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Social & Emotional Development
Social & Emotional Development
Chapter 10
Processes in Social Behavior -Social Behavior
as Operant Interactions
Processes in Social Behavior -Social Behavior
as Operant Interactions : Bert's Contingency: Sees Ernie → "Hi Ernie" → E. smiles
Sd → R → S+r ( Setting Event = Walking along) Ernie's Contingency: "Hi Ernie“ → E smiles→ Bert Smiles Sd → R → S+r (Setting Event = In a good mood)
The Function of Social Behavior
The Function of Social Behavior
Phylogenic Contributions to Social Development
Phylogenic Contributions to Social Development
Physical CharacteristicsSocial Reflexes– Facial Expressions– Reflexive Crying
Neonatal Imitation
Ontogenic ContributionsOntogenic Contributions
Social BehaviorsReinforcementProximityAttentionAffectionObservational Learning
Social ReinforcementSocial Reinforcement
Secondary ReinforcersPaired with Primary Reinforcers
ProximityProximity
Reinforcer - The nearness of you
AttentionAttention
Mand for Mom– Verbal behavior reinforced by mom doing
somethingWays of Reducing Mands for Attention
Ways of Reducing Mands for Attention
Ways of Reducing Mands for Attention
DRO – Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior– Incompatible response technique– Strengthens more desirable behavior– Doesn’t produced deprivation of reinforcer
Positive (Presentation) Punishment – Not recommended– Ethical? Escape
Negative Punishment (By Loss) (Weak if delayed)– Loss of privileges– Time-out
AffectionAffection
Usually reinforces desirable behavior
Observational LearningTraditional ApproachedObservational LearningTraditional Approached
Distinction between– Learning– Performance
Direct reinforcement affects performance
Vicarious consequences affect learning– Vicarious reinforcement– Vicarious punishment
An Operant Approach to Observational LearningAn Operant Approach to Observational Learning Generalized imitation– Imitation (matching form of response) a response
class– Class assembled because some (not all) matching
behaviors are reinforced– Counterimitation – reinforced for different behavior
than model– So called “vicarious reinforcement” is actually an
Sd cuing operant matching behavior
Observational Learning of Respondents - Emotional
Behavior
Observational Learning of Respondents - Emotional
BehaviorOther’s emotional response serves as
UCS for emotional response (UCR)Stimulus (NS) paired with other’s
emotional response (UCS) becomes CS producing emotional response (CR)
Prosocial Transactions - Intuitive Parenting
Prosocial Transactions - Intuitive Parenting
1. Creating and maintaining an awake state. 2. Presenting a simple structure of stimuli and
learning trials. 3. Providing a large number of repetitions of
trials. 4. Gradually ordering of tasks so that there is
increasing complexity. 5. Using adequate reinforcers. 6. Being sensitive to feedback signals
indicating the child's limits of tolerance.
Social Behaviors in InfancySocial Behaviors in Infancy
Attachment Separation Protests Touch Fear Social Referencing Sibling Rivaly Empathy Morality
AttachmentAttachment
Organized pattern of behavior directed toward one or more individuals.
Result of phyologenic & ontogenic factors
Ontogenic – reinforcement of proximity, imitation, and identification behaviors16
Reinforcement of Separation Protests
Reinforcement of Separation Protests
Loss of primary caregiver results in loss of reinforcers– extinction burst
Study by Gewirtz & Pelaez-Nogueras Baseline- noncontingent reinforcement—
protests were low Contingent reinforcement by mothers of
protests – protests increase Noncontingent (reversal) – Protest decrease
Social ReferencingSocial Referencing
Separation ProtestsGewirtz & Pelaez-Nogureras
(1996)
Separation ProtestsGewirtz & Pelaez-Nogureras
(1996)
The Power of TouchThe Power of Touch
Touch-No Touch: (N=(8) Syncrhronized Reinforcement
Touch-No Touch: (N=(8) Syncrhronized Reinforcement
Fear of DarkFear of Dark
Fear of StrangersFear of Strangers
Infant Carrying PositionsInfant Carrying Positions
Facing Inward Facing Outward
MoralityMorality
Direct Contingency-shaped behavior Rule-governed behavior Learns difference between – Immediate direct consequences– Remote, delayed, indirect consequences
Tracking – tracking or following actual contingencies rather than just follow rules
Pliance – complying with the rules in spite of discrepancies with actual contingencies.
MoralityBehavior-Analytic Approach
MoralityBehavior-Analytic Approach
An increasingly sophisticated repertoire of behaviors to further one’s long-term interests based on predicted outcomes.
An organized system of rule governed behavior that controls behavior patterns that society considers “moral”.
Develops from the interaction of the child and environment in active interaction.
Context is crucial
A Cognitive View of MoralityKohlberg’s Theory
A Cognitive View of MoralityKohlberg’s Theory
Moral Reasoning (Not necessarily behavior) Level I – Preconventional Morality– Stage 1) Tangible consequences– Stage 2) Hedonistic get rewards/avoid pun
Level II - Conventional Morality– Stage 3) Follows rules to get social approval– Stage 4) Follow conventional rules to support
social order Level III – Postconventional Morality– Stage 5) Have a social contract to do what is right– Stage 6) Universal principles of justice,
democracy, etc.
Taxonomy of Moral Rules(Pelaez & Moreno)
Taxonomy of Moral Rules(Pelaez & Moreno)
Explicit vs. ImplicitAccurate vs. Inaccurate (false or
inconsistent)Complex (multiple contingencies) vs.
Simple (single contingency)Other vs. Self-Derived source 16 possible combinations.
Development of Rule Compliance & Self-Instruction
Development of Rule Compliance & Self-Instruction
1. Early – Parents prompt & reinforce compliance to simple rules.
2. Generalized compliance (rule following becomes response class).
3. Others (e.g., teachers, grandparents) add rules. Child learns to discriminate which rules will have consequences.
4. Adults prompt child to give own rules (self-instruction).
5. Self-instruction generalizes to novel situations – Generalized self-instruction.
Morality- KohlbergMorality- Kohlberg
Morality – A TaxonomyMorality – A Taxonomy