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Politics in Bengal in 1906-1947 on the base society and institution
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WELCOME TO OUR
PRESENTATION
SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BASES OF POLITICS (1906-1947)
CONSEQUENCES OF BENGAL PARTITION(1905)
The issues of partition led the Muslims to find the real enemies.Political strategy was to highlight the socio-economic inequalities between two communities.They & we pattern of politics was created by the partition.Political developments from social and institutional points of view were not satisfied.
INADEQUATE STUDIES OF POLITICAL HISTORY Our knowledge of the twentieth-century
political history is woefully inadequate Detailed narrative of the Indian
nationalist movement in the old undivided British province is unavailable
The development of Muslim politics has been neglected
Of late some serious studies on Bengal Muslim politics have been made
MERITS OF SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS Permitting us to say something
logically Analysis of membership &
executive committee An examination of the stated
purposes of institutional Look over the social activities
CHRONOLOGY
1905- partition of Bengal 1906- bringing radical departures, the
mobilization of the congress volunteer brigades, a militant campaign of economic boycott
1912- reunification of Bengal 1918- new leadership of rising star, C.R Das 1925- the tragic early death of Das and splint
ration of congress, repudiation of Bengal pact 1937- appointment of Ak Fazlul Huq as chief
minister of Bengal, leader of krisok proja party 1943- fall of Fazlul Haq & triumph for the
ideals of Muslim league 1947- the final phase ,the Muslim League held
in office in Bengal and the prospect of province within Pakistan was overriding political issue
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY LEAGACY
At the opening Bengal had an extensive network of political institutions
INFLUENCE OF LANDHOLDERS AND BAR ASSOCIATIONS Had a lively political involvement Coordination of activities supplied from
aristocratic and influential British Indian associations
Prominent on the executive committees on the district
Landholders associations representing their interests locally
Availability of chambers of commerce to represent the interest of different class people
THE EQUATION OF NATIONALISM WITH POLITICS Nominally economic, social or religious
institutions are used for political ends Educational politics considered as
obvious area Prominent Local men were engaged in
voluntary educational administration Muslims were only active in madrassa
and moktab College students’ association less
directly involved with politics
CONTRIBUTION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS ASSOCIATION Less directly involved
with politics Private libraries,
reading rooms and cultural societies found in many districts
Concerned with the Hindu cultural heritage of particular localities
Less lively cultural life of Muslims
To highlight this part a word of caution is necessary::: Institutional and social development had not proceeded evenly throughout the province
PHASES
Phase one(1906-
1918)
Phase two(1918-
1926)
Phase three(1926-1937)
Phase four and
five(1937-1947)
PHASE ONE (1906-1918)
REASONS BEHIND CONSIDERING (1906-1918) AS A PHASELord Curzons partition gave an extraordinary boost to politics in Bengal. The time dimension of phase one started after this partition. Some revolutionary events occurred in phase one which are as follows:
Immediate jump in newspaper circulation which results in: Lively journalism in the latter half of nineteenth
century at kolkata. Sufficient expand in readership. Newspaper and periodical offices became the
focal points of political. Dhaka capital of eastern Bengal and Assam was
now able to sustain a daily newspaper. In line with capital mofussal towns intermittently
produced weeklies. Start of some small commercial presses and their
publishers.
Lively Journalism
REASONS BEHIND CONSIDERING (1906-1918) AS A PHASE
Volunteer brigades were organized by the militant congressmen to:
Boycott the stores selling imported cloths.
An increase in buying sawdesi goods. Increase self-help in society.
The ideal of economic self-reliance paralleled by the ideal of national education which has given importance on:
Glorious cultural heritage. Emphasis on technical and physical
education. Establishment of sports club and
gymnasiums. Cultural Heritage Of India
REASONS BEHIND CONSIDERING (1906-1918) AS A PHASE
Clandestine revolutionary summit which includes:
A heady doctrine of political self-sacrifice as a service of Ma Kali.
Training with revolvers and bomb in preparation of attacks upon British.
Linkers between religious tradition and nationalism were jatra and loksongits which spreads in urban areas. The providers of songs and dramas are:
Mukunda Das Dijendralal Ray Atulprashad Sen Jatra
REASONS BEHIND CONSIDERING (1906-1918) AS A PHASE
The social service ideal also played vital role. Its functions in to meet the recurrent disasters were as follows:
Raising funds. Assembling relief supplies. Ministering the needs of the sufferers.
Foundation of all-India and Bengal Presidency Muslim leagues.
It was the first significant muslim institutional innovation in this period.
Anjumans was founded to support the league efforts.
Praying for the success of Muslim League in 1906
PHASE TWO (1918-1926)
BENGAL PROVINCIAL CONGRESS COMMITTEE It was the Bengal branch of the Indian
National congress. The Provincial congress was founded in the year 1920. C.R.Das And his fellow extremists organized an All Bengal Political Conference In kolkata,Acting with their approval they seized control of the BPCC and immediately reconstituted it to provide direct representation for the district association.
By 1921 BPCC had its own office in kolkata.A congress News service dispensed Party propaganda and the congress Volunteers,were at work Throughout the province collecting for the Swaraj Fund.
KHILAFAT COMMITTEE From 1918-
1925,Muslim involve in Indian Nationalists Politics In Bengal. In addition, The Muslim politicians had their own Khilafat committee. These committees had central district in kolkata and branches in every district town.
SWARJIST PARTY After the calling off of the Non-Corporation Movement And The boycott of Legislatures,A group pf leaders of the Indian Congress Led by C R Das and Pandit Motilal Nehru started thinking in favour of entering the legislative council.The annual Session of the Indian National Congress rejected the proposed of council entry. He then formed A party called Swarjist Party.
REMARKABLE SUCCESS OF SWARJIST PARTY
It became the largest single party.
Captured 46 seats out of 139.
C R Das became the leader.
PHASE THREE (1926-1937)
BENGAL PACT(1923) An Agreement aimed at resolving the
question of Hindu-Muslim differences,Chitta Ranjan Das, A man of vision, came forward to take up the task of strengthening relations between Hindu and Muslims. The terms Of the Pact, commonly known as the Bengal Pact, were passed in the meeting of swarjist party held on 16 Dec,1923.The pact also held in the BPCC meeting held on 18DEc,1923.
THE TERMS OF THE PACTRepresentation in the Bengal
legislative Council would be on population besis.
Representation In the Local bodies would be on the proportion of 60%on the majority Community,and 40% to the minority community
Music in procession would not to be allowed.
It was decided that 55% Of the appointment should go to the Muslims.
No resolution or enactment would be allowed without the consent of 75% of the elected members.
No Legislation in respect of Cow killing for food would be taken up in the Council.
Endeavour should be made outside the council to bring about an understanding between two communities.
POSITIVE OUTCOME OF THE BENGAL PACT C R Das was supported in his stance
by a considerable number of Congressman in bengal.
The Latter welcomed the pact wholeheartedly as they thought it was the sensible solution to their problems.
The Muslim Press thanked those Hindu leaders for their greatness in meeting.
OUTCRY OF THE PACT Middle class Bengal Hindus who
opposed the Pact stubbornly.
Surendranath Banerjea and BC Pal were among the Hindu leaders who stood up against the Pact.
The Members of their community accused CR Das of opportunism and even Muslim bias.
REST PART OF PHASE THREE(1926-1937)
EXREMIST ORGANIZATION & BROKE BRITISH CONTROL In violent years activeness of
extremist organizations Fascists and communist parties
model of Bengal agitators Gaining strength and weapons to
engage British police and military Home-grown terrorists extended
network Broke British control and Congress
able to run parallel government
COMMUNAL CONFLICTS & REDUCTION OF DISMAL PICTURE Aggressive Muslim revivalist groups and
Hindu organization`s battle Oppose of cow slaughter and music
before mosque Kolkata`s goonda dal made of politicians
both religion to complete the dismal picture
Experience of Bengali nationalists institution
People of different ages ,ideologies, regions incarceration in British jail
PHASE FOUR & FIVE (1937-1947)
THE DECADES OF POLITICAL EXCITEMENT AND TRAGEDY
POLITICAL EXCITEMENT & ADMINISTRATION OF INDIA
Decades of political excitement and tragedy Some developments and co-operative movement First administration to take office under 1935
Government of India Act Including Krishac praja and Scheduled Caste
parties a new element in Bengal politics Radical legislation gave the support of the host
of Marxist cells Many of young terrorists converted to
communism Their release added to complexity of Bengal
politics
STRUGGLE FOR POWER STRIKING DEVELOPMENT Struggle of rival parties to control trade
unions ,associations and municipalities etc Dual functions of them for lobbying to
protect their corporations In last phase –some strikingly divergent
developments Raising funds and help to organize formal
political parties Skirmished of some private armies of both
religions through1940-1946 The bloodshed ensured partition of Bengal
in 1947
SKIRMISHED & PARTITION OF BENGAL(1947) Many of Marxists had to set work among
Bengal`s proletariat They started campaign for agricultural
rent and tax resistance Militia and vigilant groups organized by
extremists of both religions Skirmished of these private armies of
both religions through1940-1946 The bloodshed ensured partition of
Bengal in 1947
THE SOCIAL BASES OF POLITICS
INDIAN ASSOCIATION SANK INTO INSIGNIFICANCE
After 1918, The Indian association sank into insignificance. But the leadership of the Bengal Congress, which superseded it ,came from Same Bhadrolok status group that had dominated nationalist politics in Bengal Since the late nineteenth century.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BHADROLOK
SUPERIOR GROUPECONOMICALLY DEPENDANTSTAY AWAY FROM THE MASSESSHARING A PRIDESUSTAIN THEIR COMMUNAL INTEGRATION
BENGAL’S TOPOGRAPHY
Hindered easy communication
Shifting river courses
Treacherous climate
Debilitating endemic diseases
Fluctuations in population density and agricultural productivity
These fluctuations meant that even into the early years of Bengal there remained unused lands-for example The Sundarban, The char, The Terrai which were available for economic enterprise as transportation, agriculture and health technologies were improved.
PERVENU CLASS (1920)
This class was best situated to take
advantage of the devolution of
power,
Enlargement of the provincial legislature,
Extension of the franchise,
Gained the organizational backing of the
Caste association and the
Consolidated Islamia Anjumans.
THE STATE OF AFFAIRS OF RURAL COMMUNITY
Once outside the cities and Past the rajbari of the great zamindars, was an undifferentiated peasant mass.
There were a number of ‘Fat acts’ among the generally poor rural populace.
The dispossessed tribals and other landless labourers had no institutional representation before independence.
THE REASON BEHIND FINANCIAL CRISIS The years following World War I were
seminal. War demands had artificially stimulated industrial and mining development in Bengal.
Early in 1920’s there was a severe trade recession,
Natural disasters in 1918 and 1919,including great Infuenza epidemic.
Wages did not respond to the price inflation.
The work conditions for industrial labour and the terms of employment were generally deplorable.
IN THE LONG RUN, HOWEVER, THE POLITICIANS WERE FACED WITH A THRONY PROBLEM:-
They were Bengalis while almost all the
Industrial labourers were from Bihar and the United provinces,
The sustained disinclination of these men to accept Bengali Leadership,
Their working lives had been the source of serious instability for 20th century.
49
HEARTED THANKS TO ALL