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Social cognition
Explanations of Prejudice
Learning Objectives
To understand what psychologists mean by the term prejudice.
To know and understand 3 theories of prejudice.
To evaluate 3 theories of prejudice.
Three Explanations of prejudice
Competition for resources (Sherif). Social Identity theory (Tajfel). Authoritarian personality (Adorno).
Starter
In pairs can you define the term prejudice?
What do you think the difference is between prejudice and discrimination?
Can you think of any reasons why people display prejudiced attitudes?
Definitions
Prejudice – an unjustified or incorrect attitude (positive or negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership or a group.
Discrimination – Behaviour or actions (positive or negative) towards an individual or a group of people.
Prejudice
Most research has focussed on the negative attitudes and behaviours since these are often a source of conflict in society.
It is often assumed that there is a direct link between prejudice and discrimination, however, this is not always the case.
Categories of Prejudice
One of the most common forms of prejudice is racism.
Can you identify 2 other forms of prejudice?
Categories of prejudice
Sexism – e.g. A woman’s place is in the home.
Ageism – e.g. Not employing older people for jobs they could do.
Homophobism – e.g. Refusing to serve a homosexual or lesbian couple in a public house.
Realistic conflict theory
Prejudice is caused by social processes occurring between groups of people
Prejudice causes changes in individual thinking (e.g. stereotyping) but these are strongly linked to group processes
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Theories of Prejudice
Competition for resource(Summary)
Competition for Resources - Sherif
Prejudice arises when two or more social groups compete for the same scarce/valued resource Inbuilt tendency to favour in-group
members; become hostile toward out-group members
Deny resources to out-group thereby ensuring greater share for in-group/self
Competition for Resources
Sherif et al (1961): the ‘Robber’s Cave’ study Competition & conflict artificially stimulated
between two groups of boys at a summer camp Resulted in negative stereotyping of out-group;
hostile and aggressive acts toward out-group members
Prejudice persisted even after competition ended
TASK: Read through the study and answer the questions that follow.
Competition for Resources
Questions over the validity of the Robber’s Cave study: Unrepresentative samples (US American
boys; limited numbers)? Contrived & artificial situation?
Competition does not always create prejudice (e.g. Tyerman & Spencer’s study with UK scouts)
Competition for Resources - Evaluation
Predicts that prejudice should intensify during times of economic hardship. This confirmed many times: Dollard (1938) prejudice against German
immigrants in US town increased as jobs grew scarce
Jacobs & Landau (1971) US prejudice against Chinese increased & decreased in line with prosperity & competition
Competition for Resources - Evaluation
Competition certainly increases prejudice. However: Prejudice can exist in the absence of
competition (e.g. apartheid South Africa) Competition does not automatically lead to
prejudice; it depends on the nature & relationship of the groups involved (Tyerman & Spencer, 1983)
Evaluation Task
Read through the evaluative point on your handout and identify whether it is a strength or limitation of the theory.
Theories of Prejudice
Social Identity Theory(Summary)
Social identity theory
Prejudice is caused by social processes occurring between groups of people
It happens because of the way our sense of self (identity) is determined by the groups we belong to
Social identity theory
We derive our identity in part from the social groups we belong to (culture, religion, profession, football team…) Consequently, we feel better about
ourselves when we feel good about our social groups
We get to feel good about our social groups by comparing them favourably with other groups
Social identity theory
Prejudice is a strategy for achieving & maintaining self-esteem: We will tend to be biased towards in-group
members and against out-group members We will pay more attention to criteria that
make our in-groups look better than the out-group
Social identity theory
Tajfel et al (1982) assigned schoolboys to ‘meaningless’ groups; allowed them to allocate points/money to own & other group PPs always chose a strategy that would
allocate less to other group than to own even when this meant getting less overall for their own group
Shows in-group bias in the absence of competition & with only a ‘minimal group’
Social identity theory
Favouritism towards in-group: Levine et al (2005) – Man-U & Liverpool
fans more likely to help an injured person if wearing own team’s colours
Football fans – self-esteem linked to team performance; tendency to denigrate other teams/fans (esp. if local); tendency to emphasise other ways of being superior if team doing poorly (e.g. ‘Chelsea fans are glory hunters, not real fans’ etc.)
Social identity theory
Plenty of support for main propositions. Two main problems: Tendency to favour in-group may be
culturally specific, not universal (Wetherall, 1982)
Most studies show bias towards in-group – not necessarily the same thing as prejudice
Theories of Prejudice
Authoritarian Personality(summary)
Authoritarian personality
Prejudice is caused by psychological processes within the individual
Prejudiced people have a particular personality type
Authoritarian personality
Personality traits: Status oriented Conventional and conformist Suspicious & hostile
Caused by: Harsh and punitive upbringing resulting in
repressed hostility towards parents – this is displaced onto ‘inferior’ people
Authoritarian personality
Adorno et al (1950) Developed attitude scales to measure
authoritarianism (F-Scale), anti-Semitism & ethnocentrism
Found significant +ve correlations: F-Scale w/anti-Semitism: +0.8 F-Scale w/ethnocentrism: +0.65
Shows strong relationship between authoritarianism & prejudice
Authoritarian personality
Problems with Adorno et al’s research: F-Scale consisted only of positive items –
response bias? Theory developed using projective attitude
measures – researcher bias? Correlation does not prove causation –
authoritarianism & prejudice may occur together, but it doesn’t follow that one causes the other
Authoritarian personality
Problems with the theory: Prejudice within a society can change very
quickly – e.g. Germany in 1930s, US following Pearl Harbor – not consistent with Adorno’s idea that prejudice always goes back to childhood.
Cannot easily account for prejudice affecting large groups/whole societies e.g. South Africa under apartheid