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TINGIM LAIP

SOCIAL MAPPING

INITIATIVE 2011

IMPLEMENTATION

MANUAL

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1. INTRODUCTION

Tingim Laip is Papua New Guinea’s largest community-based HIV prevention strategy

operating in 37 sites across 13 provinces. It was designed to respond to the urgent need for

a targeted behaviour change intervention focusing on the most vulnerable populations in

settings throughout the country where HIV transmission was known or likely to be high.

Tingim Laip first started as a result of the 2005 Social Mapping of 19 Provinces in Papua New

Guinea under NHASP. A second mapping exercise was undertaken in 2007 that focused

upon individual behaviour and knowledge in high risk settings.

Tingim Laip is now planning to repeat this Social Mapping Exercise to guide its work for the

next 5 years. This will direct Tingim Laip in strategic expansion as called for in the

AusAID/NACS Project Design Document. A common factor of Tingim Laip communities is

that they are largely transient in nature and subject to change across all dimensions: social,

cultural, economic and political. There have been significant changes in the patterns of

enterprise development, mobility and HIV risk since 2007 so it is timely to update the Social

Mapping. Further, the Independent Evaluation of Tingim Laip conducted in late 2007

proposed that the social mapping exercise was included in Tingim Laip’s second phase.

The primary purpose of this exercise is to ensure the Project maximises its effectiveness by

selecting environments of particular HIV risk and impact and that the project develops

interventions that are tailored closely to a clear understanding of what puts people in these

environments at particular risk and impact. The proposed Social Mapping exercise is aiming

to identify drivers of HIV acquisition and transmission in PNG, key barriers to knowledge of

HIV status and access to HIV treatment, care and support. This will help Tingim Laip guide

the development of its community-based interventions over the next 5 years. It will also

assist Tingim Laip in its strategic scale up of activities at sites and geographical spread of

sites and partners.

Five action steps have been identified:

1. Preparation, recruitment, method development and training of field workers.

2. Pilot of the method in Madang and Ramu.

3. Implementation of Phase One in the Highlands and along the LNG pipeline.

4. Implementation of Phase Two in military, palm oil and logging sites.

5. A national meeting to synthesize results and inform guidance and planning.

Step One Step Two Step Three Step Four Step Five

Method development

and training of field workers

Pilot of the mapping tool in

Madang and Ramu

Phase One field visits to the

Highland and LNG Pipeline

Phase Two field visits to military,

palm oil and logging sites

National Meeting to synthesize

results

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AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

The question that this social mapping exercise is attempting to answer is “What changes

have occurred in the nature and distribution of people in settings of particular HIV risk and

impact across PNG and in the key drivers of HIV acquisition and transmission in these

settings?”

Aim

To ground the next phase of Tingim Laip’s HIV prevention and care work in a clear and

detailed understanding of the context of HIV risk and impact in key selected environments.

Objectives

1. To learn about issues across geographic areas related to particular industries and

activities (for example, pipelines, Highlands highway corridor, seasonal movements of

people etc).

2. To learn more about what gender issues are affecting HIV acquisition and transmission

in key higher risk settings.

3. To learn about key issues related to domestic violence related to HIV acquisition and

transmission in key higher risk settings.

4. To learn how alcohol and gambling can increase the chances of HIV acquisition and

transmission in key higher risk settings.

5. To learn how mobility affects HIV acquisition and transmission in these settings.

6. To learn more about the affects of poverty on HIV acquisition and transmission in these

settings.

7. T o learn about other unknown factors contributing to HIV acquisition and

transmission in these settings.

Expected Results

1. Guidance for Tingim Laip’s decisions about where and how to work.

2. Improve current Tingim Laip management and team members’ knowledge and

understanding of the particular context and driving forces of HIV risk and impact

(individual, community, social, cultural, economic and political) in Tingim Laip

communities.

3. Contribute to a qualitative baseline for Tingim Laip M&E systems.

4. Inform the review of Tingim Laip prevention and gender strategies.

5. Inform development of Tingim Laip site-specific long term prevention strategies.

6. Inform development of Tingim Laip expansion strategy, including criteria for

identification of Tingim Laip sites.

A Practical Explanation and Example

The HIV epidemic has not followed the same pattern in all four regions of Papua New

Guinea. Each of the targeted intervention sites for Tingim Laip varies considerably and the

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catalysts that drive social change, HIV risk and vulnerability are different site-by-site. A goal

for Tingim Laip is to better understand these variations in order to plan for and anticipate

fluctuations site-by-site and deploy our human resources to meet the challenges and

divergent needs that emerge at each site. The example below is a simple description of the

sorts of things we might find at these sites and how that information can be used in

planning and resource mobilisation by Tingim Laip.

EXAMPLE: Site X A mapping exercise at Site X reveals that a large number of men attend one particular area

or town for three month of the year for work, around 5,000 men coverage on the town and

the majority of them come from 4 towns within a 100 kilometre radius. They reside in the

town for the entire three months and then return home at the end of the season. The men

are paid in the fourth week of each month and many of them spend their wages within a

few days at gambling houses, with sex workers and on alcohol. A bus stop outside the town

is active at night as a place that men meet each other for sex and some male sex workers

are reported operating from this place but it was not clear from the scan whether the male

sex workers migrate to the town or live there permanently. The scan may also reveals that

large numbers of women migrate to this site in the fourth week of each month, to coincide

with pay week – around 600 women is the estimated number. They tend to travel from their

homes farther afield – but the places they come from are unknown and described as very

diverse. The women engage in entertainment work that can include sex work and then

return to their homes with the money they make. Unlike the men, the women don’t live in

the town for the entire three months but return home every two weeks so move between

home and the town in a cycle that follows the pay cycle of the men. When in town, the

women tend to live together in small guest houses with several to a room. Reports of

violence and sexual violence increase during the same period each month.

With this information, our Tingim Laip teams can now anticipate and prepare for the

intensity of activity that occurs in the fourth week of each month during that three month

period each year. Activities might include providing condoms and information about sexual

health at the places that men gather or meet women and/or other men for sex. The teams

can work in the subsequent three weeks of the month to build community awareness and

education activities aimed to prevent violence, reduce drug and alcohol abuse, prevent and

provide care for victims of sexual violence. They can work with women at the site to

increase their knowledge and skills to maintain sexual health and with men about peer-

driven behaviours such as groups of men drinking and then purchasing sex. They can also

work with the company to look at issues of family accommodation on site, changes in pay

arrangements and patterns, employee health services and so on. The team can determine

where the men and women are coming from and work with providers and leaders in those

towns to strengthen health and support services.

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THE WORK PLAN FOR SOCIAL MAPPING

The social mapping initiative will commence in August and concludes at the end of

November 2011. The field work will involve two teams undertaking field work at targeted

sites across Papua New Guinea and meeting together to talk through their findings in a

continuous process of information collection in the field and shared discussion and analysis.

Team One will be made up of a coordinator and three field workers who will undertake field

work in Madang and Ramu (pilot phase), the Highlands Highway (phase one) and in targeted

military sites (phase two). Team Two will also be made up of a coordinator and three field

workers who will undertake field work at sites along the proposed LNG pipeline (phase one),

in oil palm plantations and logging projects (phase two). The diagrams below describe this

process. Note: PUT IN LITERATURE REVIEW / ADD A WEEK LEAVE END PHASE 1

TEAM ONE

Team: Coordinator, three field workers

1-12

Aug

15-19

Aug

22 Aug-

2 Sept

5-9

Sept

12-23 Sept

26-30 Sept REST

3 to 14 Oct

17 to 21 Oct

24 Oct- 4 Nov

7 – 18

Nov

TEAM TWO

Team: Coordinator, three field workers

1-12

Aug

15-19

Aug

22 Aug-

2 Sept

5-9

Sept

12-23 Sept

26-30 Sept REST

3 - 14 Oct

17 - 21 Oct

24 Oct- 4 Nov

7 - 18

Nov

Field work

Group talk

Field work Admin Field

work Group

talk Field work Admin Field

work Group

talk

Field work

Group talk

Field work

Group talk

Field work

Group talk

Field work

Group work

Pilot: Madang Highlands Hwy Military sites

LNG Pipeline Palm oil/logging sites

Observation of pilot in Madang

and Ramu

Mid term Report Final Report

Mid term Report Final Report

Pilot: Madang

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2. METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIAL MAPPING

A process of ‘field work’ and ‘group talk’ occurs in cycles throughout social mapping

implementation (as in the diagram above). Field workers go to sites, collect data and record

what they find in diaries and through diagrams. When they return to head office both

Teams One and Two meet separately and together to present their site-by-site findings.

They talk together, compare and contrast their findings, identify gaps in the data and

information they have collected and agree upon common themes across all the sites.

FIELD WORK

Field workers will use a combination of observation, key informant interviewing and focus

group interviewing in the field to produce diagrams and diary notes of their findings from

each site. These approaches represent the central strategies for data collection and

recording by field workers.

Observation

Observing and diagramming at each site will be a core activity for field workers. At the end

of each day, field work teams will meet together and complete large ‘maps’ across key

Domains of Interest. Once they complete their work at each site, field teams will meet

together with coordinators to describe what they observed by presenting these diagrams.

The rationale for this approach is that we are attempting to document movements of small

and large groups of people in and out of, within and around the sites. As well, we aim to

document social influences on the actions taken by people at the sites. What field staff ‘see’

and ‘hear’ is crucial to accurately recording these trends and issues.

Example: Site X The social mapping team at Site X began by working with Tingim Laip Project Officers in the

local area to better understand the situation at the site. The PO took them to local industrial

plants in the area, health care services, the places that men gather and the places that

women gather. The team prepared a sheet of butcher’s paper for each Domain of Interest

and at the end of each day, they sat together and, using butcher’s paper, drew a diagram o

what they had learned. At the end of each day, as they met more people and visited new

locations, they added to the butcher’s paper what they had learned on that day.

Observation Diagramming Analysis

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Interviewing

Field workers will be asked to interview key informants they meet and record what they

hear in a personal project diary. This will include both individual and focus group interviews.

workers will take these notes as they meet with and question key respondents. The diaries

will assist field workers to remember conversations and/or what they observe. When they

complete their work at each site, field teams will meet together with coordinators and use

their diary notes to produce narratives of the themes they heard at each site. The rationale

for this approach is that the social mapping exercise is not attempting to tell the detailed

personal stories, histories, knowledge and experiences of individual respondents. Rather the

exercise aims to document key themes and issues that emerge from respondents in the field

as they relate to the Domains of Interest described below.

Example: Site X The social mapping team at Site X, worked with Tingim Laip Project Officers to arrange focus

groups and individual interviews with contacts in the first week of field work at that site. The

team used personal diaries to keep notes about these interviews and they asked each

contact who else they should be talking to. They then telephoned these people and

arranged to meet them in the second week of field work. At the end of each day, they sat

together and, as well as drawing diagrams, also shared what they had learned in their

interviews, taking particular notice of what was similar and what was very different and

making sure to keep these similarities and differences documented clearly somewhere for

later use. At the end of each day, as they met more people and visited new locations, they

either confirmed themes common across the site or confirmed differences they heard and

observed in the setting.

GROUP TALK

When teams return to head office a series of meetings that we are calling ‘Group Talk’ occur

to analyse results. In Step one teams one and two first meet separately to analyse the

information they collected from their particular site and develop themes. In steps two, three

and four, after each team has met separately, both teams meet together to compare their

site findings. They compare and contrast their findings and agree upon preliminary themes

both for single sites and findings across all sites. In Steps two and three teams may modify

some aspects of their field work based on what they learn. For example, they might have

collected a lot of information from police and health care workers in Step One but have had

Interviewing Diary Notes Analysis

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less contact with local industry workers or women in sex work. So they may decide to

prioritise talking to these workers in Step Two and/or Three. In step four the teams compare

across all the sites, confirm the priorities for each site and findings across all sites. The

diagram below provides a visual representation of the group talk process.

Four Step ‘Group Talk’ Process

Training

What is known

among the trainees

Pilot

Madang and Ramu

Phase One

Highlands and LNG

Phase Two

Military and oil

palm sites

August 2011 September 2011 October 2011 November 2011

Step One: compare

within the sample of

trainees

Step One: analyse

Madang / analyse

Ramu data

Step One: analyse

Highlands / analyse

LNG data

Step One: analyse

Military / analyse oil

palm site data

Step Two: compare themes between trainee,

Madang and Ramu data.

Step Three: compare themes between trainee, Madang, Ramu, Highlands

and LNG data.

Step Four: compare between trainee, Madang, Ramu, Highlands, LNG, military and oil palm site data.

DOMAINS OF INTEREST A Domain of Interest refers to a particular subject area or theme that Tingim Laip is

interested in learning more about. The Tingim Laip Annual Plan 2011 highlights that the

project is particularly interested in the following and their impacts upon HIV vulnerability:

❶ Mobility

❷ Gender

❸ Power

❹ Risk settings and risk factors

❺ Populations most-at-risk

❻ Poverty

❼ Employment

❽ Violence including sexual violence

❾ Alcohol and Drugs

❿ Gambling

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⓫ Local Culture and religion

We used the Tingim Laip Annual Plan 2011 to develop the Instrument for use in the field by

field workers. Under each question is the Domain of Interest it is referring to along with

advice on what Tingim Laip is particularly interested in.

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INSTRUMENT FOR FIELD WORKERS

1. Who is moving ‘in’ and ‘out of the sites?

❶ Mobility ❺ Populations at-risk

Where people are coming from and going to. Who they are and why, when, how they are

coming and going. How many people are coming and going. Who are they moving with?

Who are they leaving behind? Who are they moving to?

Flows of people > connections of people across locations > risk factors at different locations.

2. How are power and influence affecting decisions, actions and

capacities of people site-by-site?

❷ Gender ❸ Power ❹ Risk settings and behaviours ❺ Populations at-risk

Who has formal and informal power in the community and within networks (including

within key affected populations). How does their influence affect others? We want to

understand the impacts of power on the choices people are making and able to make about

their health and wellbeing, including their HIV health.

3. How are employment, movements of money and cycles of

poverty affecting decisions, actions and capacities of people at

the sites?

❶ Mobility ❷ Gender ❻ Poverty ❼ Employment ❿ Gambling

Are there cycles of payment and spending affecting behaviour and are men and/or women

leaving the site to collect money elsewhere? We want to understand what happens to

women and families as a result of (husband’s remote?) employment and money and what

actions they take in response to this (security, financial, social, personal). We seek to

understand the role that employment and cycles of payment play in choices to engage in

gambling, alcohol use, and sex work (as client and/or as sex worker). We seek to understand

the impacts of gambling and excessive drinking on the actions people take at the site. We

also want to understand the role that unemployment and poverty play in choices to engage

in sex work or increases in drug and alcohol use and gambling.

4. How are sex, drugs, alcohol and violence affecting people at the

sites?

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❷ Gender ❽ Violence ❾ Alcohol/Drugs ❹ Risk settings/behaviours ❺ Populations at-

risk

What forms does violence take in this setting and how does this impact on health and

wellbeing of people? What are the dynamics of sex work, drug use and sex between men at

the site? How do sex, drugs and alcohol and violence interact at each site and how does this

interaction impact on HIV vulnerability.

5. How are local cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs, the rituals

and actions attached to these impacting upon people and their

health and wellbeing?

❷ Gender ❸ Power ❹ Risk settings/behaviours ❺ Populations at-risk

⓫ Local Culture and religion

This examines protective and risk factors associated with local cultural and spiritual beliefs

and rituals as well as those actions and beliefs which impact upon gender vulnerability and

key HIV-affected populations.

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3. TRAINING PROGRAM FOR FIELD WORKERS

ADD DAYS HERE.

TRAINING AGENDA – DAY ONE

DAY 1 – FIELD WORKER TRAINING WORKSHOP

Timing Agenda Item Resources Needed

8.15am Field Worker Administration and Support Session

9.00am Introduction to the Training and Welcome Introduction of supporters for this training Introduction of Field Workers

Coordinator

9.30am SESSION 1: OVERVIEW AND BASICS OF THE SOCIAL MAPPING INITIATIVE 1. Aims and Objectives of the Initiative 2. Introduction to the Five Step Mapping Process:

Step One: Training and Method.

Step Two: Pilot Phase.

Step Three: Phase One sites.

Step Four: Phase Two sites.

Step Five: National Think Tank Meeting. 3. Overview of the phase and sites to be visited. 4. Overview of the ‘group talk’ process. 5. Introduction to Mapping Guides and Diaries. 6. Support available while mapping in each site.

Coordinator / Consultant

11.00am MORNING TEA

11.30am SESSION 2: FIELD WORK METHODOLOGY Description of the field work methodology including observation and interviewing followed by diagramming what is observed, note-taking during interviews and documentation tips.

Coordinator / Consultant

12.15am Group Exercise – FIELD PRACTICE: OBSERVATION 1 Step One: Set up in field work groups and choose a site in PNG. Step Two: Discuss what you know and produce what you know in shared diagram Step Three: Discuss and present the results

ALL

1.00pm LUNCH

2.00pm Group Exercise – FIELD PRACTICE: OBSERVATION 2 Step One: Set up in field work groups and choose a site in PNG. Step Two: Discuss what you know and produce what you know in shared diagram Step Three: Discuss and present the results Group

ALL

2.45pm Exercise – FIELD PRACTICE: INTERVIEWING 2 ALL

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Step One: set up triads [interviewer / interviewee / observer Step Two: Engage in open questioning Step Three: Discuss and present the results

3.30pm AFTERNOOON TEA

4.00pm Exercise – FIELD PRACTICE: INTERVIEWING 2 Step One: set up triads [interviewer / interviewee / observer Step Two: Engage in open questioning Step Three: Discuss and present the results Group

ALL

5.00pm What will happen tomorrow? Finish up. Coordinator / Consultant

TRAINING AGENA – DAY TWO

DAY 2 – FIELD WORKER TRAINING WORKSHOP

Timing Agenda Item Resources Needed

9.00am Intro, Welcome and Discussion of Day One ALL

10.45am SESSION 3: ‘GROUP TALK’ / COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PROCESS Intro to the Group Talk and Comparative Analysis.

Consultant

11.30am MORNING TEA

12.00pm Group Exercise – PRACTICE: GROUP TALK 1) Team A and Team B form separate groups and

discuss the information gathered yesterday. 2) Compare and contrast themes that emerged. 3) Document the results.

ALL

1.00pm LUNCH

2.00pm Group Exercise – PRACTICE: GROUP TALK 4) Team A and Team B form separate groups and

discuss the information gathered yesterday. 5) Compare and contrast themes that emerged. 6) Document the results.

ALL

3.00pm AFTERNOON TEA

3.30pm SESSION 4: DISCUSSION AND TROUBLESHOOTING ALL

4.00pm NEXT STEPS All participants

5.00pm END

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Grounded theory method (GTM)

The social mapping project will use grounded theory and its’ family of methods to structure

the research process and to analyse the data collected. Grounded theory is a sociological

research method originally developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967) and

concerned with the discovery of new social theory ‘grounded’ in the stories that people tell.

These stories are then systematically analysed (Glaser 1967:2). Put simply, grounded theory

aims to develop new ideas from the stories people tell (Corbin 2008:1). It formulates theory

from discussion, often (but not always) from one-to-one, in-depth interviews or focus

groups, by categorising and determining themes and the thematic categories and properties

which emerge from inquiring. Written texts such as newspaper and magazine articles,

reports and academic and other journal articles are also used as both primary and

secondary sources in grounded theory research and more recently data from the World

Wide Web including information from blogs, social network sites, online videos and other

web-based artefacts have been incorporated in to grounded theory studies (Urquhart

2007:339). Grounded theory methods have been described as “a family of methods”

(Bryant 2007: 11) that includes “(a) theoretical sampling (b) constant comparison of data to

theoretical categories and (c) focus on the development of theory via theoretical saturation

of categories rather than substantive verifiable findings” (Hood 2007:151). Ultimately

grounded theory aims to provide new information that can be practically applied and that is

useful to practice ‘on the ground’ or ‘in the field’ (Glaser 1967:3). The results of a grounded

theory study should help in the prediction of human behaviour and outcomes of human

action and provide some perspectives on human behaviour and social contexts (1967:3).

Continuous comparative analysis

Continuous comparative analysis is the technique used to interrogate and examine data in

grounded theory. It focuses upon comparing emerging thematic categories and properties

from interviews and other data collected from participants and groups. Grounded theory

researchers first generate conceptual categories or properties from facts acquired through

the means described above. One ‘fact’ or ‘viewpoint’ presented by one participant or group

becomes an object for comparison with other participants or groups that then validates or

negates its’ accuracy (Glaser 1967:23). The continuous element of this process underlines

the importance of simultaneously collecting and analysing data so that thematic categories

and properties emerge, are interrogated and modified by subsequent interviews as the

research unfolds (Charmaz 2006:5). Comparative analysis aims to benefit from the

“interchangeability” of emerging research categories and so “develops as it proceeds”

(1967:49).

This social mapping exercise will engage in continuous comparative analysis in four practical

steps as described in the diagram below. Step One will collect, compare and contrast data

collected from each distinct sample group. In Step Two data collected from the trainee

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sample will be compared with data from the Madang and Ramu sample. In Step Three data

collected from MSM, TG and PWD groups will be compared with the data collected in step

one and two with the Highlands and LNG sample. In Step Four data collected from all

sample groups will be compared.

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1. Work with Tingim Laip Project Officers in each setting early in your planning

to identify key contacts in local sites and arrange appointments.

What’s going on here?

Focus: mapping drivers of the HIV epidemic in different social contexts – communities and

drivers NOT individuals and individual knowledge.

Power

Gatekeepers

Leaders in Government

Leaders in Community

Police and other unformed personnel

Private sector (mining and petroleum, palm oil, fisheries, sugar industry)

Industry and corporations

Community groups (NGOs, CBOs, faith-based organisation and less formal groups)

Does what happens in relation to power here affect what goes on somewhere else?

Money

When do people get paid? Is there a time cycle to payment? What happens when they have

money and what happens when they don’t?

Do people come here to receive lump sum payments?

Do they go somewhere else to receive payments?

How much poverty?

Is what’s going on here affecting what’s going on somewhere else?

Does what happens in relation to money here affect what goes on somewhere else?

Violence

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Sex

How do women in sex work do their work here – where do they come from [home, work,

another town] and go to (i.e. how do they move through space)? What motivated them to

do sex work? Are their sub-groups of women in sex work (i.e. cultural minorities with

particular issues, women who cyclically do sex work and why?, women who continuously do

sex work and why?) How are women in sex work organized? (i.e. are they self-organized,

which women are leading and why are do they emerge as leaders and why are they

respected, how do they affect other women in sex work, what is most and least respected

among women in sex work, do they engage with health or welfare workers? who? Where?

When? Are their factors which facilitate or hamper access to health care or welfare

support?) Are there individuals outside the group of women in sex work that influence or

control these women? Are there industries that affect them and in what ways exactly?

Movement through space

How many people live and work in this setting? Does that change? How, why and when

does it change? Who comes in to the setting or exits it? What happens to the social

dynamics when these people move in and out of the setting?

Is there seasonal movement of men and women in and out of this place? Describe it exactly.

When men leave here what happens for women and families?