STATS AND STORIES - THEME 3

RUTH RENTSCHLER AND KERRIE BRIDSON DEAKIN UNIVERSITY

JODY EVANS MELBOURNE BUSINESS SCHOOL

SOCIALINCLUSIONTHE IMPACT OF THE ARTS IN REGIONAL AUSTRALIA

DEMOGRAPHICS1

22.9m EstimatedpopulationofAustralia.60% IncreaseinAustralia’spopulationfromnetoverseasmigration2001-2012.40% NaturalincreaseinAustralia’spopulation2001-2012.

EMPLOYMENT

11.6m+ Australiansareemployed.Theworkforceishighlyconcentratedonthe Easternseaboard,withmorethanthreequartersemployedinthethree mostpopulousstates(NewSouthWales,VictoriaandQueensland).26.3% UnemploymentrateinAustraliainNovemberof2014.InAustralia,the unemploymentratemeasuresthenumberofpeopleactivelylooking forajobasapercentageofthelabourforce.36% Reductioninpersistentfamilyjoblessness2002-2010.4

EDUCATION5

75% Australiansaged20−24yearshavecompletedaYear12certificate.18% Increaseinpost-secondaryschoolqualificationattainmentofAustralians aged25-641997-2012.

INEQUALITY

1.5m Peopleagedover15yearshaveloweconomicresourcesandhighfinancial stress.6640,000 Australiansexperiencemultipleandentrencheddisadvantage.7590,000 Childrenunder15livedinjoblessfamiliesin2011.8100,000 PeoplewerecountedashomelessonCensusnightin2006.9 73% Australiansagreethatgapbetweenthosewithhighincomesandthosewith lowincomesistoolarge.1042% AustraliansdisagreepeoplelivingonlowincomesinAustraliareceive enoughfinancialsupportfromthegovernment.11 54% AboriginalandTorresStraitIslandersaged15-24arefullyengagedin educationand/orwork.12

FAST FACTS

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ETHNIC DIVERSITY

84% AustraliansagreethatmulticulturalismhasbeengoodforAustralia.1325% Australianpopulationwasbornoverseas.1420% Australianpopulationhasoneparentbornoverseas.15

SATISFACTION AND WELL-BEING16

75% Australiansaresatisfiedwiththeirlife.79.5yrs. Averagelifeexpectancyformales.84yrs. Averagelifeexpectancyforfemales.68% OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)average ofself-reportedgoodhealth.1785% Australianshaveahigherrateofself-reportedgoodhealththantheOECD average.18

ARTS19

85% Australiansthinktheartsmakeforaricherandmoremeaningfullife.66% Australiansthinktheartshaveabigimpactonthedevelopmentofchildren.8% Increaseinvisualartsandcraftparticipation2009-2013.7% Increaseincreativeparticipation2009-2013.

Cover Image: Measuring water clarity using a Secchi Disk, Hydro+Graphy Project, 2014, Streaky Bay.Photograph by Mark Tipple.

Image: Water, Water carrier silhouette, 2013, Renmark, SA.Photograph by Tracey Chapman.

© 2015 Deakin University

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OVERVIEW 4INTRODUCTION 5DEFINITION 6BACKGROUND 8DIMENSIONS 10END NOTES 19

OVERVIEW STATS AND STORIES: THE IMPACT OF THE ARTS IN REGIONAL AUSTRALIA

Stats and Stories: The Impact of the Arts in Regional AustraliaisagroundbreakingprojectfundedbyRegionalArtsAustraliaandAustraliaCouncilfortheArtsthatcallsfornewwaystoidentifyandrespondtoAustralia’svastland,diversityanddifferences,includingitschallengesandopportunitiesinregionalAustralia,usingtheartsasthevehicle.

TheStatsandStoriesprojectcoversfivethemesandfivecasestudies.Thefivethemesweredevelopedfromtheliteratureontheregionalimpactofthearts.Onecasestudyiswrittenoneachofthefivethemes.

Thefivethemesare:

1.Communityconnectedness2.Economicregeneration3.Socialinclusion4.Civicprideandcommunityidentity5.Regionaldevelopment

Thefivecasestudiesare:

1.AnimatingSpaces2.SilverBallScreeningFestival3.IntheSaddle;OntheWall4.BighArt5.FirstCoat

TheresearchprojectwasundertakenbyacademicstaffatDeakinUniversityintheBusinessSchool.TheprojectwasledbyProfessorRuthRentschler,andDrKerrieBridsonatDeakinUniversity,aswellasAssociateProfessorJodyEvansatMelbourneBusinessSchool.ResearchsupportwasprovidedbyClaudiaEscobar,EmmaWinstonandNickCooke.

FormoreinformationabouttheprojectpleasecontactJohnOster,ExecutiveDirector,RegionalArtsAustraliajohn.oster@regionalarts.com.au

4

Australiahasincreasingethnicdiversityandachanginglandscape.Itisconfrontedwithchallengestodevelopinclusivecommunitiesthatunderstand,recogniseandintegratesocialinclusioneffectively.Littleattentionhasbeenpaidtohowtointegratesocialinclusionintothecommunity.Hence,thereisracialdiscriminationandracialtension,sometimesleadingtoviolenceandabuse.Suchphenomenahighlighttheimportanceofunderstandingsocialinclusion.20 Theartscanbeaforceforpromotingsocialinclusion,thuscreatinggreaterharmonyinsociety.

Onthepositiveside,Australiaisperceivedasastable,democratic,pluralistnationwithaskilledworkforceandastrong,competitiveeconomy.Itssuccessinembracingsocialinclusionhasbeenanexampletotheworldinpartduetoimmigrationpoliciesandprogramsthatwelcomepeoplefromallovertheworldwhoarequalifiedandcapableofintegratingintosociety.21

SOCIAL INCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

5

SOCIAL INCLUSION

entailsasocietywhereallpeoplefeelvalued,theirdifferencesrespected,andtheirbasicneedsmetsotheycanliveindignity.Socialexclusionistheprocessofbeingshutoutfromthesocial,economic,politicalandculturalsystemswhichcontributetotheintegrationofapersonintothecommunity.Itisadeterminantofmentalhealth&wellbeing.24

Socialinclusionisoftendescribedasa‘humanrightormoralimperative.’Itreferstopoliciesorprogramsdesignedtoremovebarrierstoparticipationinmainstreamsociety.Socialinclusionprovidesasociety‘inwhichallAustraliansfeelvaluedandhavetheopportunitytoparticipatefullyin[its]life.’Hence,socialinclusionalleviatessocialproblems,suchasunemployment,discrimination,poorskills,lowincomes,poorhousing,highcrime

andfamilybreakdown.’25

DEFINITION

Tjanpi Desert Weavers, WOWK, Katherine, NT. Photograph by Kara Burns.

6

However,mostworkonsocialinclusionhasoccurredinthesocial,economicandpoliticalaspects.Thereislessunderstandingofsocialinclusioninaculturalframework.

Theartsplayavitalroleinsocialinclusion,whichincorporatesculturalaswellassocial,economicandpoliticalsystemsthatareinter-related,anddeterminesthesocialintegrationofitspeople,22 leadingtosocialinclusion.Socialinclusionisanactiveprocessbywhichthepersonalandstructuralimpactsofsocio-economicdisadvantageareaddressed.23

“Theartsplayavitalroleinsocialinclusion,whichincorporatesculturalaswellassocial,

economicandpoliticalsystemsthatareinter-related,anddeterminesthesocial

integrationofitspeople.”22

Throughsocialinclusion,theartsareusedasawayofreachingandengagingwithpeopleinregionalareas,providingentertainment,lightreliefandfacilitatingcommunicationamongcommunitymembers,government,andindustry,26 andengagingwithstakeholders,artistsandaudiences.

Theartsplayasignificantroleincommunityengagement,inhealthandwell-being,insocialinclusionofcommunitiesofallkinds(includingyouth,Indigenous,theaged,thoseofdifferentculturalandgeographicorigins,andthesociallymarginalised)andinreconciliationandthelifeofpeopleinregionalcommunities.27Therefore,theroleofcommunityassociationsinvolvedincraft,music,andotherartisticandcreativepracticesthathavethepotentialtobringdisparategroupstogether,withoutrequiringaminimumnumberofparticipants,isreceivingattentionincommunitydevelopment,health,andacademicsettings.

BACKGROUND

8

The crew, Sand Tracks tour 2010, Country Arts WA.Photograph by Mathew McHugh

Artsandcraftgroupsbringdisparategroupstogether,particularlywhentherearelimitedalternativesocialopportunitiesorexistinghistorical,racialorfamilydivisions.Forexample,touringshowsandconcertsbringalotmorepeopleoutofthewoodwork.Theartsdrawadifferentcrowdofpeoplewhowouldnotnormallyengageinsportorracing,orjoinagroup,orbeinvolvedinacommittee.

Inthissense,theartsprovidebothsocialopportunitiesandentertainmentvaluebyengagingwithdifferentpeopleindifferentways.

“Theartsplayasignificantroleincommunityengagement,inhealthandwell-being,insocialinclusionofcommunitiesofallkindsandin

reconciliationandthelifeofpeopleinregionalcommunities.”27

DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL INCLUSION

FEELING VALUEDInterpersonallifeisloadedwithbothopportunityandperil.Feelingvaluedbyothersallowspeopletosatisfydeep-seatedandfundamentalbelongingnessneeds28includingpartners,family,friends,neighbours,workcolleaguesandimmediatelocalcommunity.

Peopleneedtofeeltheybelongandthisconnectswiththeneedoffeelingvalued.Theartsprovidepathwaystoenablepeopletofeelvalued.Thisisrelevantinregional,ruralandremoteareaswherepeoplecanfeelmoreisolated.Theartsprovideopportunitiestomarginalisedgroupsintheseareas.Networksintheartsandoutsidethemprovideaccessandopportunitiestoshareideasanddevelop.29ForIndigenouscommunitieslivingin

9

Socialinclusionconsistsofsevensub-dimensions:Feelingvalued;Respectingdifferences;Humanrightsandmoralimperatives;Policiesandprograms;Removingbarrierstoparticipation;Systemicdiscrimination;Crimereduction.

Jason Dhamarandji from Saltwater Band performing, Country Arts WA Sand Tracks tour 2010,

Photograph by Mathew McHugh.

regionalareas,artsnetworksprovideameanstoengagewithcommunitymembers,government,andindustry.30

Theartscanenhancecivicagencyandplayasignificantroleinestablishingegalitarianethos.Forexample,themakingofartcanhelpindividualstodefinetheiridentity,discoveragency,andchallengethemselvestotakeresponsibilityascitizensbothinanestablishedornewcommunitycontext.

“Theabilitytobetrulycreative,toimaginethatwhichisnotthere,andtohavethe

skillstobringwhatisimaginedintobeingisafundamentallyempoweringcapacity,onethatgivespeopleagencyandopens

possibilitiesformobility.”31

1211

Asapluralistsociety,cosmopolitanethicsareemergingamongsignificantminoritiesgrowingonaworldwidesenseofcommunitythatareidentifiedinfourways:theanthropologicalconsciousnessthatrecognisesunityindiversity;theecologicalconsciousnessthatrecognisessingularhumannaturewithinthebiosphere;thecivicconsciousnessofcommonresponsibilitiesandsolidarity;andthedialogicalconsciousnessthatrefersbothtothecriticalmindandtotheneedformutualunderstanding.40

Theartsprovideavenuestoincludepeopleinapluralistsociety,sothattheyencountermutualrespectwithindifferentculturaloutlooks.41Theyprovideameansforinclusionandrespectininstanceswhereminoritygroupsareisolatedanddisconnectedfromthewidercommunity.

Theaker von Ziarno performing her Aerial show ‘Minerva’ at TropiCOOL 2013, Kununurra WA.

Photograph by Anton Blume.

RESPECTING DIFFERENCESAustraliacontainsahighdegreeofdiversityandisdescribedasamulticulturalsociety.Thesourceofdiversityisimmigrationwherelargenumbersofindividualsandfamiliesareadmittedfromothercountries.

Immigrantsmaintainsomeoftheircustomsregardingfood,dress,recreation,religionandassociatewitheachotherandwithsettledcommunities,inordertomaintainpracticesbutalsotoseethemfuseintomainstreamsociety.

“Anincreasingnumberofcountriesnowcontainsizeableimmigrantcommunities,butitistheNewWorld‘countriesofimmigration’whichhavethegreatestexperienceinthisareaparticularlyAustralia,CanadaandtheUnitedStates.”33

Butevenso,thelatestMappingSocialCohesionsurveybytheScanlonFoundationfound19%ofAustralianswerediscriminatedagainstbecauseoftheirskincolour,ethnicoriginorreligiousbeliefsin2013-upfrom12%in2012.Itwasthehighestlevelsincethesurveybeganin2007.34

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenincreasinginterestinresettlingrefugeesinregionalareasofAustralia.35Thereisagrowingneedtopromoteandmaintainrespectfordifferences,whilevaluesandtraditionscommonlyacceptedbyrefugeesmaynotbeacceptedorunderstoodelsewhere.36

Itiscommonforethnicgroups,especiallythenewlyarrived,tonaturallybeinterestedintheartsfromtheirownculture,suggestingthereareopportunitiesforartspractitionersandorganisationstoextendtheirreachby‘connectingethnicgroups’and‘enablingthemtoovercomeculturaldivisions.’37

Similarly,othermarginalisedgroupssuchastheGLBTIQcommunitywithinregionalareasexperienceculturaldivisions.Forthesecommunities,‘negotiatingasenseofbelonginginandtoAustraliaisacontestedandcomplicatedprocess.’38IncomparisontoAustralianmetropolitancities,ruralareasareseenassitesof‘gay/lesbianoppressionandabsence.’39

“Thepluralistpictureoftheworldenjoinsustorecognisethattherearediverseandincompatibleconceptualandmoralframeworks,beliefsystemsandvalues,withouttherebeinganoverarchingcriteriontodecidewhichprovidesthe‘truth’.”32

HUMAN RIGHTS AND

MORAL IMPERATIVESHumanrightsandmoralimperativesunderliesocialinclusioninitiatives,whichareconsistentwithfederalandstatelegislationandpolicies.42 Humanrightsarguethatstigmasneedtoberemovedinordertoincludeeveryoneinthecommunity.Stigmaisassociatedwithdisadvantagedgroupswithincommunitiesandresultsinsocialisolation.Stigmaoccurswhenagroupofindividualsarelabelledashavingundesirablecharacteristicsthatdevelopintostereotypes,andthoselabelledexperiencediscrimination.43

‘Disadvantagedcommunitiescanexperiencestigmaasaresultofhealth,disabilities,socio-economicstatus,andethnicitythatthenaffectsemployment,housing,educationandillnessexperiencestigma,delayingtheiraccesstotimelytreatment,reducingpositiveoutcomes.’44Humanrightsofrefugeesandmigrantsaresometimestrammelled,especiallyiftheycutacrossotherareasofdisadvantagesuchasmentalillness.Withrefugeesandmigrantssettlingmoreandmoreinregionalcommunities,respectingtheirhumanrightsandunderstandingtheirmoralimperativesispartofsocialinclusion.

Theartscanhelptoeducateandconnectindividualstoaddressissuesofstigma,thusprotectinghumanrightsandmoralimperatives.

“Thereisgoodevidencethatthecreativeartshavearoleinpromotingthementalhealthandwellbeingofparticipantsandchallengingstigmaagainstpeoplewithmentalhealthproblemstopromotesocialinclusion.”45

POLICIES AND

PROGRAMSSocialinclusionoccurswhenpoliciesandprogramsprovidestrategiesandstructurestobringpeopletogether.Australiaisacountrywhere‘peopleborninanon-Englishspeakingcountryarelesslikelytocreativelyparticipateinthearts:38%,comparedwith48%forthoseborninEnglishspeakingcountries.’46Hence,developingpoliciesandprogramstobringpeopletogether,tostopfeelingsofbeinganoutsiderorofalienationpromotesocialinclusion.

Further,socialinclusionoccurswhenthereisstrongrepresentationofanindividual’sculturalheritageinthemainstreamculture.Australiaisa“fusionculture.”47wherenewhabits,foods,lifestylesandartisticstylesareeventuallyadoptedandabsorbedintothemainstream,developingsomethingnew.Policiesandprogramsthathelpfusionoccurmorequicklypromotesocialinclusion.

Policiesandprogramsformalisethepridethatindividualsfeelandencourageinclusivity.48 DiversifyingculturalpracticesprovidestheAustraliancommunity,includingrefugeesandmigrants,withasenseofbelonging,self-determination,andethnicidentity.49

Policiesandprogramsthatincludetheartshave“akeyroletoplayincreatingasinglesharedidentitywithinadiversepopulationastheycanbringpeopletogetherinwaysthatallowthemtolearnwithandfromeachother.”50

Socialinclusioniswhatmostlydrivesrecentlyestablishedethniccommunitiestoparticipateinthearts,highlightingtheimportanceoftheculturalpeoplescancollaborateanddevelopknowledgeandunderstanding.Policiesandprogramsareakeytooltopromotesocialinclusion.

14

Rammy Ramsey, In the Saddle, On the Wall.Photograph by Matt Fallon.

15

Experiencingsocialisolationcancauseharmfulthoughts,lossofself-esteem,fearandanger,socialrejection,punishingtheself,andexclusion.54 ThissocialisolationcanleadtosuicidalbehaviourandmaycontributetothereasonsbehindsuicideratesinruralandremoteareasofAustraliabeingsignificantlyhigherthanthenationalaverageandveryremoteregionshavesuicideratesmorethandoublethatofmajorcapitalcities.55

Motivationstoaccessmentalhealthservicescanbeachallengeduetolimitedmentalhealthservicesofferedinregionalandremoteareas.56

However,thepossibilityofsocialexclusionandthepainthataccompaniesitisubiquitous.Acrosssocialcontexts,perceivedoranticipatedrejectionexperiencesnotonlyexertanimmediateinfluenceonaffect,cognition,andbehaviour,buttheyalsoguidefutureinteractions.57

Socialinclusionentailsenablingfullparticipationincommunitylife,partofwhichisengagementwiththearts,theirorganisationsanditsdiversityofculturalexpression.Socialinclusionentails‘aninclusiveenvironmentwhereindividualsfromdiverseculturalbackgroundsaregivenanopportunitytoparticipateinandcontributetowardsthesocio-economicdevelopmentofsociety.’58

Theartscanassistmarginalisedindividuals,suchaslow-incomeearners,olderpeopleandindividualswithillhealthandfromdiverseculturalbackgrounds,throughintegratingthemintobusinessprocesses.59

Increasedparticipationfrommarginalisedgroupsimprovesself-esteemandconfidence,leadingtoimprovedemploymentopportunities,higherincomeandbetterhealth.60

Hozaira Ahmad writes on the Horsham Regional Library WOW wall, 2013.

Photograph by Mars Drum.

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REMOVING BARRIERS TO

PARTICIPATION Socialinclusionentailsremovingbarrierstoincreaseparticipationandbuildsustainablecommunitiesthatfacilitateactionandco-operationformutualbenefit.51

Hence,akeypartofcreatingsocialinclusionistoremovebarrierstoparticipationthatmayotherwisecausesocialisolation.Socialisolationoccurswhenpeopledonotfeelconnectedtocommunity.

OfAustralia’s20millionpeople,66%liveincapitalcities,townsorothermajormetropolitancentres,theremaining6millionpeoplearespreadoutacross8millionsquarekilometers,livinginwhatarereferredtoasruralorremoteareas.52

PeoplelivinginruralandremoteAustraliacanbesociallyisolated,duetolessface-to-facecontactwithfamily,friendsandothersupportnetworks.53

“Communityartsorganisationshavemadeasignificantefforttoincludemarginalisedculturalgroupsfromthecommunityintotheworkforce.”61

Hence,theartsbringpeopletogetherinaprofessionalcapacitytocreateart,rehearse,andtakepartinperformances,contributingtowardsacollectivesenseofidentityandplace.62

SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION Systemicdiscriminationrefersto“indirect”or“effect”baseddiscriminationinpolicies,practicesorproceduresorthewaythingsaredone,63Itcanalsorefertodiscriminationofacertaintype(e.g.gender,race,disability,sexualpreference)thatiswidespread,persistentandwhichentrenchesinequality.

Systemicdiscriminationoccurswherelegislation,policies,procedures,practices,organisationalstructuresorworkplaceculturesenshrinediscrimination.Itmayinvolveallegationsofapatternofviolationsorasystematicfailuretoprotecttherightsofagrouporindividuals.64

Marginalisedgroupsexperiencediscriminationwheneffortshinderdiversitywithincommunities.Culturalorintellectualdifferencescanbeoverlookedandusedasreasonsforexclusion.EventhoughAustraliahasanti-discriminatorylaws,racismanddiscriminationarereportedinAustralia.

Toovercomediscrimination,marginalisedindividualsandgroupscancelebratetheiruniquenessandbegivenopportunitiestoshareandcollaboratetheirperspectiveswithmajoritygroups65throughthearts.

SystemicdiscriminationisfoundinAboriginalAustraliansandCALDcommunitieswhooftenexperiencesystemicbarrierstofullparticipationinAustralianlife.66

EqualOpportunityregulatorsacrossthecountryreceivecomplaintsofrace-baseddiscriminationinavarietyofsettings,includingemployment,education,provisionofgoodsandservices,accommodation,andclubs.TheVictorianEqualOpportunityandHumanRightsCommissionhasfoundevidenceofover-representationinlowpaidemployment,underemployment,intimidationintheworkplaceandbiasagainstpromotion.

Thesourcesofdiscriminationhavebeenidentifiedasattitudinal,ignorance,fearandlackofunderstandingofculturaldifferences,powerandprivilege.67Theartsprovideprogramsforidentitytotakeplace,reducingsystemicdiscriminations.

17

CRIME REDUCTION Socialinclusionhasbeencriticisedaspromotingviolenceandracialtension.Onthecontrary,whenimplementingpoliciesandprogramsforsocialinclusion,usingtheartsasavehicle,68diversitycanprovideanopportunityinruralareastoreducesocialisolationandbuildhealth,confidenceandself-esteeminruralorregionalcommunities,hencereducingcrime,druguseorviolence.Itcanlimitracismandprejudices,resultinginfeweropenclashesandriots.69.

Crimereductioncanbecostlytoimplementduetoitsnegativeperceptions,linkingittoloweducation,lowincomesandunemployment.However,ithascommunitysupportasitcreatesinclusionthroughpromotingsafetyandsocialharmony.

Artsinterventionshavepositivesocialinclusionoutcomesforcrimereduction.Acasestudyofadrama-basedcognitivedevelopmentprogramwithviolentoffenders—thePumpChallengingViolenceprogram—found‘apositiveimpactonparticipants’cognitiveskillsandcapacitytoreflectonpersonalbehaviours,includingcriminalbehaviours.’70

18

“Artsprogramshavebeenshowntokeeppeople‘offthestreets’andhave

‘positivepsychologicalbenefitsthatreduceindividuals’predispositionstowards

criminalactivity.”71

Hence,‘engagingintheartshasbeenfoundtoimproveself-esteem,self-understandingandinterpersonalcommunication,leadingtoanincreaseintheuseofartinhealthcaresettingsaroundtheworld,’72aswellascriminalsettings,asthetwocanbelinked.

Sometimespeoplewithmentalhealthproblemsresorttocrimeduetoafeelingofexclusionorinabilitytocopeinthecommunity.Bringingthemintothemainstreamthroughtheartsisonewaytoengagethem.Artsengagementprovidespeoplewithmentalhealthproblemswithameansofcommunicationandself-expression,73morepositiveoutletsforthemandforthecommunity.

Center: Unravelling the Maranoa, Mitchell State School workshop, Teachers, visiting artists and scientist, Jude

Macklin and Mark Macklin and students, March, 2013.Photograph by Bronwyn Moore, Maranoa Council.

Right: Louise King, Community Launch Event, Eudlo Dreaming, Animating Spaces, 2013, Eudlo, QLD.

Photograph by Peter Ryan.

Lilly Bone, Hunting for Foxes, Mullewa, WA.Photograph by Carlo Fernandes.

1 Markus,A2013,Mapping Social Cohesion 2013: National Report,TheScanlonFoundation,AustralianMulticulturalCommission,MonashUniversity,Melbourne.2 AustralianGovernment,DepartmentofEmployment2014,Australian Jobs 2014,retrieved16December2014<http://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/australian_jobs_2014_-_publication.pdf>3AustralianSocialInclusionBoard2012,Social Inclusion in Australia, How Australia is faring.2ndEdition,ASIB,retrieved30October2014,<http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/uploads/resources/23889_23889.pdf>4Ibid5Ibid6Ibid7Ibid8Ibid9Ibid10Markus,A2013,Mapping Social Cohesion 2013, The Scalon Foundation Surveys, National ReportMonashUniversity,Melbourne.11Ibid12ASIB,Op.Cit.13Markus,Op.Cit.14AustralianBureauofStatistics2013,Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, Cultural, Diversity in Australia,2013-2013,catno.2071.0,retrieved26October2014,<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013>15Ibid16ASIB,Op.Cit.17TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment2014,Regional Development: Regional Statistics and Indicators,retrieved4November2014<http://www.oecd.org/governance/regional-policy/regionalstatisticsandindicators.htm>18Ibid19AustraliaCouncilfortheArts2014,Arts in Daily Life: Australian Participation in the Arts,retrieved6November2014,<http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/workspace/uploads/files/research/arts-in-daily-life-australian-5432524d0f2f0.pdf>

20Rentschler,R,Azmat,F&Fujimoto,Y2014,‘Exploringculturalinclusion:Perspectivesfromacommunityartsorganisation’,Australian Journal of Management,pp.1-2221AustralianGovernment2006,Common Core Document forming part of the reports of States Parties – Australia – incorporating the Fifth Report under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Fourth Report under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,retrieved24October2014<http://www.dfat.gov.au/issues/human-rights/reports/icescr-iccpr/core_doc.pdf>22Sandell,R1998,‘Museumsasagentsofsocialinclusion’,Museum Management and Curatorship,vol.17,no.4,pp.401-418.23Barraket,J2005,‘Putting people in the picture? The role of the arts in social inclusion’,BrotherhoodofStLaurence&TheUniversityofMelbourne,SocialPolicyWorkingPaperNo.4,pp.1-19.24Cappo,D2002,Social inclusion initiative: Social inclusion, participation and empowerment,AddresstoAustralianCouncilofSocialServicesNationalCongress28-29November,Hobart.25VicHealth2010,Opportunities for social connection,retrieved5November2014<http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/Publications/Social-connection/Opportunities-for-social-connection.aspx>26AnwarMcHenry,J2011,They’dRatherGoPlayFooty:AnExploratoryStudyoftheEnjoymentandBenefitsoftheArtsinWesternAustralia’sRemoteMurchisonRegion.Geographical Research,vol.49,no.1,pp.37–4627MuseumandGalleryServicesQueensland2011,M&GSQ Submission on Australian Heritage Strategy,pp.6,retrieved3October2014,<http://www.magsq.com.au/_dbase_upl/M&GSQ%20submission%20AHS%20FINAL.pdf>28Cavallo,J&Holmes,J2013,The Importance of Feeling Valued: Perceived Regard in Romantic Relationships,TheOxfordHandbookofSocialExclusion,retrieved4November2014,<http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com>.29Comunian,R2009,Questioningcreativeworkasdriverofeconomicdevelopment:ThecaseofNewcastle-Gateshead.Creative Industries Journal,vol.2,no.1,pp.57-7130AnwarMcHenry,Op.Cit.31Barnes,H(ed.)2014,‘ArtsActivism,Education,andTherapies:TransformingCommunitiesAcrossAfrica’,Matatu - Journal for African Culture and Society,EditionsRodopi,vol.44.

ENDNOTES

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32Baghramian,M,Ingram,A2001,Pluralism: The Philosophy and Politics of Diversity,Routledge,London.33Ibid34Marriner,C2014,‘Racism on the rise in Australia: migrants report cultural shift’,TheSydneyMorningHerald,6April,retrieved5November2014,<http://www.smh.com.au/national/racism-on-the-rise-in-australia-migrants-report-cultural-shift-20140405-365a5.html#ixzz3IA41z3lx>35McDonald,B,Gifford,S,Webster,K,Wiseman,J&Casey,S2008,Refugee Resettlement in Regional and Rural Victoria: Impacts and Policy Issues,Vichealth,Melbourne.36DepartmentofHumanServices2005,Refugee health and wellbeing action plan: current and future initiatives 2005–2008,DHS,Melbourne.37Le,H,Bednall,D.H.B,Fujimoto,Y2014,‘EthnicConsumersoftheArts:ExtendingtheMAOmodel’,inBChristiansen,SYildiz&EYildiz2014,Transcultural Marketing for Incremental and Radical Innovation,BusinessScienceReference,USA,pp.78-95.38Gorman-Murray,A,Waitt,G&Gibson,C2008,AQueerCountry?Acasestudyofthepoliticsofgay/lesbianbelonginginanAustraliancountrytown,Australian Geographer,vol.39,no.2,pp.17239Ibid40Morin,P.J2011,Community Ecology,2ndedn,Wiley-Blackwell,Massachusetts.41Sales,A2012,Sociology Today: Social Transformations in a Globalizing World,SAGEPublications,Montreal.42Clapton,J,Chenoweth,L,McAuliffe,D,Clements,N,Perry,C,2012,Precarious Social Inclsuion: Chronic Homelessness and Impaired Decision-Making Capacity. National Homelessness Research Agenda 2009-2013,GriffithUniversity,Queensland.43Quinn,N,Shulman,A,Knifton,L&Byrne,P2011,‘Theimpactofanationalmentalhealthartsandfilmfestivalonstigmaandrecovery’,Acta Psychiatr Scand,vol.123,no.1,pp.71-81.44Ibid45Ibid46AustraliaCouncilfortheArts2014, ArtFacts,retrieved15October2014from<http://artfacts.australiacouncil.gov.au/overview/participation-14/ov-fact62/>47Salt,B2014,‘The past is a different country, with a limited palate and fewer conveniences’,TheWeekendAustralian,25-26October2014,p.17.

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Cowra Civilian Internment, Cowra Canowindra Art Project, Cowra, NSW.

Photograph by Mayu Kanamori.

64Solonec,T2012,Overcoming Systemic Discrimination Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples,NSWCommunityLegalCentresConferenceSydney,Australia,Thursday10May2012,retrieved5November2014,<http://www.clcnsw.org.au/public_resource_details.php?resource_id=336>.65Miller,F.A1998,‘Strategicculturechange:Thedoortoachievinghighperformanceandinclusion’,Public Personnel Management,vol.27,no.2,pp.151–160.66Brown,A2011,Making Australia ‘Fairer’: Reform of our Equality Laws,FECCA,retrieved5November2014,<http://www.fecca.org.au/mosaic/archive/mosaic-issue-29-december-2011/making-australia-fairer-reform-of-our-equality-laws>.67AustralianHumanRightsCommission2001,I want respect and equality - Racial Discrimination: National Consultations: Racism and Civil Society,AustralianHumanRightsCommission,retrieved5November2014<https://www.humanrights.gov.au/i-want-respect-and-equality-racial-discrimination-national-consultations-racism-and-civil-society>68Baycan-Levent,T2010,‘DiversityandCreativityasSeedbedsforUrbanandRegionalDynamics’,European Planning Studies,vol.18,no.4,pp.565-594.69Abadie,A&Gardeazabal,J2003,‘Theeconomiccostsofconflict:AcasestudyfortheBasquecountry’,The American Economic Review,vol.93,no.1,pp.113–132.70Balfour,M2000,‘Drama,masculinityandviolence’.Research in Drama Education,vol.5,no.1,pp.9–21.71LongJ,Welch,M,Bramham,P,Butterfield,J,Hyleton,K&Lloyd,E2002,Count me in: the dimensions of social inclusion through culture, media & sport: executive summary,reportfortheDepartmentofCulture,Media&Sport,LeedsMetropolitanUniversity,Leeds.72Fraser,K.D&alSayah,F2011,‘Arts-basedmethodsinhealthresearch:Asystematicreviewoftheliterature’,Arts & Health,vol.3,no.2,pp.110–145.73Leichner,P,Lagarde,E&Lemaire,C2014,‘WindowstoDiscover:Asociallyengagedartsprojectaddressingisolation’,Arts & Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice,vol.6,no.1,pp.90-97.

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Lewis McDonald, emerging from the deep, Hydro+Graphy Project, Streaky Bay, 2014.

Photograph by Mark Tipple.

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