SUB Hamburg

B/116885 ,

The Broadview Anthology of

Social and Political Thought

ESSENTIAL READINGSAncient, Modern, and Contemporary Texts

GENERAL EDITORS/o;

Andrew Bailey ;o •' 'Samantha Brennan 'mWill Kymlicka V %Jacob Levy ^v-Alex SagerClark Wolf "

broadview press

ContentsPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xv

Thucydides iHistory of the Peloponnesian War, 2.40: Pericles' Funeral Oration 1

Plato 5Apology 11Crito '.'. .....' 23The Republic 29

Book 1 29Book 2 45from Book 3 59from Book 4 62from Book 5 75from Book 7 90Book 8 ! 93from Book 9 107

Aristotle 113Nicomachean Ethics 119

from Book I 119from Book 2 122

Politics '. '. '.' ., 128Book 1 128Book 2 '. 138Book 3 : 154Book 4 170from Book 5 184from Book 7 . , 190

Niccolo Machiavelli 195The Prince (written 1513, published 1532) 198

Dedication 198Chapter 5: Concerning the way to govern cities or principalities which lived under their

own laws before they were annexed 198Chapter 6: Concerning new principalities which are acquired through one's own arms

and ability 199Chapter 7: Concerning new principalities which are acquired either through the arms of

others or by good fortune '. 200Chapter 8: Concerning those who have obtained a principality through wickedness 203Chapter 9: Concerning a civil principality '. 205Chapter 10: Concerning the way in which the strength of all principalities ought to be

measured 207Chapter 11: Concerning ecclesiastical principalities 207Chapter 12: Of the different types of troops and mercenaries 208Chapter 13: Concerning auxiliary, mixed, and citizen soldiers 211

viii THE BROADVIEW ANTHOLOGY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT: ESSENTIAL READINGS

Chapter 14: That which concerns a prince on the subject of the art of war 212Chapter 15: Concerning things for which men, and especially princes, are praised or blamed ... 213Chapter 16: Concerning generosity and miserliness 214Chapter 17: Concerning cruelty and mercy, and whether it is better to be loved than

feared 215Chapter 18: Concerning the way in which princes should keep their word 216Chapter 19: That one should avoid being despised and hated 217Chapter 21: How a prince should act in order to gain esteem 221Chapter 22: Concerning princes' advisors 222Chapter 23: How to avoid flatterers 223Chapter 24: Why the princes of Italy have lost their states 224Chapter 2 5: Of fortune's power in human affairs, and how to deal with her 224Chapter 26: An exhortation to liberate Italy from the barbarians 226

Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (1512-17) 2 2 7Niccolo Machiavelli to Zanobi Buondelmonte and Cosima Rucellai 227from First Book 228

Introduction 228Chapter 1: Of the Beginning of Cities in General, and Especially that of the City

of Rome 229Chapter 2: Of the Different Kinds of Republics, and of What Kind the Roman

Republic Was 231from Second Book 233

Introduction 233Chapter 2: What Nations the Romans Had to Contend against and with What

Obstinacy They Defended Their Liberty 235Chapter 20: Of the Dangers to Which Princes and Republic Are Exposed that Employ

Auxiliary or Mercenary Troops 238Chapter 29: Fortune Blinds the Minds of Men When She Does Not Wish Them to

Oppose Her Designs 239from Third Book 240

Chapter 9: Whoever Desires Constant Success Must Change His Conduct with the Times ... 240Thomas Hobbes 242

Leviathan (1660) 248The Introduction 248Part 1: Of Man 249

Chapter 10: Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honor, and Worthiness 249Chapter 11: Of the Difference of Manners 254Chapter 13: Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity

and Misery 258Chapter 14: Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts 261Chapter 15: Of Other Laws of Nature 266Chapter 16: Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated 273

Part 2: Of Commonwealth 276Chapter 17: Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth 276Chapter 18: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by Institution 278Chapter 19: Of the Several Kinds of Commonwealth by Institution and of Succession

to the Sovereign Power 283

CONTENTS ix

Chapter 20: Of Dominion Paternal and Despotical : 289Chapter 21: Of the Liberty of Subjects 293Chapter 26: Of Civil Laws 299Chapter 29: Of Those Things that Weaken or Tend to the Dissolution of a

Commonwealth 310Chapter 30: Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative 316

John Locke : .• 326Preface to the Two Treatises of Government 331

The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) • 332

from A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) 396David Hume 401

Of the Original Contract (1748) 403Jean-Jacques Rousseau ; 413

Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men (1755) 417Preface 422Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men 42 5Appendix 1: Note [On Good and Evil in Human Life] 455Appendix 2: Note [On Human Variety] 459Appendix 3: Note [On the Views of John Locke] 462Appendix 4: Note [On Humans Living in an Intermediate Stage] 464

On the Social Contract or Principles of Political Right (1762) 466Foreword 466Book 1 466Book 2 474Book 3 486Book 4 504

Immanuel Kant 521To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795) 523

"To Perpetual Peace" 523First Section: Which Contains the Preliminary Articles for Perpetual Peace among Nations 524Second Section: Which Contains the Definitive Articles for Perpetual Peace among Nations 5 26Appendix ! 536

Thomas Jefferson 545The Declaration of Independence [as amended and adopted in Congress], July 4, 1776 545

Alexander Hamilton and James Madison -.-..- 548The Federalist No. 9 549

The Federalist No. 10 552

The Federalist No. 51 555

The Federalist No. 78 • 558

Mary Wollstonecraft .! 563

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792) 566Advertisement '. .' 5 68Introduction 569Part 1 571

from Chapter 1: The Rights and Involved Duties of Mankind Considered 571from Chapter 2: The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed 574from Chapter 3: The Same Subject Continued 582

fHE BROADVIEW ANTHOLOGY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT: ESSENTIAL READINGS

from Chapter 4: Observations on the State of Degradation to Which Woman Is Reducedby Various Causes 586

from Chapter 5: Animadversions on Some of the Writers Who Have RenderedWomen Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt 588

from Chapter 6: The Effect Which an Early Association of Ideas Has Upon theCharacter 592

from Chapter 9: Of the Pernicious Effects Which Arise from the UnnaturalDistinctions Established in Society 593

from Chapter 12: On National Education 598from Chapter 13: Some Instances of the Folly Which the Ignorance of Women

Generates; with Concluding Reflections on the Moral Improvement that aRevolution in Female Manners Might Naturally Be Expected to Produce 603

Edmund Burke 604from Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) 606from On "Geographical Morality" 610

Alexis de Tocqueville 611Democracy in America, Book Two, Section 2 (1840) : 611

Chapter 5: On the Use that Americans Make of Public Associations in Civil Life 611Chapter 6: Of the Relation between Associations and Newspapers .'.' .' 613Chapter 7: The Relationship between Civil and Political Associations '. 615Chapter 8: How Americans Combat Individualism with the Principle of Self-interest Rightly

Understood 617Sojoumer Truth 619

Speech Delivered at the Akron, Ohio Convention on Women's Rights, 1851 620As Reported by the Anti-Slavery Bugle, 21 June 1851 620As Reported by ED. Gage for the National Anti-Slavery Standard, 2 May 1863 620

John Stuart Mill 622On Liberty (1859) 627

from Chapter 1: Introductory 627from Chapter 2: Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion : 629from Chapter 3: On Individuality, as One of the Elements of Well-Being 640from Chapter 4: Of the Limits of the Authority of Society over the Individual 643from Chapter 5: Applications 650

Considerations on Representative Government (1861) 652from Chapter 10: Of the Mode of Voting 652Chapter 16: Of Nationality, as Connected with Representative Government 654

Utilitarianism (1863) 658from Chapter 2: What Utilitarianism Is 658from Chapter 3: Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility 661from Chapter 5: On the Connection between Justice and Utility 662

from The Subjection of Women (1869) 668Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 683

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (1844) 692Estranged Labor ; 692Private Property and Communism —-..-.." 699

: ' I • • • . • • : : • • • C O N T E N T S x i

from The German Ideology (1845) :• 706. A. Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular , .:•: 706

Theses on Feuerbach (1845) 716The Communist Manifesto .(1848) '...-. \ : 717

,1. Bourgeois and Proletarians '•'. 7172. Proletarians and Communists : 724

. 3. Socialist, and Communist Literature ;... 1 '...-..; 727Position of the.Communists in Relation.to the Various Existing Opposition Parties 732

Critique of the Gotha Program (1875) 733Friedrich Nietzsche : ':...... • ' 744

• On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) ••: ." 749from First Essay: Good and Evil, Good and Bad >.' 749from Second Essay: Guilt, Bad Conscience and Related Matters: •. v 756

V.I. Lenin •..;•. '... i 771from What Is to Be Done? (1902) 772

W.E.B. DuBois : ..." ;' :..:.. 777• from The Souls of Black Folk (190.3) 778

Chapter 1: Of Our Spiritual Strivings 778Simone de Beauvoir 782

from The Second Sex (1949) 785Isaiah Berlin 796

"Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) 797Frantz Fanon 824

from The Wretched of the Earth (1961) 825Jurgen Habermas 837

A summary of the 1962 work The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, "The PublicSphere" (1973) 838

from The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, "Three Normative Modelsof Democracy" (1996) 842

Martin Luther King, Jr. 849"Letter from Birmingham Jail" (April 16, 1963) 850

John Rawls 859from A Theory of Justice (originally published 1971, revised edition 1999) 862

3. The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice 8624. The Original Position and Justification 8655. Classical Utilitarianism 8676. Some Related Contrasts 87011. Two Principles of Justice 87213. Democratic Equality and the Difference Principle 87514. Fair Equality of Opportunity and Pure Procedural Justice 87915. Primary Social Goods as the Basis of Expectations 88117. The Tendency to Equality 88324. The Veil of Ignorance 887

"The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus" (1987) 890Robert Nozick 906

from Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) 907from Chapter 7: Distributive Justice 907

xii THE BROADVIEW ANTHOLOGY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT: ESSENTIAL READINGS

Michel Foucault 925

from Discipline and Punish (1975) 926Michael J. Sandel 944

"The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self" (1984) 944Susan Moller Okin 953

from Justice, Gender, and the Family (1989) 954Chapter 5: Justice as Fairness: For Whom? 954Chapter 8: Conclusion: Toward a Humanist Justice 966

Iris Young 977from Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990) 977

Chapter 1: Displacing the Distributive Paradigm 977WiUKymlicka 993

from Multicultural Citizenship (1995) 994Chapter 6: Justice and Minority Rights 994

Permissions Acknowledgments i o nIndex of Authors and Titles 1013