S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle

S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

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ISBN-10: 0133081753Version 0.9

A Complete Course in Color Power PointApproximately 950 Slides



Power Point for Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices

Second Edition

ISBN-10: 0133081753Version 0.9

A Complete Course in Color Power Point

Approximately 950 Slides

S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the

publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap, Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013 Pearson Education. Permission is given to instructors to use these Power Point slides in their lectures provided that the above book has been adopted as a primary required textbook for the course. Slides may be used in research seminars at research meetings, symposia and conferences provided that the author, book title, and copyright information are clearly displayed under each figure. It is unlawful to use the slides for teaching if the textbook is not a required primary book for the course. The slides cannot be distributed in any form whatsoever, especially on the internet, without the written permission of Pearson Education.

Copyright Information and Permission: Part I

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This Power Point presentation is a copyrighted supplemental material to the textbook Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, S. O. Kasap, Pearson Education (USA), ISBN-10: 0132151499, ISBN-13: 9780132151498. © 2013 Pearson Education. The slides cannot be distributed in any form whatsoever, electronically or in print form, without the written permission of Pearson Education. It is unlawful to post these slides, or part of a slide or slides, on the internet.

Copyright © 2013, 2001 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.

Copyright Information and Permission: Part II

PEARSON



Important NoteYou may use color illustrations from this Power Point in your research-related seminars or research-related

presentations at scientific or technical meetings, symposia or conferences provided that you fully cite

the following reference under each figure

From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education, USA



Spherical Wave

)cos( krtr

AE



Two slightly different wavelength waves traveling in the same direction result in a wavepacket that has an amplitude variation that travels at the group velocity.

Group Velocity



Gaussian Beams

I(r,z) = [2P/(w2)]exp(2r2/w2)

o= w/z = /(wo) 2o = Far field divergence

The intensity across the beam follows a Gaussian distribution



Power in a Gaussian Beam

])/(2exp[)0()( 222 wrIrI

865.0

2)(

2)(

0

0

rdrrI

rdrrIw

Fraction of optical power

within 2w=

Area of a circular thin strip (annulus) with radius r is 2rdr. Power passing through this strip is proportional to I(r) (2r)dr

and



Fresnel's Equations

Light wave traveling in a more dense medium strikes a less dense medium. The plane of incidence is the plane of the paper and is perpendicular to the flat interface between the two media. The electric field is normal to the direction of

propagation. It can be resolved into perpendicular and parallel components.



2/122,0

,0

sincos

cos2

ii

i

i

t

nE

E

t

There are corresponding coefficients for the E// fields with corresponding reflection and transmission coefficients, r// and t//,

ii

ii

i

r

nn

nn

E

E

cossin

cossin22/122

22/122

//,0

//,0//

r

2/1222//,0

//,0//

sincos

cos2

ii

i

i

t

nn

n

E

E

t

Fresnel's Equations



Dielectric Mirror or Bragg Reflector

Schematic illustration of the principle of the dielectric mirror with many low and highrefractive index layers and its reflectance.



Dielectric Mirror or Bragg Reflector



Interference

Resultant intensity I is

I = I1 + I2 + 2(I1I2)1/2cos

= k(r2 – r1) + (2 – 1)

Imax = I1 + I2 + 2(I1I2)1/2and Imin = I1 + I2 2(I1I2)1/2

If the interfering beams have equal irradiances, then

Phase difference due to optical path difference

Constructive interference Destructive interference

Imin = 0Imax = 4I1



Optical Resonator

Fabry-PerotOptical Cavity

This is a tunable large aperture (80 mm) etalon with two end plates that act as reflectors. The end plates have been machined to be flat to /110. There are three piezoelectric transducers that can tilt the end plates and hence obtain perfect alignment. (Courtesy of Light Machinery)



m = m(c/2L) = mf = Mode frequency

m = integer, 1,2,…

f =free spectral range = c/2L = Separation of modes

m f

F

F R1/ 2

1 RF = FinesseR = Reflectance



(a) The aperture has a finite width a along y, but it is very long along x so that it is a one-dimensional slit. The aperture is divided into N number of point sources each occupying y with amplitude proportional to y since the slit is excited by a plane electromagnetic wave. (b) The intensity distribution in the received light at the screen far away from the aperture: the diffraction pattern. Note that the slit is very long along x and there is no diffraction along this dimension. (c) Diffraction patter obtained by using a laser beam from a pointer incident on a single slit.

Diffraction from a Single Slit



Diffraction from a Circular Aperture

Do

22.1sin Diameter of aperture

(Image obtained by SK)



a

b

The rectangular aperture of dimensions a × b on the left gives the diffraction pattern on the right. (b is twice a)

(Image obtained by SK. Overexposed to highlight the higher order lobes.)

Diffraction from a Rectangular Aperture



Single slit with a width 100 mBlue = 402 nm

Green = 532 nm Red = 670 nm

Why does the central bright lobe get larger with increasing wavelength?

Overexposed photo by SK

Experimental Diffraction Patterns

ao

22

Answer



Diffraction Grating

dsin = m ; m = 0, 1, 2,

Bragg diffraction condition

Normal incidence



Diffraction Gratings

dsin = m ; m = 0, 1, 2,

d(sinm sini = m ; m = 0, 1, 2,

Bragg diffraction condition

Normal incidence

Oblique incidence

2

21

21

2

21

21

)sin(

)sin()sin()(

dkN

dNk

ak

akIyI

y

y

y

yo

ky = (2/)sin Diffraction from N slitsDiffraction from a single slit



(a) Ruled periodic parallel scratches on a glass serve as a transmission grating. (The glass plate is assumed to be very thin.) (b) A reflection grating. An incident light beam results in various "diffracted" beams. The zero-order diffracted beam is the normal reflected beam with an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.

Diffraction Gratings



Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals in (a) 1D, (b) 2D and (c) 3D, D being the dimension. Grey and white regions have different refractive indices and may not necessarily be the same size. is the periodicity. The 1D photonic crystal in (a) is the well-known Bragg reflector, a dielectric stack.



The photonic bandgaps along x, y and z overlap for all polarizations of the field, which results in a full photonic bandgap . (An intuitive illustration.) (b) The unit cell of a woodpile photonic crystal. There are 4 layers, labeled 1-4 in the figure, with each later having parallel "rods". The layers are at right angles to each other. Notice that layer 3 is shifted with respect to 1, and 4 with respect to 2. (c) An SEM image of a 3D photonic crystal that is based on the wood pile structure. The rods are polycrystalline silicon. Although 5 layers are shown, the unit cell has 4 layers e.g., the fours layers starting from the bottom layer. (Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories.) (d) The optical reflectance of a woodpile photonic crystal showing a photonic bandgap between 1.5 and 2 m. The photonic crystal is similar to that in (c) with five layers and d 0.65 om. (Source: The reflectance spectrum was plotted using the data appearing in Fig. 3 in S-Y. Lin and J.G. Fleming, J. Light Wave Technol., 17, 1944, 1999.)

Photonic Crystals

S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition © 2013 Pearson Education(Unlawful to distribute or post on the internet without written permission and the payment of copyright fees)


Graded Index (GRIN) Fiber

(a) Multimode step index fiber. Ray paths are different so that rays arrive at different times.

(b) Graded index fiber. Ray paths are different but so are the velocities along the paths so that all the rays arrive at the same time.



Intramode Dispersion (SMF)

Group Delay = L / vg

Group velocity vg depends on

Refractive index = n() Material Dispersion

V-number = V() Waveguide Dispersion

= (n1 n2)/n1 = () Profile Dispersion

Dispersion in the fundamental mode


Photonic Crystal Fibers: Holey FibersLeft: The first solid core photonic crystal fiber prepared by Philip Russell and coworkers at the University of Bath in 1996; an endlessly single mode fiber. (Courtesy of Philip Russell)

Left: One of the first hollow core photonic crystal fibers, guiding light by the photonic bandgap effect (1998) (Courtesy of Philip Russell)

Above: A commercially available hollow core photonic crystal fiber from Blaze Photonics. (Courtesy of Philip Russell)


Photonic Crystal Fibers: Holey Fibers

(a) A solid core PCF. Light is index guided. The cladding has a hexagonal array of holes. d is the hole diameter and is the array pitch, spacing

between the holes (b) and (c) A hollow core PCF. Light is photonic bandgap (PBG) guided.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

*

22

*

22

2*

22

228 e

z

e

y

ecn m

k

m

k

dm

hEE

n

A QW structure that shows the energy levels in the wells and

how charge carriers that are brought in by the current fall

into the lowest energy level in the well and then recombine,

emitting a photon. The electrons at a particular energy level also have kinetic energies in the yz plane, which is not quantized.

The electrons are therefore spread in energy above En as shown. The same notion also

applies to holes in the Ev well.

Quantum Wells



4 Level Laser System

A four energy level laser systemHighly simplified representation of Nd3+:YAG laser



Einstein Coefficients

R12 = B12N1() R21 = A21N2 + B21N2()

We need A21, B12 and B21

Stimulatedemission

Spontaneous emission

AbsorptiondN1 /dt dN2 /dt



Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers

EDFAs (LambdaDriver®-Optical Amplifier Modules) with low noise figure and flat gain (to within ±1 dB) for use in DWDM over 1528 - 1563 nm. These amplifiers can be used for booster, in-line and preamplifier applications. (Courtesy of MRV Communications, Inc)

EDFA (Strand Mounted Optical Amplifier, Prisma 1550) for optical amplification at 1550 nm. This model can be used underground to extend the reach of networks; and operates over -40 C to +65 C. The output can be as high as 24 dBm (Courtesy of Cisco).



ohB

cNN

ng

21thth12 )(

2

sp22

thth12

8)(

cNN o

n

g



Buried Double Heterostructure

A simplified schematic diagram of a double heterostructure semiconductor laser device that has its active region buried within the device in such a way that it is surrounded by

low refractive index materials rendering the active region as a waveguide.



pin Photodiode

The responsivity of Si, InGaAs and Ge pin type photodiodes. The pn junction GaP detector is used for UV detection. GaP (Thorlabs, FGAP71), Si(E), IR enhanced Si (Hamamatsu S11499), Si(C),

conventional Si with UV enhancement, InGaAs (Hamamatsu, G8376), and Ge (Thorlabs, FDG03). The dashed lines represent the responsivity due to QE = 100 %, 75% and 50 %.



Avalanche Photodiode

(a) A Si APD structure without a guard ring. (b) A schematic illustration of the structure of a more practical Si APD



Schottky Junction Photodiodes

GaAsP Schottky junction photodiode for 190-680

nm detection, from UV to red (Courtesy of

Hamamatsu)

GaP Schottky junction photodiode for 190 nm to 550 nm detection.

(Courtesy of Hamamatsu)

Schottky kunction type metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) type photodetectors. (Courtesy of Hamamatsu)

AlGaN Scottky junction photodiode for UV

detection (Courtesy of sglux, Germany)



Photodiode Equivalent Circuit

(a) A real photodiode has series and parallel resistances Rs and Rp and a SCL capacitance Cdep. A and C represent anode and cathode terminals. (b) The equivalent circuit of a photodiodes. For ac (or transient) signals, the battery can be shorted since

ac signals will simply pass through the battery.



Randomly polarized light is incident on a Polarizer 1 with a transmission axis TA1. Light emerging from Polarizer 1 is linearly polarized with E along TA1, and becomes incident on Polarizer 2 (called the analyzer) with a transmission axis TA2 at an angle to TA1. A detector measures the intensity

of the incident light. TA1 and TA2 are normal to the light direction.

Malus’s Law

I() = I(0)cos2



Modulated Directional Coupler

An integrated directional coupler. The applied field Ea alters the refractive indices of the two guides (A and B) and therefore changes

the strength of coupling

Documents

S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle