Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Erik Erikson’s Stage-Initiative vs. Guilt Psychological conflict of Early ChildhoodPsychological conflict of Early Childhood Resolved positively through play Resolved positively through play

experiences that foster healthy sense of experiences that foster healthy sense of initiative and development of conscience initiative and development of conscience that is not overly strictthat is not overly strict

Play is important to preschoolersPlay is important to preschoolers

Phallic Stage-Freud

Sexual impulses transfer to genital region of Sexual impulses transfer to genital region of bodybody

Oedipus Conflict-boy desires to posses Oedipus Conflict-boy desires to posses mother and hostile towards fathermother and hostile towards father

Electra conflict-girl desires to posses father Electra conflict-girl desires to posses father and feels hostile toward motherand feels hostile toward mother

Self Concept

Sum of total attributes, abilities, attitudes and Sum of total attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes to help define values that an individual believes to help define who he/she iswho he/she is

Preschoolers-describe self using concrete terms Preschoolers-describe self using concrete terms (name, physical appearance, possession, and (name, physical appearance, possession, and everyday behaviors)everyday behaviors)

Can describe emotions, and beliefs and attitudes Can describe emotions, and beliefs and attitudes by 3 ½.by 3 ½.

Firmer sense of self allows for cooperationFirmer sense of self allows for cooperation

Self-Esteem

Preschoolers usually rate on abilities as Preschoolers usually rate on abilities as extremely high and underestimate difficulty extremely high and underestimate difficulty of task.of task.

Desire to master new skillsDesire to master new skills Even a little criticism can undermine a Even a little criticism can undermine a

preschooler’s self-esteem and enthusiasm preschooler’s self-esteem and enthusiasm for learningfor learning

Emotional Development

Rise in self-conscious emotions such as Rise in self-conscious emotions such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pridepride

Preschoolers can interpret, predict, and Preschoolers can interpret, predict, and change other’s feelingchange other’s feeling

Fears are commonFears are common Vivid imaginationsVivid imaginations

Empathy

Begins to develop at this ageBegins to develop at this age Modeled after parents response to Modeled after parents response to

emotional eventemotional event

Parten’s types of play

Nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior Nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary playand solitary play

Parallel play-child plays near other children with Parallel play-child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with themsimilar materials but does not interact with them

Associative play-children are engaged in separate Associative play-children are engaged in separate activities but they interact by exchanging toys and activities but they interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another’s behaviorcommenting on one another’s behavior

Cooperative play-occurs when children’s actions Cooperative play-occurs when children’s actions are directed toward a common goalare directed toward a common goal

Sociodramatic play

Role play and dramatic playRole play and dramatic play Common during preschool yearsCommon during preschool years

First Friendships

Important in these years to social emotional Important in these years to social emotional developmentdevelopment

Friendship-pleasurable play and sharing of Friendship-pleasurable play and sharing of toys-no long term enduring qualities at this toys-no long term enduring qualities at this timetime

Discipline

Positive reinforcement-model appropriate Positive reinforcement-model appropriate behavior, consistency with rules, warm and behavior, consistency with rules, warm and responsiveresponsive

Punishment-can promote momentary Punishment-can promote momentary compliancecompliance

Harsh punishment-models aggression, Harsh punishment-models aggression, avoidance of punishing adult, should be avoidance of punishing adult, should be avoidedavoided

Alternatives to Punishment

Time-outTime-out Withdrawal of privilegesWithdrawal of privileges Positive disciplinePositive discipline

Gender Typing

Developing gender rolesDeveloping gender roles Age 2 children can label on gender and of Age 2 children can label on gender and of

other personsother persons Family teachers and peers and television Family teachers and peers and television

can influence gender typing with can influence gender typing with preschoolerspreschoolers

Parenting Styles

Authoritative-rational, democratic approachAuthoritative-rational, democratic approach Happy, self-confident, and self-control in childHappy, self-confident, and self-control in child

Authoritarian- demanding and low in responsive Authoritarian- demanding and low in responsive to children’s needs.to children’s needs.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy and hostileanxious, withdrawn, and unhappy and hostile

Permissive-undemandingPermissive-undemanding

immature, have difficulty controlling impulses, immature, have difficulty controlling impulses, overly demanding and depended on adultsoverly demanding and depended on adults