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First Civilizations:
Social Complexity and The Need for Order
CULTURE
A people’s unique way of life Common Practices= work, food,
clothing, tools, technology, sports, customs
Shared Understanding= language symbols, religion, values, art, political beliefs
Social Organization= family, class and caste, Relationships, economics, government, view of authority
Humans Interact with Nature
Nomads- mobile people who moved from place to place in search of food.
Hunter-Gatherers- nomads whose food supply depended on plants
Agricultural Revolution A.K.A. Neolithic revolution Shift from gathering to food-producing
one of the greatest achievements in human history)
grow crops (cultivation) raise animals (domestication) ******** this led to the development of
civilization
Civilization Develops
Five Characteristics: Advanced Cities Specialized workers Complex Institutions Record Keeping Improved Technology
Ancient River CivilizationsFertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, China, and Africa
Sumer Becomes the Babylonian Empire
Where- Mesopotamian Region between the Tigris and Euphrates River “Fertile Crescent”
World’s fi
rst EMPIRE-
the bringing to
gether
of peoples f
rom
different natio
ns and
cultures u
nder one
ruler
Characteristics of Mesopotamian societies:
Polytheistic
King was an absolute monarch-
Based on Agriculture and Trade
Slavery was common
Babylonian Empire
Most important ruler= Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code= first written
system of law (an eye for an eye)- Applied to everyone, but
punishments were based on social class
Why would Hammurabi want a written code of laws?
Preamble to Hammurabi’s Code
“…to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak…”
What does this say about the role of government?
UPPER EGYPT
LOWER EGYPT
Nubia down
here
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian Society
Pharaohs= Egyptian “god” kings Government= Theocracy Pyramids= tombs for their pharaohs Religion= polytheistic Women could own property Contributions= hieroglyphics
(writing), papyrus (paper) calendar, math, medicine
Mediterranean TradersMinoans, Phoenicians, and Development of Writing
Minoans2000-1400 BC
Known for art and culture Influenced Ancient Greece Relatively peaceful Women seem to have held high
ranks Sacrifices to gods were common Ended (probably) due to natural
disasters that weakened their defenses
Phoenicians
Powerful Mediterranean Traders- city states & colonies connected through trade routes
Traded wine, weapons, metals, ivory and slaves, dye
Alphabets- symbols to represent sounds
Importance of Writing
Cave paintings Earliest form of
writingPrimarily based on
religionRecorded events of
daily life
Importance of Writing
HieroglyphicsEgyptSymbols stand for words or soundsRosetta Stone
Importance of Writing
Cuneiform Syrians and
Babylonians“wedge”- shaped
tool used on soft clay
Few artifacts have survived
Importance of Writing
Phoenician alphabetSymbols represent
soundsEasier to learn-
increased literacyAdopted by the
GreeksLater the Arabic (our
alphabet)
The HebrewsReligion and Development
Polytheism & Monotheism
Poly- many
Mono- one
Zoroastrians- first group to practice monotheism
Zoroaster- Persian philosopher
? = Why should so much pain and suffering exist in the world?▪ Zoroastrianism- monotheistic religion▪ Earth is a battle ground between good and evil▪ People take place in the struggle▪ Their god will judge people at the end of time▪ Ideas of Satan and angels are found in
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam▪ Some in Iran and India still follow this faith
Hebrews: Terms to know
Monotheism- belief in one God Canaan- location of Hebrew
settlement between the Jordan River and Med. Sea first settled in 1800 B.C.
Torah- 1st 5 books of the Hebrew Bible
Abraham- “father” of Hebrew people- wandered between Canaan and Egypt
The Covenants
First= Abraham promised to obey God and God promised to protect him and his descendants
Second= The Ten commandments The basis of civil and religious laws of Judaism
Exodus- Hebrews fled Egypt under the direction of Moses, wandered for 40 years, then settled in Canaan into 12 tribes
1020 BC – 922 BC
United under three kings: Saul, David, and Solomon
Solomon was most powerful Beautified Jerusalem Built a temple to hold the Ark of the Covenant
(held the Ten commandments)
Problem= high taxes and forced labor led to division after his death
Captivity and Invasions
Tribute- taxes paid by a weaker nation to a stronger in the hopes on ensuring that the stronger would not attack Assyria conquered Israel’s capital
(Samaria) Babylonians conquered Judah’s capital
(Jerusalem) Empires- Persians, Greeks and Romans
Changes on the Indian SubcontinentAryan Invasion, Religion, and the Golden Age
INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONS
Natural barriers for protection Largest Mountains (Himalayan
Mountains ) to the north Large desert to the east
River Valleys Ganges flows into the Bay of Bengal and
the Indus flows into the Arabian Sea Carry water for irrigation and silt for
fertilization
Indus Valley Maps
This
is it!
Ganges River
Indus River
FertileRiver Valley
More about the Indus Valley
Sometimes called Harappan civilizations
Very advanced cities (grid plans, raised land, plumbing system)
Language= over 400 symbols- hard to decipher
Trade and religion are believed to have been important
Probably ended due to drought or damaged soil and Aryan invasions
The Indo-Europeans
Nomads from between the Black and Caspian seas-
Horses, Chariots, animal herders Divided into different language
groups English, Sanskrit, Persian, Spanish,
German Why might they have migrated???
The Aryans
Migrated into and shaped modern day India
Vedas- volumes of sacred literature including prayers, hymns, spells and ritual instructions
Pastoral people- counted their wealth in cows
Aryans:The Caste/Varna System
Social structure Very strict- no upward movement Three original social classes
Brahmins- priests Warriors Peasants and traders
Interaction with others led to more Shudras- laborers who did work the Aryans did
not want to do Varna= skin color
Aryans: Epics and Religion
Epic= long narrative poems
Mahabharata- retell struggles Aryans encountered as they migrated southward
Polytheistic
Terms to know about Hinduism
Moksha- Hindu belief in release from this world
Reincarnation- rebirth of a soul or spirit until moksha is achieved
Karma- good or bad deeds
Terms to know about Buddhism Buddha- Enlightened one Enlightenment- wisdom Nirvana- release of selfishness and pain Four Noble Truths
Suffering and sorrow Selfish desires cause the suffering End desires will end suffering Follow the eight fold path
Hinduism, Buddhism and other religions develop
Workbook page 9: Complete the chart for Hinduism and Buddhism
focusing on Origin Key beliefs Societal beliefs Leader or founder (may not be available) “view” of death or “after-life”
Use the text-book to complete the chart- finish for homework
Warm-up Activity
You are a merchant selling cloth in a market. A customer walks into your shop and you fear he is one of the emperor’s inspectors or tax collectors. He whispers to you, “will you spy on other weavers and report if they are paying the proper taxes or selling inferior cloth?” You contemplate your options knowing that you will be paid four years’ earnings for your service.
1. What will you do?2. Is it right for the government to spy on its
own people3. What kinds of tensions might exist in this
society- where neighbor spies on neighbor?
4. Is there a time when spying is ethical?
India’s First Empire
Mauryan Ancient India- area was divided
into small kingdoms Chandragupta Maurya was a
great military general who seized power and began the Mauryan Empire.
Chandragupta fought the Greek general Seleucus I (Alexander’s general who inherited this land) and defeated him.
Chandragupta’s Accomplishments
Raised a great army600,000 foot soldiers30,000 cavalry9,000 elephants (ancient tanks)
How did he pay for this stuff…TAXES- extremely high taxes
Farmers paid up to ½ the value of their crops to the king
Chandragupta’s Government
Relied on his adviser to assist him
Tough policies to hold the empire togetherSpying on the peoplePolitical assassinationLarge bureaucracyDivided the empire
4 provinces- headed by a royal prince
Local districts- officials assessed taxes and enforced laws
Chandragupta’s Successor
His son ruled for 32 years and then his grandson, Ashoka, ruled.
Characteristics of Ashoka’s ruleFirst- followed grand-dad’s
ideasAdopted Buddha's ideas of
peace to all beingsReligious toleration and
nonviolenceImproved communication-
roads
India’s Second Empire
Gupta EmpireLeaders-
Chandra Gupta- rose through marriage
Samudra Gupta- expanded through 40 years of conquest
Chandra Gupta II- spread of arts, religion and science
Daily Life in the Gupta Empire
Most lived in small villages and were farmersExtended families worked
together to grow cropsDrought was common- tax on
water and required 1 day work to maintain irrigation for the village
Craftspeople and merchants lived in towns above their shops
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
BuddhismFocus in past= strive for NirvanaBuddha did not desire to be worshipped-
this was after his deathNew focus= good works in place of
Nirvan- this offered salvation to all Hinduism
Focus in past= polytheism, priests had contact with the gods
New focus= trend toward monotheism, which helped it have growth and more appeal
Achievements: Art & Literature
Poetry- most famous poet was Kalidasa
Writing schools- famous for Tamil poetry
Drama- especially in southern India
Dance- still survive today
Advancement: Trade
Rich in resources- spices, gems, woods, pearls, etc to trade with others
Land-trade= built trading posts along the silk roads and acted as middle-men between the east and west
Sea trade= traveled to the east, brought back spices and goods, met Roman traders in India AND traded African goods with the east
Increased trade led to the rise of banking and charging of interest rates
Achievements: Astronomy
Sparked by the expansion of trade
Stars were used for navigation
Borrowed calendar- seven day week based on the sun from the Greeks
Time- divided days into hours (also from the Greeks)
Believed the earth was round (eclipse showed this)
Advancements: Mathematics
Invented modern numerals, decimal and zero
Calculated pi to 4 decimal places
Calculated the length of the solar year to close to accurate measure
Advancements: Medicine
Medical guide= descriptions of more than 1,000 diseases
Medicinal guide= 500 plants used as medicines
Performed surgeriesPossible gave injections of
medications
Chinese River CivilizationsUnification, Culture, Dynasties and Empires
CHINESE RIVER CIVILIZATIONS
Grew along rivers
Challenges= disastrous floods, lack of trade due to geographic location
natural barriers (mountains, deserts, etc) offered some protection from invasions
Ancient Chinese Culture
Writing= 50,000 characters Family= center of Chinese society Society was divided into nobles and
peasants Ancestor worship= ancestors could
bring good fortune or disaster to the family
Governmental Organization Mandate of Heaven= belief that a
ruler had the right to rule granted by the gods (divine approval), unless he did something evil or wicked
Dynastic cycle= used to justify conquests or overthrow of poor leaders when they lost the mandate
Feudalism= king gives some leadership to nobles in areas as a way to control and unify the large empire
The Unification of China
Confucius- lived during the decline of the Zhou dynasty
(disorder and violence) Desired a return to peace and morality Social order, harmony and government
could exist if society was organized and regulated by a code of conduct between:▪ Ruler and subject▪ Father and son▪ Husband and wife▪ Older and younger brothers▪ Friend and friend
More about Confucianism and other systems
Filial Piety= respect for parents or ancestors- devoting self to parents for your lifetime
Legalism- believed that order could be restored by a highly efficient and powerful government Believed in controlling ideas and actions Stressed rewards for obedient followers and harsh
punishment for the disobedient
Yin and Yang- search for harmony in nature and relationships Yin- cold, dark, soft and mysterious Yang- warm, bright, hard and clear
Qin Dynasty
Emerged and used legalism to subdue warring states and control nobles
Government Autocracy- government with unlimited power
that uses it in an arbitrary manner forced noble families to serve in the
government and seizing their land Completed the Great Wall of China- forced
labor!
Down fall of the Quin Dynasty
Beliefs Strengthen the trunk, weaken the
branches under the Qin Confucian ideals were crushed, millions of their followers were murdered, books were burned
Weaknesses Fell to the Han (peasants) who revolted
due to the hatred they had because of the forced labor required by the dynasty on the Great Wall of China
China: The Han Emperors
Unrest, ineffective leaders and civil war- small kingdoms trying to get more land and power
Military leader: Liu Bang came to power and restored order and began the Han Dynasty that lasted more than 400 years.
The most influential dynasty in china- today some people call themselves: People of the Han.
Society Under the Han
Emperor- strong central governmentKing- GovernorState officials- noble scholarsPeasantsArtisans- MerchantsSoldiersSlavesWhat is different about this when
compared to other societal structures?
Beliefs and Government
The emperor: semi-divine had connections to heavenServed as a link between heaven
and earth (mandate of heaven)Government Policies
levied BIG taxes forced labor for 1 month forced military service for 1
month
Confucius and the Government
Why: 130,000 govt employees What: “Gentlemen should practice,
reverence, respect, generosity, truthfulness, diligence and kindness.”
How: To apply for a job you had to pass a test
about Confucius’ teachingsTo pass you had to study ConfuciusAnyone could do this- stayed in effect until
1912!
Han Technology
Main invention- paper around 105 ADResults of paper= improved
education, more books, accurate govt records
Agriculture- important b/c of populationCollar harness- horse became more
productiveDouble-bladed plowOther stuff: wheelbarrow, hydro-
power mills to grind corn
Han Commerce & Culture
Government created monopoliesSalt mining, forging iron, minting coins,
brewing alcoholSilk mills- most valuable commodity
was SILK Silk Roads- started in China- went
through Asia to India- went on to Rome.
Role of Women- Devoted to families, mostly uneducated- some wealthy women did receive educations, others became nuns
The Fall of the Han Dynasty
The Han ruled for 200 years, had a brief interruption for 23 years then ruled for another 200 years.
Reasons for the fall: Political instability- the poor were overtaxed
and overworked Political instability- the people were trying to
gain power Economic instability- large land owners had to
pay little taxes- land was divided up among generations.
The empire broke into three rival kingdoms
The Tang Dynasty
1. Lasted from 618-9072. Empress Wu Zhao named herself
emperor and expanded the empire into the rest of China and Korea- regained land lost after the fall of the Han Dynasty
3. She is the only woman in Chinese history to do this!
Tang Accomplishments
Strong Central Government Expanded Roads and the Grand
Canal Promoted Trade Improvements in agriculture Revived the Confucian Civil Service
examination system
The Fall of the Tang Dynasty
1. Taxes were increased due to the large government around 700
2. Invading Muslim Armies3. Border attacks and internal
rebellions4. China was divided into separate
kingdoms ruled by warlords
Taizu Reunites China- the Song Dynasty
1. Lasted about 3 centuries (960 – 1279)
2. Never able to reunite all of China, but set up a government in southern china
3. Accomplishments: Strong economy and large economic growth
Prosperity and Innovation During the Tang and Song Dynasties
1. Science & Technology- Block printing (Tang) then movable type (Song), gunpowder- first used to scare away evil spirits, magnetic compass- allowed for more sea trade, porcelain
2. Agriculture- rice cultivation (two crops each year)
3. Trade and Foreign Contacts- Guarded silk roads, built large port cities, and influenced other groups
4. Poetry & Art- paintings of nature5. Acupuncture6. Paper Currency
Changes in Society
1. A new upper class, gentry, emerged who achieved status through education and civil service
2. Status and role of womenWere always subservient to menTreatment was worse in citiesCustom of foot binding- display of wealth and status
More on Foot Binding
The Americas and AfricaSocieties, Achievements and Migration
Geography of the African Continent Second largest in the world- 4,600 miles
from east to west and 5,000 miles from north to south
Narrow coastline, plateau, water falls, rapids, few harbors or natural ports
Sahara Desert- Stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean- Covers an area ½ the size of the US- Unsuitable to sustain human life- Hampers movement
*** This kept them isolated from Europeans.
The Coast-line of Western Africa
Africa’s Early Inhabitants
Nomadic, hunter-gatherers (Pastoralists)
Agriculture improved the way people lived:
Growing food allowed permanent shelters
Increased food supplies allowed settlements to form complex societies
Primary family groups= parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins
Traditions
Religion- Animist believe in one creator, spirits are present in plants, animals or natural forces
Griots helped keep traditions alive and recorded history through story-telling and passing from parent to child
Syncretism- blending of Christian, Muslim and Traditional beliefs.
International Culture- Religion
Traditional beliefs= one god- kings were descendents of and Animists
New religion= Christianity adopted by King Ezana
New religion= Islam spread to the coasts through trade
The Bantu Migrations
Migration= permanent move of people from one country or region to another
People migrate for various reasons which fit into three categories
Political Economic Environmental
The Push-Pull Factors
Causes of migration also fit into two groups
Push- reasons why people leave a region- usually negative- drought, unemployment, persecution
Pull- reasons why people go to a region- usually positive- abundant resources, job opportunities, religious freedoms.
Effects of Migration
May be positive: cultural blending, shared ideas or technology, improved quality of life
May be negative: clashes between groups, depletion of resources, unemployment, poverty, etc.
Historical Migration- The Bantu One way experts trace migration is
through language The Bantu languages (more than
900) are spoken by 1/3 of all Africans Swahili- blending of African-Bantu
and Arabic languages Bantu means “the people”
Bantu Migrations, cont.
Reason they migrated (probably) due to slash and burn agriculture- depletion of soil or drought
Migration route- South-east from the center of Africa along the Congo River
Spread the use of slash and burn agriculture and iron tools
Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
Mesoamerica stretches from central Mexico to northern Honduras.
Olmec- first civilization builders; 1200 B.C. in southern Mexico
Built pyramids, statues, and monuments to worship a variety of nature gods
Established trade network in Mesoamerica
Olmec civilization fell by 400 B.C.
Culture of the Americas
Maya Inca Aztec Government Economy Religion Art Rise and Fall
*Mini-Project Break- Mesoamerican Scrapbook