Social Monitoring Report (Part 3) THA: Sarulla Geothermal ... · THA: Sarulla Geothermal Power Generation Project ... Amphibian and Reptile Species Diversity Species diversity is

Social Monitoring Report (Part 3) Project Number: 42916-014 November 2019

THA: Sarulla Geothermal Power Generation Project

Prepared by Sarulla Operations Limited

The social monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not

necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be

preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation

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Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any

territory or area.

Safeguards and Social Monitoring Report

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hot and acid water, which will certainly fail in its development cycle. Therefore it could be very important to

build artificial freshwater puddles around WJP, one location where this would be feasible is where there is

a hut and rainwater could be compiled in a puddle.

4.3. Results based on different survey methodologies

The results of the amphibian and reptile surveys conducted in the SOL are comprise findings of the day

and night surveys, species observations outside of the regular surveys (considered random observations),

and observations made while travelling by vehicle (labeled as road counts). The findings from each method

are shown in table 3.

Scientific name English Species VES Random Road

Count

Pelophryne signata Lowland Dwarf Toad Kodok-kerdil dataran- 1 - -

rendah

Phrynoidis aspera River Toad Kodok-puru sungai 1 - -

Fejervarya limnocharis Grass Frog Katak tegalan 1 1 1

Limnonectes blythii Giant River Toad Katak panggul 1 - -

Limnonectes kuhlii Kuhl's Creek Frog Bangkong tuli 1 1

Megophrys nasuta Bornean Horned Frog Katak-bertanduk 1 - -

kalimantan

Microhyla heymonsi Dark-Sided Chorus Frog Percil sisi-gelap 1 1 -

Huia sumatrana Sumatran Torrent Frog Kongkang-jeram 1 - -

sumatera

Hylarana chalconota White-Lipped Frog Kongkang kolam 1 - -

Odorrana hosii Poisonous Rock Frog Kongkang racun 1 - -

Polypedates Four-Lined Tree Frog Katak-pohon bergaris 1 1 -

leucomystax

Polypedates macrotis Dark-Eared Tree frog Katak-pohon telinga- 1 - --

gelap

Total Amfibians 12 4 1

Draco fimbriatus Fringed Flying Dragon Cicak-terbang kuhli 1 - -

Draco sumatranus Sumatra Fying Dragon Cicak-terbang sumatera 1 - -

Gonocephalus grandis Great Anglehead Grandis Bunglon surai-terpotong 1 - -

Cyrtodactylus 1 - -

quadrivirgatus

Cyrtodactylus sp_1 1 - -

Cyrtodactylus cf. 1 - -

semicinctus Kerinci Bent-toed Gecko Cicak jari-lengkung kerinci

Eutropis multifasciata Common Sun Skink Kadal biasa 1 1 -

Varanus salvator Water Monitor Biawak biasa 1 -

Total Reptiles sub-Lacertilia 7 2 0

Ahaetulla prasina Oriental Whip Snake Ular pucuk 1 - -


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Reptile and Amphibian Survey 10


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Dendrelaphis formosus

Elegant Bronzeback Ular tambang, Ular 1 - -

tampar

Dendrelaphis pictus Painted Bronzeback Ular tambang 1 - -

Trimeresurus toba Toba Pit Viper Ular punai toba 1 - -

Total Reptilia sub-Ophidia 4 0 0

Total species 23 6 1

Percentage encounters per method 95.8 25.0 4.2

Table 3. Results of amphibian and reptile species for each method.

Table 3 shows that 95.8% of the survey results are obtained by VES method, even the Lacertilia group

were all obtained by this method. The road count method can be an alternative which could be continually

conducted by the company to record species of snakes found along the company's road, and by taking

photos and coordinates every time they encounter snakes run over by vehicles, or ones that are still alive.

However, no records were obtained as yet over the last 5 (five) years from the SOL staff.

4.4. Species Accumulation Curves

The number of amphibians and reptiles species in SOL still have the potential to increase, according to

Figure 3. Some groups of reptiles from the families of Ranidae, Agamidae, Scincidae, and Colubridae are

the families deemed most likely to increase in the future. The graphic comparison of amphibians and reptile

species encountered in SOL in 2018 looks almost the same as in 2014; the surge in species findings on

the 6th day of the 2018 surveys was due to a new type of habitat in the survey location of Aek Accimun.



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Figure 3. Amphibian and Reptile species accumulation curves in 2014 and 2018

4.5. Amphibian and Reptile Species Diversity

Species diversity is a standard method to look at species composition in one location using the Shannon-

Wiener Index. All survey locations in SOL fall within the medium to high diversity categories. The highest

index we encountered is 4.70 and is considered to be very high. This also shows that there is no dominant

species composition the survey locations. Species composition of each location is shown in table 4.

e/J' Species

Location K KR INP Pi H' Ln N Ln S (Pieolous Evenness

Richness

Index)

Sg. Sibau-Bau 1.00 100.00 200.00 1.00 2.35 2.56 1.79 0.01 4.68 0.39

NIL-WJP 2.46 246.15 346.15 1.73 2.03 3.47 1.61 0.01 3.46 0.41

NIL2 1.38 138.46 238.46 1.19 2.51 2.89 1.79 0.01 4.15 0.42

Aek Accimun 5.15 515.38 615.38 3.08 4.70 4.20 2.89 0.05 2.85 0.26

Table 4. Comparison of species density indexes, biodiversity, species richness and abundance of

amphibians and reptiles in surveyed areas of SOL.



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V. DISCUSSION During the 2018 survey an additional 11 species of reptiles and amphibians were added to the SOL species

list, nine of these new species were found in the Aek Accimun survey location. This river is a freshwater

river, so it can be said to be a new type of habitat in the SOL area.

The highest biodiversity out of the five survey locations was found in the Aek Accimun location, with a total

of 24 species amphibian and reptile species from 12 families, of which 9 species are an addition to the list

of species found in the SOL aera. The location of Aek Accimun based on the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity

index has the highest value of 4.70, much higher than any of the other survey locations, so it can be said

that this location has 'high' diversity, and other locations are categorized as being of 'moderate' diversity.

From the combined results of the 2014 and 2018 surveys, there are now a total of 38 amphibian and reptile

species recorded from the PT. SOL area, 9 of which have a High Conservation Value (HCV), but none of

these amphibian and reptile species is protected by the Indonesian Government. A description of the

species with High Conservation Value can be found in table 5.

Vernacular Names Species HCV status

Endemic UU IUCN CITES

Limnonectes macrodon Stone Creek Frog - - VU -

Huia sumatrana Sumatran Torrent Frog 1 - - -

Polypedates pseudootilophus False-File-Eared Tree Frog 1 - - -

Bronchocela hayeki Hayek's Slender Agama 1 - - -

Cyrtodactylus cf. semicinctus Kerinci Bent-toed Gecko 1 - - -

Varanus salvator Water Monitor - - - II

Ophisaurus wegneri Wegner's Glass Snake 1 - - -

Ovophis monticola Mountain Brown Pit Viper 1* - - -

Trimeresurus toba Toba Pit Viper 1 - - -

Table 5. Species of amphibians and reptiles of High Conservation Value 5.1. Important findings in the SOL area In 2014 survey, there were four important findings: Wegner's Legless Lizard (Dopasia wegneri), Serrated-

ear Tree Frog (Polypedates pseudootilophus), Hayek Chameleon (Bronchocela hayeki), and the Mountain

pit viper (Ovophis monticola), none of which were found in 2018.



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Important findings in 2018 survey included: Hook-finger Lizard (Cyrtodactylus cf semicinctus), a new

species only described in 2015 from Mount Kerinci. This species was also encountered in the Batang Toru

Ecosystem in the Dolok Saut area in 2015, and the new finding of this species in the SOL area is important

information for the distribution of this endemic lizard species in Sumatra, limited to mountain forests and

this location is so far the northernmost of its distribution.

Freshwater puddles are very important. Almost all amphibian breeding cycles are inseparable from fresh

water, especially in the tadpole phase, and two out of the three puddles surveyed, had at least four species

of amphibians based on the tadpoles encountered, namely: Fejervarya limnocharis, Limnonectes kuhlii,

Microhyla sp, and Polypedates leucomystax.

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1. Conclusion of survey results:

1. During 9 effective field day using VES survey we covered a distance of 52.7 km and 67.6

hours with the focus area of Laydown-WJP-NIL1;

2. These survey results carried out with three methodologies encountered a total of 24 species

from 12 families covering 132 individuals; divided into 12 species of amphibians of 6 families;

8 species of reptiles from 4 families and 4 species from the Lacertilia group, and Ophidia

(snakes) from 2 families;

3. One species of poisonous snake was encountered, the Toba pit piver Trimeresurus toba. This

poisonous snake is potentially fatal to humans. So far two species of poisonous snakes have

been encountered in the SOL area;

4. Nine species have High Conservation Value divided into 1 species of vulnerable (VU)

amphibian, 7 species of reptiles endemic to Sumatra, one species included on CITES Appendix

II, but none of these species protected under Indonesian law (PP No. 20, 2018);

5. VES method is the most efficient method for surveying reptile and amphibian species with

95.8% of species encountered using this methodology;

6. Sibau-Bau River is not a good habitat for amphibians, because of sulfur in the water;

7. Aek Accimun is a fresh water river, and currently the best habitat for reptile amphibians in the

SOL area, and accounted for more than 45% of amphibian species encountered during the

2018 survey;



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8. Freshwater puddles or rain-fed ponds guarantee at least 5 species of amphibious reptile life

cycles in the SOL area.

6.2. Recommendations

1. Maintaining Kerangas habitat as an important habitat for the endemic Dopasia wegneri legless

lizard;

2. Constructing rain freshwater ponds, or permanent ponds on the edge of the forest to provide

more access for amphibian life cycles;

3. Annual monitoring should be carried out during the transition between the dry season and the

rainy season.



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VII. REFERENCES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Appendices I, II, IIII.

2016. De Roij, N. 1917. The Reptiles of The Indo-Australian Archipelago I and II. Leiden, E.J. Brill. Hamidy, A., M. Matsui. 2010 A new species of blue-eyed Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae)

from Sumatra, Indonesia . Zootaxa 2395: 34–44 (2010) Hamidy, A., M. Matsui, K. Nishikawa, D. M. Belabut. 2012. Detection of cryptic taxa in Leptobrachium

nigrops (Amphibia, Anura, Megophryidae), with description of two new species. Zootaxa 3398: 22–39 Harvey, M. B., K. A. O’Connell, G. Barraza, A. Riyanto, N. Kurniawan, and E. N. Smith. 2015. Two new

species of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Southern Bukit Barisan Range of Sumatra and an estimation of their phylogeny. Zootaxa 4020 (3): 495– 516.

Heyer, W. R., dkk, 1994. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity, Standard Methods for Amphibians.

Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. Hlm 60-66, 84-92. Inger, R. F. and R. T. Stuebing, 1997. A Field Guide to the Frogs of Borneo, Natural History Publication,

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Inger, R. F. and R. T. Stuebing, 1999. A Field Guide to the Snakes of Borneo. Natural History Publications

(Borneo) Kota Kinabalu. Krebs, C. J., 1989. Ecology Methodology, University of British Columbia, Harper Collins Publisher. Manthey, U., dan Grossmann W. 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien Sudostasien. Natur und Tier – Verlag,

Munster. Matsui, M., A. Hamidy, N. Kuraishi, 2014. A New Species of Polypedates from Sumatra, Indonesia

(Amphibia: Anura). Species Diversity 19: 1–7. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan

Satwa. Pyron, R.A., J.J. Wiens. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a

revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.

Si-Min Lin, S., W. Chang, S. Chen, G. Shang, K. Lue. 2003. Taxonomic Status of the Legless Lizard

Ophisaurus (Squamata: Anguidae) in Taiwan: Molecular Data, Morphology, and Literature Review. Zoological Studies 42(3): 411-419 (2003).

Van Kampen, P. N. 1923. The Amphibian of The Indo-Australian Archipelago, Leiden, E. J. Brill, Ltd.



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www.iucnredlist.org. IUCN 2018. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.



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Appendix I: List of Amphibians and Reptiles in the SOL area based on 2014 and 2018 survey.

Famili Nama Ilmiah Nama Inggris 2014 2018 Bufonidae Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common Sunda Toad 1 - Bufonidae Leptophryne borbonica Cross Toad 1 - Bufonidae Pelophryne signata Lowland Dwarf Toad 1 1 Bufonidae Phrynoidis aspera River Toad - 1 Disroglossidae Fejervarya limnocharis Grass Frog 1 1 Disroglossidae Limnonectes blythii Giant River Toad - 1 Disroglossidae Limnonectes kuhlii Kuhl's Creek Frog - 1 Disroglossidae Limnonectes macrodon Stone Creek Frog 1 - Megophryidae Megophrys nasuta Bornean Horned Frog - 1 Microhylidae Microhyla heymonsi Dark-Sided Chorus Frog 1 1 Microhylidae Microhyla supraciliaris 1 - Ranidae Huia sumatrana Sumatran Torrent Frog - 1 Ranidae Hylarana chalconota White-Lipped Frog 1 1 Ranidae Odorrana hosii Poisonous Rock Frog 1 1 Rhacophoridae Polypedates leucomystax Four-Lined Tree Frog 1 1 Rhacophoridae Polypedates macrotis Dark-Eared Tree frog 1 1 Rhacophoridae Polypedates pseudootilophus False-File-Eared Tree Frog 1 - Agamidae Bronchocela hayeki Hayek's Slender Agama 1 - Agamidae Draco fimbriatus Fringed Flying Dragon 1 1 Agamidae Draco haematopogon Red-Barbed Flying Dragon 1 - Agamidae Draco sumatranus Sumatra Fying Dragon - 1 Agamidae Gonocephalus grandis Great Anglehead Grandis 1 1 Anguidae Dopasia wegneri Wegner's Glass Snake 1 - Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus marmoratus Marbled Bow-fingered Gecko 1 - Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus - 1 1 Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus sp_1 - 1 1 Gekkonidae Cyrtodactylus cf. semicinctus Kerinci Bent-toed Gecko - 1 Scincidae Eutropis multifasciata Common Sun Skink 1 1 Scincidae Sphenomorphus sp Forest Skink 1 - Varanidae Varanus salvator Water Monitor - 1 Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina Oriental Whip Snake 1 1 Colubridae Boiga jaspidea Jasper Cat Snake 1 - Colubridae Dendrelaphis formosus Elegant Bronzeback - 1 Colubridae Dendrelaphis pictus Painted Bronzeback - 1 Pareatidae Asthenodipsas malaccanus Dark-Necked Slug-Eating Snake 1 - Colubridae Orthriophis taeniurus Cave Racer 1 - Colubridae Ular_unidentifikasi - 1? - Viperidae Ovophis monticola Mountain-Brown Pit-Viper 1 - Viperidae Trimeresurus toba Toba Pit Viper - 1

Total species 27 24



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Appendix II. Pictures: Habitat, and selected Amphibians and Reptiles in SOL.

Figure 3. Puddle near Onan Begu between NIL1-WJP with clear water but no sign of amphibian life.

Figure 4. Human made 'dam' 1.2 x 1 meter, with some species of tadpoles. Here also Polypedates pseudootilophus was encountered. Picture by Dewi Kunia Arianda

Figure 5. Aek Accimun, Freshwater river, an important habitat for amphibians and reptiles in SOL.



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Figure 6. Fejervarya limnocharis Picture from WJP

Figure7 & 8. Limnonectes cf kuhlii Picture from NIL2/Handak

Figure 9. Megophrys nasuta Picture from Aek Accimun

Figure 10. Microhyla sp Picture from NIL2/Handak



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Fig 11. Above left Pelophryne signata.

Fig 13. Middle left Limnonectes kuhlii Fig 15. Lower left Huia sumatrana

Fig 12. Above right Phrynoidis aspera Fig 14. Middle right Megophrys nasuta Fig 16. Lower right Polypedates macrotis



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Fig 17. Above left Draco fimbriatus Fig 18. Above right Draco sumatranus

Fig 19. Middle Gonocephalus grandis male. Fig 20. Lower left Cyrtodactylus cf. semicinctus Fig 21. Lower right Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus



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Fig 22. Dendrelaphis formosus Aek Accimun. Picture 3. Water puddle near Onan Begu between NIL1-WJP looks clear but with no indication of

amphibious life.

Picture 4. Puddle or man-made around 1.2 x 1 depth, several tadpole were observed and Fake Serrated-

ear Tree Frog Genangan (Polypedates pseudootilophus) was observed. Photo by Dewi Kunia Arianda.

Picture 5. Aek Accimunfreshwater river, one of important habitats for amphibious reptiles species in the

area of PT. SOL.

Fig 23. Dendrelaphis pictus Aek Accimun. Picture 6. Asian Grass Frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) Photo sample from WJP Picture 7 & 8. Deaf Frog (Limnonectes cf kuhlii) Photo sample from NIL2/Handak Picture 9. Kalimantan Horned Frog (Megophrys nasuta) Photo sample from Aek Accimun Picture 10. Mini Frog (Microhyla sp) Photo sample NIL2/Handak Picture 11. Top left Lowland Dwarf Frog (Pelophryne signata). Pict. 12. Top right River Toad (Phrynoidis

aspera). Pict. 13. Center left Deaf Frog (Limnonectes kuhlii). Pict. 14. Center right Kalimantan Horn Frog Tengah (Megophrys nasuta). Pict. 15. Below left Sumatran Rapid Frog Fig. 24.

Trimeresurus toba from Aek Accimun. (Huia sumatrana). Pict. 16. Below right Dark-ear Tree Frog (Polypedates macrotis).



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FLORAL SURVEY OF THE PT SOL AREA

BATANG TORU ECOSYSTEM

NORTH TAPANULI, NORTH SUMATRA

Photographs: Nurainas, Gusmardi Indra, Try Surya H, Nursania, Dewi Kurnia A and Mistar

Front cover photographs:

b c

d e


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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sarulla Geothermal Project is a power plant project that uses geothermal as its

energy source. This project is being developed by the Sarulla Operation Ltd.

(SOL) consortium, located in North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra. The

existence of diverse habitats with the presence of active volcanic activity in some

locations within the PT SOL area, are the cause of a unique floral diversity found

in this area. Based on the "altitudinal vegetation zone", PT SOL is located in the

"medium elevation hills" to "submontane" forest vegetation zone. The low lying

areas are dominated by species from the Fagaceae family whereas the mountain

flora is dominated by species from the Ericaceae family.

This floral survey is part of a wider biodiversity data collection in the SOL

project area. A second floral inventory was carried out in the SOL project area and

its surroundings, results are presented in the form of this report. Baseline floral

surveys were carried out in 2014, at the start of project development. The results

of these floral data and diversity surveys are to be utilized by SOL together with

other policy makers. This data can be used to determine the short, medium and long

term strategies and action plans in the development of sustainable conservation-

oriented development in the SOL project area. In addition, data and information

obtained fromour survey work can support conservation-based socio-economic

development of local communities.

Observations were made in ‘Arang forest’ habitats, mixed forest, ‘kemenyan

plantations’ and open areas in the SOL project area. The ‘arang forest’ community

is located around the areas with active geothermal activity near the soil surface. The

most dominant type of plants in the 'Arang forest' community is Vaccinium

laurifolium, Syzigium antisepticum and Ficus deltoideus. Other observations also

obtained 27 invasive species that were widely distributed, especially in open areas.

Furthermore, Nepenthes albomarginata, N. tobaica and


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Castanopsis argentea are 3 protected species according to the most recent

Indonesian Government Regulations on protected flora and fauna (2018).

II. SCOPE AND PORPUSE OF SURVEY

These floral surveys are part of the wider research focusing on biodiversity

monitoring at SOL. This survey was conducted in the direcct area of SOL activities

at NIL1-WJP-NIL2, as well as natural forests and surrounding plantations. This

survey aims to provide an overview of the diversity and most current floral

conditions including the species of natural / wild flora, or cultivation that were

found in PT SOL and surrounding areas.

III. METHODOLOGY

1.1. Study Approach

The approach used in this study was the taxonomic and ecology approach. Field

data collection techniques used several methods that refer to the book “Pedoman

Pengumpulan Data Keanekaragaman Flora 2004”.

1.2. Data Collection and Analysis

Species diversity

Data collection was carried out by observation and direct collection in the

field. The desired information is the scientific name of each plant collected,

through identification. All plant materials (voucher specimens) were stored in

Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA), Biology Department, FMIPA, Andalas

University, Padang, West Sumatra. The identification process was carried out at

the Andalas University (ANDA) using various literature references and specimens

in ANDA Herbarium. Additional references in the form of relevant websites were

accessed via the internet. Then, samples were identified in the form of detailed

descriptions.


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Vegetation analysis

Vegetation analysis was done to find out the importance value of

vegetation in certain communities. The field methods used were quadrate plots.

In this activity the plot was placed in the community of ‘arang forests’ and the

community ‘kemenyan plantation’. Data analysis was done according to the

Dubois and Muller (1974) equation.

Aerial photographs (Drone)

Drone aerial photographs were used to obtain a wider area of observation

and canopy characterization analysis of several large canopy and potential seed

trees in the SOL focus area. This technique used a high-resolution digital aerial

photographs taken from DJI Mavic with 1 / 2.3 "(CMOS), effective pixels: 12.35

M (Total pixels: 12.71M). Aerial photos were processed with Pix4D and Trichon

(2001), crown typology was used to characterize crowns. After ground checking,

samples of leaves, flowers/fruit when available and bark characteristics were

taken and identified at ANDA herbarium and using the Dipterocarps Manual for Foresters.

Determination of protected plants

The determination of protected status aimed to find out what protected plant

species are found in the SOL area according to the latest Indonesian Government

Regulation, which refers to KEPMEN LHK Number P.92 / MENLHK / SETJEN /

KUM.1 / 8/2018 concerning Protected Plants and Animals (Jenis Tumbuhan dan

Satwa yang Dilindungi).

Determination of invasive plants

The determination of invasive plant species aims to aims to inventory

invasive plants found in the SOL area. Data collection was carried out along the

main road and open areas. Determination of invasive plant species refers to the


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Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) and S. Tjitrosoedirjo (2016). The GISD

was accessed through the GISD web.

1.3. Survey Team

1. Dr. Nurainas (Herbarium of Andalas University, Biology Department, Faculty

of Mathematics and Natural Science/ FMIPA, Andalas University)

2. Gusmardi, MSi. (Student of Doctoral Program, Biology Department, FMIPA

Andalas University)

3. Try Surya Harapan (Undergraduate Student, Biology Department, FMIPA

Andalas University)

4. Nursaniah, SSi. (Research staff of YEL)

5. Dewi Kurnia Arinda, SSi. (Research staff of YEL)

6. Agus Tobing (Field Guide, Local Assistant)

IV. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ALL SURVEYED AREA

The SOL area has diverse habitats, with in some locations the presence of

volcanic activity; these conditions cause a unique floral composition in these

areas. Based on the "altitudinal vegetation zone", SOL is located in the "medium

elevation hills" to "submontane" forest vegetation zone.

In accordance with the objectives of this activity, the study was

conducted in ‘Arang forest’ habitats, mixed forests, ‘kemenyan plantation’ and

open areas in the SOL project area. The route and locations of the floral surveys

can be seen on the map (Figure 1).


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Figure 1. Location and route of collecting flora samples in PT SOL area

V. FLORA SURVEY RESULTS

A. Identification of species and Description of “Arang Forest type”

The floral community of ‘Arang forest’ was located around the geothermal

sources that appear near the soil surface. The conditions of heat that emerge

from the soil along with hot springs with sulfur content affect the surrounding

microclimatic conditions. Although in the SOL project area these are located at

an altitude of more than 800 meters above sea level, climatic conditions around

the area tend to be hotter and drier than other places with the same altitude.

The temperature from this geothermal source and the sulfur content has a large

influence on the surrounding vegetation. The types of plants that are able to

grow in these locations are trees that have bent, short stems so that they form

more a stratum of sapling and shrub components [rather than tall trees]. Another

part of the area with geothermal sources with thicker humus layers,


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form tree stands with a dense structure, a flat canopy with an average height of 4 to 6 meters, dominated by 3 to 4 species. Another interesting character are

the black colored stems, resembling charcoal which provides the identity/name

of this forest community 'Arang forest' (arang=Indonesian word for charcoal)

(Figures 2 & 3).

The plant community that grows in this ‘arang forest’ area is more similar to

the ecosystem type in sub-alpine bush vegetation, usually found at an elevation

of 2,500 meters above sea level. The plants found in the community of ‘Arang

forests’ are dominated by the Ericaceae family, which is also a family that is found on mountain peaks in Sumatra (sub-alpine). From the results of field

observations, the ‘Arang forest’ community in the SOL project area is spread to

the end area of NIL1, and WJP1-NIL1.

From the inventory results as much as 16 species of plants from 11 families

were found in the 'Arang forest'. The most dominant species were Vaccinium

laurifolium [Ericaceae], Syzigium antisepticum [Myrtaceae] and Ficus deltoideus [Moraceae].


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Figure 2. Vegetation in ‘Arang forest’ type

Figure 3. Shrub Vegetation in ‘Arang forest’ type

Vaccinium laurifolium dominated the ‘Arang forests’ and was found to be very abundant, reaching up to 2,662 individuals per hectare. The Syzigium antisepticum was less abundant than Ficus deltoideus, but it was more evenly distributed compared to F. deltoid which tends to grow in groups.

Based on aerial photographs using the drone we observed 3 main areas (4

vegetation plot) of ‘Arang forest’ distribution within the core of geothermal

sources. The most extensive area of ‘Arang forest’ was found at NIL 1 towards

the top of the hill to southwest direction. Some of the geothermal sources still

emit hot springs with a strong sulfuric odor, some of them no longer have hot

springs, but still contain sulfur. From the analysis it was shown that the

distribution of ‘Arang forest’ covers areas near of Onan Begu and Sopo rimbang

forest areas.


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Figure 4. Distribution of ‘Arang forest’ in the SOL project area from aerial photographs using

drone and google satellite

Figure 5. Structural view of 'Arang' vegetation in red mark were taken by UAV


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B. Identification of other flora and distribution of specific flora species

associated with geothermal activity in the SOL project area

1. Canopy characterization of Shorea platyclados

Shorea platyclados listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is a common tree species found the SOL project area. Shorea platyclados is locally also known

as ‘Meranti Bukit’ because it will grow optimally on hills (bukit) with altitude range

between 750-1100m (2500 – 3500 ft). This species distribution is limited to the

upper dipterocarp forest zone, having higher altitudinal distribution than any

other Shorea species. This is a commercially valuable species and is commonly

used by indigenous people. In the SOL project area, the distribution of this

species was found in the mixed forest and in the incense / ‘kemenyan

plantations’.

Shorea platyclados can become a very large tree, with 1.75m diameter (18

ft girth) having been recorded. The buttresses are stout, the bole [trunk]

sometimes straight to a great height, but often with low branches and sometimes

oddly shaped, with a dull purplish red brown colour, irregularly fissured bark,

with the bark falling off in flat scales, the crown spreading and open, the smaller

branches at elegant angles, tending to be arranged vertically and with leaf cluster

(Symington, 1974).

This study has shown that the identification of Shorea platyclados by drone photo interpretation produced useful results. Shorea platyclados crowns showed conspicuous foliage cover, with wide open, sparse foliage cover, with branches and other elements visible through the

foliage, and it has many gaps inside the foliage

(Figure 5).

Figure 5. Shorea platyclados shows massive gaps in main

canopy


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(a) (b)

Figure 6. a) Shorea platyclados taken at midday have bright color b) Shorea

platyclados taken at early morning

10 m

Figure 7. View of Shorea platyclados canopy

Crown size > 15 m

Crown status Dominant

Crown architecture Multiple

Foliage cover Light, many branches with narrow foliage

Foliage texture Loosely granular

Colour Green


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2. Spatial distribution of Castanopsis argentea in the SOL project area

Castanopsis argentea (Fagaceae) listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is a native tree in Indonesia which has high economic value. In addition to the

timber, the fruit from this plant also edible after simple processing. Castanopsis

argentea is known by several local names such as ‘Saninten’, ‘Sarangan’ dan ‘Barangan’. This species naturally grows in hilly forests to the lower mountains

at an altitude of 150-1750 meters above sea level in Sumatra and Java.

Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. is a medium-sized tree, the stem surface has longitudinal grooves, the bark has black coloration, the surface is

rough and cracked. Leaf is simpel, alternate or spiral, ovate or lanceolate (7-12

cm x 2-3,5 cm), upper surface leavis or waxy, under surface gray with stelate

hairs. Inflorescence panicle and unisexual. Fruit ovoid with long spine, 3 seed

(Soepadmo, 1972).

Figure 8. Castanopsis argentea found in the SOL project area.

Ecologically, this species plays an important role as a keystone species in

forest ecosystems, including food source for a variety of animals. From a

conservation perspective, this species is actually protected by law because they

are rare. In Java, this tree is rarely found while in Sumatra it is still fairly

abundant, possibly as people maintain it as a food source.


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The existence of Castanaposis argentea in the SOL project area was found

in the forested hills, and around 7 individual were encountered. Some individuals

with a height of around 20-30 m were found near the Aek Tobok and Salean

Forest.

Figure 9. Spatial distribution of Castanopsis argentea in the SOL project area.

C. Diversity and distribution of protected flora under the new law

(P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018)

The new government regulation, P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018, which

was revised several weeks later to P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018 is the

new regulation by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry concerning protected

species of flora and fauna. In terms of flora there are now 127 protected species.

In the SOL project area, 3 protected species were found (Table 1). The presence

of protected flora in the SOL project area seems quite stable. Two species of

Nepenthes encountered in 2014 (Nurainas et al., 2014) were still found in the

same location.


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Table 1: List of protected flora that were found in the SOL project area according to P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018.

No Family Species Local name

1 Nepenthaceae Nepenthes albomarginata Tahul-tahul 2 Nepenthaceae Nepenthes tobaica Tahul-tahul 3 Fagaceae Castanopsis argentea Hoteng

Nepenthes is a pitcher plant that is able to grow in specific habitats. Generally, Nepenthes can be found in areas with acidic soil conditions. The distribution of the two species found in the SOL project area was generally around the volcanic

area and the ‘Arang forest’. Nepenthes tobaica is an endemic species to Sumatra.

The species is found in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra and Jambi

(Hernawati, 2006).

Castanopis argentea is a large tree that grows naturally in the forest. This species is usually used as a source of timber and the seeds are edible after simple

processing. This species is native to Java and Sumatra. At the survey location in the

SOL project area it is known under the name ‘hoteng’ and distributed generally in

the hills. In addition to being protected by P.92 / MENLHK

/ SETJEN / KUM.1 / 8/2018, this species has been listed on the IUCN Redlist in

2017 an Endangered under the category A2c ver 3.1.

Figure 10 a and b. Nepenthes albomarginata (a) and N. tobaica (b)


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D. Floral Recommendations for Rehabilitation tree connectivity along

the road to WJP-1

The open area along the main road to WJP-1 forms a wide canopy gap. This gap

will trigger habitat fragmentation which is ecologically not profitable for animals,

especially arboreal animals. Rehabilitation by replanting suitable trees along this

road needs to be done to minimize the large canopy gaps.

Figure 11. Open area along the main road to WJP-1

In this case some native tree species are recommended to be planted in this

location. The types of plants can be seen in Tables 2 and Figure 12. This

recommendation is based on the consideration that previous observations

(Nurainas et al., 2014) found that the dominant plant found at the tree level is

the Rhodoleia championii and Schima walichii group. Furthermore, the results of

direct observations in the field found that naturally growing saplings of these

species are still found in the area.


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Table 2. Flora commendation for rehabilitation tree connectivity along the main road to WJP-1

No. Species Family Lokal name

1 Shorea platyclados Dipterocarpaceae Meranti 2 Quercus sp. Fagaceae Hoteng 3 Rhodalaia championii Hammamelidaceae Sialagundi 4 Schima walichii Theaceae Parakpak/Puspa 5 Castanopsis argentea Fagaceae Saninten

Rehabilitation along the road side to WJP-1 does not have to be done by planting

these recommended plant species, but our observations, many plants have been

found to grow naturally on the area that has been open along the road. The

sapling that have grown up naturally can be nourished by making a disk (cleaning

around stems from other plants and weeds) with a diameter of 1.5 meters, then

fenced with a net. This method is able to save time, effort and costs.

(a)

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(b) (c)

Figure 12. The naturally grown of plant recommendation on open area of side road to WJP-1. (a) sapling of Schima walichii Schima walichii; (b) seedling of Quercus sp.; (c)

Rhodolaia championii

E. Assessment and recommendation on Styrax benzoin cultivation

activities to improve yield and quality of ‘incense/kemenyan’ agroforestry activities

The forest in the SOL project area, outside the ‘arang forest’ area, has generally been managed by the local communities for incense /’kemenyan plantation’ business (Styrax spp). Based on the information that has been obtained, the ‘kemenyan plantation’ business has been carried out by the community since the Dutch colonial era. In the past this commodity was the main economic source of these community.

From the results of field observations, it was known that the type of

‘kemenyan’ planted in the Sarulla area was the ‘kemenyan toba’ (Styrax

sumatrana) and ‘kemenyan durame’ (Styrax benzoin). The distribution of plantations around the SOL project area reaches the altitude of 1,000 meters

above sea level. Planting has been done with agroforestry patterns, namely

intercropping with several other useful plant species such as ‘meranti’ Shorea

platyclados, ‘petai’ Parkia speciosa, and ‘medang’ Actinodaphne sp.


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Figure 13. ’Kemenyan plantation’ is intercropped with ‘Meranti’ tree

From the inventory in the field and vegetation analysis it was found that the

‘kemenyan’ trees were planted with an abundance of around 500 trees per hectare. For Actinodaphne sp. it reaches 190 trees per hectare and Shorea platyclados reaches 100 trees per hectare. The average abundance of trees in the kemenyan garden are was around 980 trees per hectare. This is considered too dense, especially because many wild plants can inhibit the growth and production of ‘kemenyan’.

The large number of other plant species that grow in the kemenyan

plantation areas is caused by the fact that several plantations are not managed

intensively anymore, allowing wild growth. This is because production of


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‘kemenyan’ sap/resin in these plantation does not provide maximum yields of sap, or the production has decreased.

Based on the field observation, the ‘kemenyan’ trees found in the community

plantation were old trees, some of them were very old. This is one of the reason

why the production of ‘kemenyan’ sap is no longer optimal. Besides that, the

regeneration of the ‘kemenyan’ trees in the field mostly happens naturally, in the

sense that if there is a ‘kemenyan’ seed that grows in the field, then it is left to grow

into a tree. This has caused the quality of the seedlings or saplings that are allowed

to grow up to be of unclear parent trees, so when the tree has grown up it is not

clear whether it will be a tree of high productivity. The local community does not

seem to regenerate ‘kemenyan’ trees through building nurseries by selecting seeds

that are sourced from high quality parent trees.

Figure 14. Old ‘kemenyan’ tree

From the description, a number of recommendations can be provided related to

the community ‘kemenyan plantations’.


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1. Build nurseries for kemenyan tree rejuvenation. High quality seeds for this can be obtained from the Environmental and Forestry Research and

Development Center (BP2LHK) Aek Nauli. This Research and Development

Center has multiplied high quality incense / ‘kemenyan’ seeds or seedling

vegetatively. High quality ‘kemenyan’ seed was developed from ‘kemenyan toba’. Because these are a copy with the same genetic makeup

as the parent trees, the resulting regeneration is expected to have high

productivity. The seeds from the nursery can later be distributed to the

community for replanting. 2. Perform replanting (rejuvenation) of the community plantations.

‘Kemenyan’ seedlings are planted first in a plantation that is still growing,

without clearing the land. Seedlings are planted with a regulated pattern

of about 800 trees per hectare, the remaining 100 tree will be used for intercroping with other species such as ‘petai’ and ‘meranti’. In the

plantation area, ‘kemenyan’ trees should only have an abundance of 900

trees per hectare. This can be achieved because the seedlings are

resistant to shade. After five years, resin from the new trees can be harvested, and old trees can be thinned. The wood from the old ‘kemeyan’

trees also has economic value because the quality is good for building

materials and furniture.

3. Removing the naturally-grown seedlings or wild seedlings of kemenyan because the parental source are unknown. Once matured, the sap production from these trees might not be optimal due to unknown quality

of the parent tree.

4. Facilitating the community of ‘kemeyan’ farmers to carried out a comparative study to the Research and Development Center in Aek Nauli, thus providing potential motivation to the community to manage their plantations more intensively.

5. Facilitating the procurement of experts or field instructor who assist the

community of planters in managing their plantation. The staff can provide

assistance starting from planting, maintaining the ‘kemenyan’ tree until


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post harvest so the community can improve their harvest production with

good quality kemenyan with higher economic value.

F. Diversity of Invasive Species in the SOL project area

Invasive alien species (IAS) are defined as species introduced from outside

the area of its natural distribution (other countries or other regions in the same

country) either by intentional or unintentional human activity, andhas formed a

population that reproduces itself in the wild and caused significant changes in

local, artificial or natural ecosystems (Akter and Zuberi, 2009). The spread of

invasive species in an area can occur quickly into a new environment. Invasive

species are considered the second most important threat to biodiversity after

habitat destruction.

Invasive plants are also known as environmental weeds. Environmental

weeds receive more serious attention because of their impact on biodiversity is

increasingly recognized, and the cost for control processes is increasing. Unlike

weeds on agricultural land, which are generally from herbaceous and small shrub

plants, environmental weeds have diverse life forms including large shrubs and

trees.

In the SOL project area, the process of invasive species introduction has

allegedly occured intentionally and unintentionally. Intentionally possible through

protective plants and crop vegetation, such as Mucuna bracteata. While

unintentionally it can happened through agricultural activities or through bringing

in building materials, such as Mimosa pigra and M. pudica which can be carried

through river sand. It can also be seen by the distribution of invasive plants,

found in general along the main road and open areas, and has not been found

in the direction of the forest.

This survey found 27 invasive plant species that were classified into 10

families in the SOL project area (Appendix 3 and Figure 15). The most common type

was from the family Asteraceae which consists of 9 species and followed by


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family Leguminosae with 6 species. Whereas the widest types of distribution

were Imperata cylindrica (‘hilalang’), Mimosa pudica (‘putri malu’) and Mimosa

pigra.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Figure 15. Total number of species per each family

Another species found in the survey location was Calliandra calothyrsus. This

species is known for its fast ability to invade an area. C. calothyrsus was first

introduced to Java in 1936 and deliberately planted for the purpose of being a

forest barrier. Furthermore, the community planted this species in many places

in Java for livestock and firewood. Currently C. calothyrsus one of the most

prolific/persistant of 75 invasive species described in Indonesia (Tjitrosoedirjo,

2016). Sunaryo et al. (2012) found that this species was the most dominant

invasive plant at the level of tree saplings in Gede Pangrango National Park. In

the SOL project area several individuals of this species were found to start

growing around WJP-1.

VI. THREAT ANALYSIS


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In general, threats to flora in the SOL project area can be grouped into the

following aspects:

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Human activity. With the improved road access to the forest, it is more likely

for human to exploit forest products [hunting, bird catching, timber

collection]. Forest utilization is less concerned with conservation new roads

are being developed that go far into the forest.

Habitat fragmentation. Habitat damage causes genetic variation and health

of tree species to decline in quality. The spread of seeds and pollination of

flowers requires animals, but the more damage to the environment and the

habitat of the animal species, the harder it is for tree regeneration to occur.

Kemenyan plantation. The community 'kemenyan' plantation is an important

part of the forest ecosystem around the SOL project area. The low

contribution of the plantations to the income of the community is a threat to

the changes from kemenyan plantation to other species plantation that are

less environmentally friendly. The loss of kemenyan plantations will disrupt

the process of ecological balance in the ecosystem that has been established

for a long time. Ecological disturbances can be a threat to the existence of

several species in the ecosystem.

Invasive species. Ecologically the existence of invasive species can reduce

biodiversity, change the natural ecological processes in a location and

increase the potential causes of natural fires. Prevention efforts should

be carried out as soon as possible and invasive species should be removed, especially the Calliandra calothyrsus found near WJP. Provided the extent of the invasion area of a species, in addition to

mechanical control efforts, it is also possible to close open areas by planting

native / local species. Furthermore, careful consideration is needed to plant

foreign species for any purpose.


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VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akter, A and Zuberi, M. I. 2009. Invasive alien species in Northern Bangladesh:

Identification, inventory and impacts. International Journal of Biodiversity

and Conservation Vol. 1(5) pp. 129-134 September, 2009.

Dede. 1998. Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat Kemenyan (Styrax sp) dan Kontribusinya

Terhadap penghasilan Rumah Tangga. Kehutanan Masyarakat. Beragam Pola

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam 68 • Analisis Usaha pengelolaan Hutan. Institut

Pertanian Bogor dan The Ford Foundation.

[GISD] Global Invasive Species Database (2018). Downloaded from

http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php on 12-09-2018.

Jayusman, R. A Pasaribu dan W. Sipayung, 1999. Pedoman Teknis Budidaya

Kemenyan (Styrax spp.). - Publikasi Konifera –No.2-1999. Balai Penelitian

Kehutanan Pematanag Siantar.

Jayusman. 2014. MENGENAL POHON KEMENYAN (Styrax spp.) JENIS DENGAN

SPEKTRUM PEMANFAATAN LUAS YANG BELUM DIOPTIMALKAN. Kerjasama

Balai Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan dengan

Direktorat Jenderal Bina Usaha Kehutanan. IPB Press. Bogor.

Kartawinata, K. 2013. Diversitas Ekosistem Alami Indonesia. LIPI Press Bekerja

Sama dengan Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Jakarta.

Kemetrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan

Mentri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor

P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018. Tentang Jneis Tumbuhan Satwa yang

dilindungi.


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Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. 2000. 100 of the World’s Worts

Invasive Alien species A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Data.

Published by The Invasive specialist groups (ISSG), SSC, IUCN.

Ng, F.S.P. 1972. Malayan Forest Records No. 26. Tree Flora of Malaya, A Manual

for Foresters. Vol. 1. Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries

Malaysia. Longman Malaysia.









Malaysia. Longman Malaysia

Rugayah, Widjaja, E.A. 2004. Pedoman Pengumpulan Data Keanekaragaman

Flora. Pusat Penelitian Biologi-Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.

Sunaryo, UT., & Tihurua, EF. 2012. Jenis tumbuhan asing invasif yang

mengancam ekosistem di taman nasional gunung gede pangrango, resort

Bodogol, Jawa Barat. Berk. Penel. Hayati, 17, 147-152.

Tjitrosoedirdjo, SS., Imam Mawardi, Soekisman Tjitrosoedirdjo. 2016. 75

Important Invasive Plant species in Indonesia. SEAMEO BIOTROP, Southeast

Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology. Bogor, Indonesia

Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1949. Styracaceae. In: Flora Malesiana, Series I, Vol. 4 (2).

Published by Noordhoff-Kolff N.V, Batavia. Printed in Netherlands


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Appendix

Appendix 1: Structure of vegetation at “Hutan Arang” forest the SOL project area

NO. Species Family Density DR FR IVI

(ind/H) (%) (%) (%)

1 Vaccinium laurifolium Ericaceae 2662,5 45,81 19,93 65,74

2 Syzigium antisepticum Myrtaceae 875 15,05 14,95 30,00

3 Ficus deltoideus Moraceae 887,5 15,27 4,98 20,25

4 Myrsine guianensis Myrsinaceae 350 6,02 9,96 15,99

5 Rhododendron malayanum Ericaceae 275 4,73 4,98 9,71

6 Ilex sp. Aquifoliaceae 112,5 1,94 7,47 9,41

7 Rhododendron polyanthemum Ericacaeae 350 6,02 2,85 8,87

8 Fagraea sp.1 Loganiaceae 50 0,86 7,47 8,33

9 Diplycosia brachyantha Ericaceae 100 1,72 4,98 6,70

10 Gordonia sp.1 Theaceae 25 0,43 4,98 5,41

11 Daphniphyllum sp.1 Daphniphyllaceae 25 0,43 4,98 5,41

12 Syzigium cf. incarnata Myrtaceae 37,5 0,65 2,49 3,14

13 Rhodolaia championii Hammamelidaceae 25 0,43 2,49 2,92

14 Glycosmis sp. Rutaceae 12,5 0,22 2,49 2,71

15 Syzigium sp.1 Myrtaceae 12,5 0,22 2,49 2,71

16 Bromhedia rupetris Orchidaceae 12,5 0,22 2,49 2,71

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Appendix 2: Structure of vegetation at Kemenyan plantation area in the SOL project area Density DR FR DoR

No. Species Family (ind/h) (%) (%) (%) IVI (%) 1 Styrax spp. Styracaceae 500 51,02 23,53 62,20 136,75 2 Actinodhapne sp. Lauraceae 190 19,39 17,65 13,63 50,67 3 Shorea platyclados Dipterocarpaceae 100 10,20 14,71 10,64 35,55 4 Artocarpus sp. Moraceae 30 3,06 8,82 6,69 18,58 5 Mallotus paniculatus Euphorbiaceae 50 5,10 8,82 3,63 17,56 6 Guioa sp. Sapindaceae 20 2,04 5,88 0,22 8,14 7 Macaranga heynei Euphorbiaceae 30 3,06 2,94 0,62 6,62 8 Glochidion sp Euphorbiaceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,55 4,51 9 Arthrophyllum diversifolium Araliaceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,49 4,46

10 Viburnum sambucinum Caprifoliaceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,49 4,45 11 Randia sp. Rubiaceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,46 4,42 12 Cryptocarya crasinervia Lauraceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,20 4,16 13 Litsea sp. Lauraceae 10 1,02 2,94 0,18 4,14

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Appendix 3. List of Invasive Plants encountered in the SOL project area

No Species Family Locality side GISD Lowe Tjitrosoedirdjo (2018) (2000) (2016)

1 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae NIL-MP √ 2 Austroeupatorium inulifolium Asteraceae NIL-MP √ 3 Bidens pilosa Asteraceae WJP-NIL √

4 Calliandra calothyrsus Leguminosae WJP-MP √ 5 Cenchrus polystachios Poaceae WJP-MP √ 6 Chrasocephalum crepidioides Asteraceae Handak-MP √ 7 Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae NIL √ √ √ 8 Clibadium surinamense Asteraceae NIL √ 9 Clidemia hyrta Melastomataceae WJP-MP √ √ √ 10 Eclipta alba Asteraceae WJP-NIL √ 11 Etlingera coccinea Zingiberaceae Handak-MP √ 12 Imperata cylindrica Poaceae widespread √ √ √ 13 Ipomoea cairica Convovulaceae NIL- √ 14 Leucaena leucocephala Leguminosae NIL-MP √ √ √ 15 Ludwigia peruviana Onagraceae NIL-MP √ 16 Melastoma affine Melastomataceae NIL √ 17 Mikania micrantha Asteraceae NIL-MP √ √ √ 18 Mimosa diplotricha Leguminosae WJP-NIL √ 19 Mimosa pigra Leguminosae NIL √ √ √ 20 Mimosa pudica Leguminosae widespread √ √ 21 Mucuna bracteata Leguminosae NIL-MP √ 22 Piper aduncum Piperaceae NIL √ √ 23 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Myrtaceae WJP-NIL √

24 Stachytarpeta indica Verbenaceae WJP-NIL √


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25 Stachytarpeta jamaecensis Verbenaceae WJP-MP √ 26 Themeda villosa Poaceae WJP-NIL √ 27 Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae NIL-MP √ √

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Appendix 4. Photographs of Invasive Plants encountered in the SOL project area (the numbering refer to appendix 3)

(1) (2) (4)

(3) (5) (6)

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(7) (8) (9)

(10) (11) (11)

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(13) (14) (17)

(18) (19) (20)

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Appendix F Biodiversity Monitoring Report 2018


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(22) (23) (24)

(25) (26) (27)

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Appendix 4: Documentation of floral field surveys

Picture 1. Developing a plot in “Arang forest”

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Picture 2. Developing a plot in 'Arang' shrub forest

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Picture 3. Collection of invasive plant species in open area

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Picture 4. UAV preparation for aerial mapping

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APPENDIX I

Opening of new community roads in PT SOL area 2018

and incidences of Illegal Logging

Based on the survey team's observations in July-August 2018, there were two opening / construction of

community roads in the SOL area. The construction of the roads is in the old NIL 1 and NIL 2 areas (explosives

storage area). 1. Construction of concrete rebate roads and road widening in the NIL 1 area. This concrete road that is being constructed has a size of around 2m x 500 m. After that, only the cleaning and

widening of the road in the sulfur area and the bush Ericaceae (Arang forest) which the people used to walk to

the gardens in Sopo Rimbang were visible. Based on information from the field helpers, the road was built using

funds from Sibaganding Village. Intended to facilitate public access to the garden. Previously, people used to use

this road to get to their gardens on foot. After the existence of this concrete road, people can already use

motorbikes to the end of this concrete road. But there are also people who still walk. The following are some

photos that explain the difference in current and road conditions last year. APPENDIX I

Figure 1. Road conditions in 2018

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Figure 2. Road conditions in 2016

a

b

Figure 3. A. Road conditions before widening (2016), B. Road conditions after widening (2018). 1. 1. Construction of concrete rebate roads in NIL 2 (explosions) In early August 2018 this road was opened with a size of around 2.5m x 700 m to the right of the SOL storage

explosives container. Based on the information board, it was explained that the opening of the road uses the

funds of Lumban Jaean Village. According to information from the helper, the opening of the road was also

carried out to facilitate public access to the gardens located in Aek Tobok and Salean. Before this road was

opened, there had been a footpath measuring around 0.5-1 m, which was used by the community to go to the

garden. For walking, the trail is quite easy to pass.

APPENDIX I 2


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The survey team tried to pass the newly opened road, the end of this road is on the edge of the hill

whose valley is a river that has dried up. Because of the opening of this road many large trees were cut down.

On the outskirts of the road, there is a lot of processed wood into boards. Based on observations there are many

large-sized trees in this location such as Shorea platyclados (meranti), Rhodoleia championii (sialagundi), several

species of the Fagaceae family and others. Ms. Nurainas took several samples of plants along this opened road.

The following are some photos that explain the state of road opening in the old NIL 2 area.

Figure 4. Information board for road construction in the old NIL 2 area Figure 5. The state of the new road opened in the old NIL 2 area

APPENDIX I 3


299

Figure 6. Processed wood into boards

a

b

Figure 6. A. The condition of the end of the newly opened road, B. Shorea platyclados on the roadside

APPENDIX I 4


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Figure 7. The state of a dry river in a valley that ends the road

For additional information, people usually go to gardens and forests through the SOL portal. In addition

to passing the SOL portal can also be directly from Simataniari Village and Sibaganding Village. But people seem

to prefer to pass the SOL portal because it is easier (can use vehicles such as motorbikes). As long as the survey

team is in the SOL security area, registers and checks the luggage of all guests passing through the SOL portal,

as well as the people going to the garden. It seems that this can help to reduce the threat in the project area,

including animals and forests. Next is a map that explains the location mentioned above. APPENDIX I

Figure 8. Map of road opening in the SOL area

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The yellow line is a newly constructed community road that is around the old NIL 1 and NIL 2 areas, and

the red line is the area that the survey team passed from August 27 to September 2, 2018 (Joining floral team

with Ibu Nurainas).

2. 1. Incidences of Illegal Logging All survey teams reported instances of illegal logging in 2018. Below a table with coordinates provided by the

teams and a map with plotted locations. There were many trees felled and cut along the road being bulldozed.

Coordinates were provided for the general road location, not for each tree felled. APPENDIX I 6


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Glossary

ADB Asian Development Bank AMDAL (Indonesia's) Environmental Impact Assessment Report ANDAL (Indonesia's) Environmental Impact Analysis Report BAP Biodiversity Action Plan CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EBTKE (Indonesia's) Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (directorate under Energy

and Mineral Resource Ministry Republic of Indonesia) ER External Relations ERP Emergency Response Plan ESAP Environmental and Social Action Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System H&S Health and Safety H2S Hydrogen Sulfide HAL Halliburton HDEC Hyundai Engineering and Construction HSE Health, Safety and Environment IFC International Finance Corporation IP Indigenous People IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan ISP Integrated Social Program JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation LECM Low Emission Compact Muffler LTI Lost Time Injury NIL Namora I Langit (northern portion of the Project area) PAH Project Affected Households PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara PT PP Main local sub-contractor under HDEC RKL-RPL (Indonesia's) Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus SIL Silangkitang (southern portion of the Project area) SLIP Supplementary Lenders Information Package SOL Sarulla Operations Limited UNSG Unocal North Sumatera Geothermal


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Documents

Social Monitoring Report (Part 3) THA: Sarulla Geothermal ... · THA: Sarulla Geothermal Power Generation Project ... Amphibian and Reptile Species Diversity Species diversity is