Social Development: Attachment andlack of a “primary caretaker”

• Lorenz, 1935 - Imprinting ( ethology )

• Harlow, 1953 - Surrogate mothers in rhesus monkeys ( video: Harlow’s studies)

• Spitz, 1940

• Goldfarb, 1958

• Skeels, 1966

• Bowlby, 1969 - predisposition

• Ainsworth, 1973 - Strange Situation Test

• Secure, resistant, avoidant patterns

• Stranger anxiety ( 6-8 mo.)

• Seperation anxiety ( 10-11 mo.)

• Oxytocin - limbic system ( cingulate cortex )

Erikson’s stages of social development

Videos: Early Socialization, Rage of Innocents

Erikson’s stages• Basic Trust vs. Mistrust ( oral-1.5yrs)• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (anal,2-3yrs)• Initiative vs. Guilt ( phallic,3-6yrs. Oedipus)• Competence vs. Inferiority ( latency,6-puperty)• Identity vs. Identity Diffusion ( genital,adolesc.)• Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adult)• Productivity vs. Stagnation (middle adult)• Integrity vs. Despair (aging, retirement)• Freud - psychosexual development• Neo-Freudian (e.g., Erikson)

Piaget (1896-1980)• A. Sensory-motor learning (birth-2 years) phase• B. Conceptual intelligence (2 years-adult) phase (a)

preoperational (2-7 years) stage

1. preconceptual period (2-4 years)

2. intuitive thinking period (4-7 years) (b) concrete operational (7-12 years) stage

(c) formal operations (12-adult) stage• Definition: intelligence= ability to adapt to environment• Schema: internalized way of organizing and adapting to the

environment

Sensory-motor Phase ( birth- 2years)

• 1. Reflex period (0-2 months) 2. Primary circular reactions (2-4 months) 3. Secondary circular reactions (4-6 months) 4. Coordination of secondary reactions (7-10 months) 5. Tertiary circular reactions (11-18 months) 6. Invention new strategies by mental combinations (18-24 months)

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

• Assimilation, accommodation 1. Preconceptual period (2-4 years) 2. Intuitive thinking period (4-7 years)

• Precepts, egocentric, centered

Concrete Operational Stage(7-12 YEARS)

• Conservation problem: decenter, reversible serialization

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Stage of Formal Operations(12 years-)

• Hypothesis, abstract reasoning

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• Vygotsky- sociocultural influences on cognition; language (inner speech)

Video: Cognitive dev., Vygotsky

Moral DevelopmentPiaget: objective (before 7) moral realism (egocentric);

subjective (after 7) autonomous justice

Kohlberg: dimensions

1. Intentionality

2. Relativism

3. Independence of sanctions

4. Reciprocity

5. Restitution and reform

• Video: Moral Dev

Kohlberg’s six types