
• Social Norms: rules for acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs
• Normative social influence: in order to be liked and accepted by others results in public compliance but not necessarily private acceptance
Asch Study
• Classic studies on normative social influence
• When a situation was unambiguous -- Asch expected that people would act rationally
• When the group said or did something that contradicted an obvious truth, people should resist social pressure!
Asch Study (con’t)
• Line task
• 76% conformed at least once.
• People conformed on about 1/3 of the 12 trials
• Public compliance without private acceptance
Exercise
• Describe a time you changed your behavior because of real or imagined pressure from other people
• DO NOT put your name on the paper
Social Impact Theory
• We don’t always conform to normative social influence
• strength: how important is the group to you?
• immediacy: how close is the group to you in space and time during the attempt to influence you?
• number of influence sources: how many people are in the group
• Conformity to social influence increases as strength and immediacy increase
• Conformity increases when group reaches 4 or 5, but then is relatively stable (figure 8.6)
• Conformity increases when you have no allies
Cross cultural research
• People in collectivist cultures show higher rates of conformity on the line task (meta-analysis)
• Normative social influence may promote harmony and group relationships
Gender & Conformity
• very small differences (meta-analysis)
• public situations women tend to conform more (social roles)--but differences are small
• gender of researcher differentially related to findings that men are less influenceable
Minority Influence
• Individuals CAN influence the behaviors and beliefs of the majority
• consistency
• use informational influence
• early opposition
Injunctive & Descriptive Norms
• Injunctive norms: what we think other people approve or disapprove of
• motivate behavior via rewards and punishments
• Descriptive norms: our perceptions of how we think people actually behave in a given situation
• motivate behavior by informing us about what is effective or adaptive behavior
How did it happen?
• Mai Lai massacre
• Genocide (Germany, Ukraine, Rwanda, Bosnia)
• Abu Grabe
• Informational influence, normative influence, and obedience to authority
Milgram Study
• Read the description on page 274
• Read the transcript
• See the film clip
• Look for more information on the web
What can we learn from Milgram’s obedience studies?• Norms evoked in a situation can change, can be
in conflict (Abu Grabe physicians and clergy)
• What was the role of self-justification in increasing obedience? Requested behavior came in small increments....
• Socially organized evil--no one person makes the decisions, carries out the evil act and is confronted with the consequences