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Social Cognitive ViewIntegrates Social Learning
and Cognitive Theories• Reciprocal determinism
• Self-regulation
• Expectancy values & self-efficacy
Reciprocal Determinism
• BehaviorismEnvironment Person
• Social learning theory Person
Environment-1 Environment-2 Environment-3
Person Environment
Self-Regulation
• Delay of gratification
• Emotion regulation
• Limitations of self-regulation
Delay of gratification
• Children are given the choice:
– Small reward now
– Large reward later
• How long can children can wait?
• What strategies are used?
Delay of Gratification as Predictor
• Delay of gratification at age four can predict competence in adolescence:– social competence – cognitive competence– scholastic achievement (SAT)– coping with frustration
• What is DOG based on?– Impulse inhibition?– General intelligence?
Strategies for Delay of Gratification
Waiting is easy if ...• … reward is hidden• … you think distracting thoughts • … you think of physical aspects of non-reward
(think of a pretzel while waiting for a cookie)• … you see only a picture of the reward:
– Waiting is easy if real reward is imagined as picture– Waiting is difficult if picture is imagined as real
• Regulation of Attention seems to be central!
Emotion RegulationDefinition:
• Any process that increases, decreases or modifies emotions
• Relevant for any aspect of emotion Experience Behavior Physiology
• Can be conscious or unconscious.
Possible points of regulation:1. Situation selection2. Situation modification3. Attention direction4. Cognitions / attributions5. Modulating responses
– Experience
– Behavior
– Physiology
Comparison Between Strategies for Emotion Regulation (Gross)
Suppression1. reducing expressive behavior:2. “control your expression so that nobody
could tell what you are feeling”
Reappraisal1. cognitive reframing2. “think about the situation in a way that
reduces the emotion”
Success of Different Strategies
• Both strategies reduce expressive behavior
• Reappraisal reduces the experience of negative emotion
• Suppression increases physiological responding
Limitations of Self-Regulation
Baumeister: “Strength” model of self-regulation
• Self-regulation requires effort
• Capacity for self-regulation is a limited resource
• High demands on self-regulation will be followed by a period of reduced capacity
Evidence for the “Strength” model of self-regulation:
• Regulating emotional response to an upsetting film resulted in reduced hand-grip strength afterward
• Trying to ‘not think about a white bear” led to:– reduced persistence at solving anagrams
afterward– poorer suppression of amusement during
a funny film afterwards