51
Solar Thermal Energy Technologies Solar Thermal Energy Technologies Dr. Dr. - - Ing Ing . Varghese . Varghese Panthalookaran Panthalookaran MSc MSc Professor and Dean of R&D Professor and Dean of R&D Rajagiri Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology School of Engineering & Technology Rajagiri Rajagiri , Kochi , Kochi Email: Email: [email protected] [email protected]

SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Solar Thermal Energy TechnologiesSolar Thermal Energy Technologies

Dr.Dr.--IngIng. Varghese . Varghese PanthalookaranPanthalookaran MScMScProfessor and Dean of R&DProfessor and Dean of R&D

RajagiriRajagiri School of Engineering & TechnologySchool of Engineering & TechnologyRajagiriRajagiri, Kochi, Kochi

Email: Email: [email protected]@rajagiritech.ac.in

Page 2: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar RichesSolar Riches

•• The Earth receives 174The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphereupper atmosphere

•• ~ 30% is reflected back to space ~ 30% is reflected back to space •• The rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans The rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans

and land massesand land masses•• The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's

surface is mostly spread across the visible surface is mostly spread across the visible and nearand near--infrared ranges with a small part infrared ranges with a small part in the nearin the near--ultravioletultraviolet

Page 3: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar RichesSolar Riches

Source: Wikipedia

Page 4: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar RichesSolar Riches

Source: Wikipedia

Page 5: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

•• Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiationabsorb solar radiation–– Keeps the surface at an av. temperature of 14 Keeps the surface at an av. temperature of 14 °°C. C.

•• Warm air containing evaporated water Warm air containing evaporated water condenses into clouds, which rain onto the condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surfaceEarth's surface

•• The latent heat of water condensation amplifies The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing windsconvection, producing winds

•• By photosynthesis green plants convert solar By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, energy into chemical energy, –– Produces food, wood and the biomass from which Produces food, wood and the biomass from which

fossil fuels are derivedfossil fuels are derived

•• Sun is the major source of Energy on Earth!Sun is the major source of Energy on Earth!

Solar RichesSolar Riches

Page 6: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Resource MappingSolar Resource Mapping

Source: Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)

Total Solar Energy Insolation5 PWh/Year or 5000 Trillion kWh/Year

Daily average radiation over India4.4 – 6.6 kWh/m2

Yearly average5.5 kWh/m2/day

Annual average clear days250 - 300 days

Page 7: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Harnessing of Solar EnergyHarnessing of Solar Energy

•• Solar PVSolar PV–– Light energy converted into electrical energyLight energy converted into electrical energy–– Solar Cells: Solar Cells:

•• Photons liberates charge carriers, that develops Photons liberates charge carriers, that develops electrical currentselectrical currents

•• Solar ThermalSolar Thermal–– Light energy converted into thermal energyLight energy converted into thermal energy–– Solar Collectors: Solar Collectors:

•• Photons generates atomic vibrations (phonons) Photons generates atomic vibrations (phonons) producing thermal energy, which is collected by producing thermal energy, which is collected by cooling using a heat transfer fluid (air, water, cooling using a heat transfer fluid (air, water, thermal oil, etc.)thermal oil, etc.)

Page 8: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Harvest: Technical Issues Solar Harvest: Technical Issues

•• Solar Energy as a Solar Energy as a dilute source dilute source –– Requirement of large Requirement of large

collector areas collector areas •• BuildingBuilding--integrationintegration

•• IntermittencyIntermittency–– Seasonal, Diurnal, Seasonal, Diurnal,

sporadic Intermittencysporadic Intermittency•• Direct use, Storage Direct use, Storage

technology, Smart technology, Smart coupling with other coupling with other sourcessources

Fuel (kg)Fuel (kg) Collector Area Collector Area Equivalent (mEquivalent (m22))

PetrolPetrol 2.392.39

DieselDiesel 2.262.26

High grade High grade coalcoal

1.411.41

WoodWood 0.870.87

Collector Area Equivalent/kg of Collector Area Equivalent/kg of conventional fuelsconventional fuels

Page 9: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

•• GeoGeo--specificityspecificity–– Limitation of Limitation of

universal productsuniversal products•• TailorTailor--made made

technologiestechnologies•• Discretion in land Discretion in land

useuse•• EnergyEnergy--mixmix

•• However, it is for However, it is for free!?free!?

Solar Harvest: Technical IssuesSolar Harvest: Technical Issues

Page 10: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Thermal CollectorsSolar Thermal Collectors

•• Solar Thermal Solar Thermal v/sv/s Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic–– Solar Thermal AdvantagesSolar Thermal Advantages

•• ExergeticExergetic advantage: Direct application of advantage: Direct application of thermal energy renders thermal energy renders exergeticexergetic efficiencyefficiency

–– Energy = Energy = ExergyExergy + + AnergyAnergy

•• Storage advantage: Thermal energy storage Storage advantage: Thermal energy storage technology is technically developed technology is technically developed

•• Better overall efficiency of direct and indirect Better overall efficiency of direct and indirect useuse

–– Solar Photovoltaic AdvantagesSolar Photovoltaic Advantages•• High grade energy: 100% High grade energy: 100% exergyexergy

Page 11: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

•• Light energy converted to thermal energy is transferred Light energy converted to thermal energy is transferred to a heat transfer fluid and collectedto a heat transfer fluid and collected

Solar Thermal CollectorsSolar Thermal Collectors

Source: http://www.solarserver.com

• As the temperature of the absorber gets higher than the ambient temperature, it loses accumulated solar energy as long-wavelength heat radiations

Page 12: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Harvest: MethodsSolar Harvest: Methods•• Collector TypesCollector Types

–– Based on Heat Transfer FluidBased on Heat Transfer Fluid•• AirAir--Cooled CollectorsCooled Collectors•• WaterWater--Cooled CollectorsCooled Collectors•• Thermal oilThermal oil--Cooled Collectors Cooled Collectors •• Heat TubesHeat Tubes

–– Based on GlazingBased on Glazing•• Unglazed ~40Unglazed ~40°°CC•• Single Glazing ~80Single Glazing ~80°°CC•• Double glazing Double glazing ~~ 120120°°CC•• MultipleMultiple--glazing glazing

–– Based on Absorber SurfacesBased on Absorber Surfaces•• Black surfaceBlack surface•• Selective surfaceSelective surface

–– Black chrome, black nickel, and Black chrome, black nickel, and aluminum oxide with nickel, titaniumaluminum oxide with nickel, titanium--nitridenitride--oxide layeroxide layer

•• Perforated surfacePerforated surface–– Based on Absorber TypesBased on Absorber Types

•• Flat: Concentration ratio ~1Flat: Concentration ratio ~1•• Tubular: Concentration ratio ~1Tubular: Concentration ratio ~1--8585•• Point: Concentration ratio ~600Point: Concentration ratio ~600--15001500

–– Based on StorageBased on Storage•• No storage integrationNo storage integration•• Integrated Collector Storage Integrated Collector Storage

(ICS)/Batch Collector(ICS)/Batch Collector–– Based on Collector FillingBased on Collector Filling

•• NonNon--evacuatedevacuated•• Evacuated ~150Evacuated ~150°°CC•• Inert gas filled Inert gas filled

–– Based on Methods of ConcentrationBased on Methods of Concentration•• Parabolic dish ~ 600Parabolic dish ~ 600--800800°°CC•• Linear Linear FresnelFresnel System ~ 270System ~ 270--550550°°CC•• ParaboloidParaboloid FresnelFresnel ~ 300~ 300--500500°°CC•• Parabolic trough ~ 390Parabolic trough ~ 390--550550°°CC•• Central tower ~ 600Central tower ~ 600--12001200°°CC

–– Based on Solar TrackingBased on Solar Tracking•• StationaryStationary•• Single axis trackingSingle axis tracking•• Biaxial trackingBiaxial tracking

Page 13: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

DoubleDouble--Glazed CollectorsGlazed Collectors

•• Temperature range 80Temperature range 80--120120°°CC•• Double glazing reduces optical efficiency due to added Double glazing reduces optical efficiency due to added

reflection lossesreflection losses

Source: Schueco International KG

Page 14: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

•• AbsorptanceAbsorptance >92%>92%•• EmittanceEmittance <8%<8%•• Heat Loss <0.8W/(mHeat Loss <0.8W/(m22..°°C)C)•• Vacuum P< 5*10Vacuum P< 5*10--33 PaPa•• Stagnation temperatures >200Stagnation temperatures >200°°CC

Source: Surromax New Energy and Material Co. Ltd.

Evacuated Tube CollectorsEvacuated Tube Collectors

Page 15: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Parabolic Dish ConcentratorsParabolic Dish Concentrators•• StirlingStirling Dishes for Thermal PowerDishes for Thermal Power

Stirling Energy Systems, Inc. (25kW)

Page 16: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Parabolic Dish ConcentratorsParabolic Dish Concentrators

•• Steam GeneratorSteam Generator

Auroville, Pondicherry Mount Abu, Rajasthan

Page 17: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Linear Linear FresnelFresnel ConcentratorsConcentrators

•• Stationary ReceiverStationary Receiver•• Reduced cost: Flat mirrors are Reduced cost: Flat mirrors are

cheaper and easier to produce cheaper and easier to produce than parabolic reflectorsthan parabolic reflectors

•• Operability in windy conditions Operability in windy conditions due to low profiles due to low profiles

•• Tracking made easy, fewer Tracking made easy, fewer moving partsmoving parts

•• Structural simplicityStructural simplicity–– Mirrors & receivers are Mirrors & receivers are

detachabledetachable•• Specifications of PSA LFCSpecifications of PSA LFC

–– 1MW prototype at PSA 1MW prototype at PSA –– 100m long, 21m wide, total 100m long, 21m wide, total

primary mirror surface 1443mprimary mirror surface 1443m22

–– Maximum temperature: 450Maximum temperature: 450°°CC–– Maximum pressure of generated Maximum pressure of generated

steam:100 barsteam:100 barSource: Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA), (Spain)

Page 18: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

ParaboloidParaboloid FresnelFresnel ConcentratorConcentrator

•• Dr. Dr. ShireeshShireesh KedareKedare, IIT , IIT MumbaiMumbai–– Arrangement of flat dishes: Arrangement of flat dishes:

light light –– Downward facing cavity Downward facing cavity

absorberabsorber–– Automatic 2Automatic 2--axis trackingaxis tracking–– Highest Process temperature: Highest Process temperature:

300300--500500°°CC–– Working fluid: Working fluid:

Steam/pressurized water/oil/airSteam/pressurized water/oil/air–– BackBack--up heating and thermal up heating and thermal

storagestorage–– Daily Output:700kWhDaily Output:700kWhthth/day/day–– Capital Cost: Rs.5,000,000/Capital Cost: Rs.5,000,000/--

Source: Arun unit at Mahanand Dairy, Latur

Page 19: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Concentrating Solar PowerConcentrating Solar Power

Page 20: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Parabolic Trough ConcentratorParabolic Trough Concentrator

•• 2.5 million m2.5 million m22 collector collector areaarea

•• Successful operation Successful operation since 1984since 1984

•• 9 plants with total 9 plants with total capacity of 354 MWcapacity of 354 MW

•• ~11 billion kWh have ~11 billion kWh have been fed to Californian been fed to Californian grid grid

•• High solar efficiencyHigh solar efficiency•• Lowest solar electricity Lowest solar electricity

cost so far ~12cost so far ~12--15 15 $cent/kWh$cent/kWh

Source: Parabolic Trough Collector Field, California

Page 21: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Tower ConcentratorTower Concentrator

•• 11 MW Capacity11 MW Capacity•• 115m tall tower115m tall tower•• 624 heliostats 624 heliostats

each with 120meach with 120m22

•• Storage: Storage: Superheated Superheated water at 50 bar, water at 50 bar, 285285°°C for one C for one hour hour

Solar Power Tower, Seville, Spain

Page 22: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Harvest for IndustrySolar Harvest for Industry

•• Solar Harvest TemperaturesSolar Harvest Temperatures–– Double Glazed Collectors ~Double Glazed Collectors ~

120120°°CC–– Evacuated Tube Collectors Evacuated Tube Collectors

~150~150°°CC–– Parabolic Dish Collectors ~ 600Parabolic Dish Collectors ~ 600--

800800°°CC–– Parabolic Trough Collectors ~ Parabolic Trough Collectors ~

390390--550550°°CC–– Linear Linear FresnelFresnel Collectors ~ 270Collectors ~ 270--

550550°°CC–– ParaboloidParaboloid FresnelFresnel Concentrators Concentrators

~ 300~ 300--500500°°CC–– Central Tower collectors ~ 600Central Tower collectors ~ 600--

12001200°°CC

•• Process Heat RequirementsProcess Heat Requirements–– High Temperature Range: 800High Temperature Range: 800--

17001700°°CC–– Metallurgy (Iron, Steel, Metallurgy (Iron, Steel,

AlunimiumAlunimium))–– Cement and fireproof materialsCement and fireproof materials

–– MidMid--temperature Range: 250temperature Range: 250--800800°°CC–– Heat treatment of steelHeat treatment of steel–– Petroleum industry (Cracking, Petroleum industry (Cracking,

Cocking)Cocking)–– LowLow--temperature Range: 50temperature Range: 50--250250°°CC

–– Food industry (Sterilization, Food industry (Sterilization, pasteurization)pasteurization)

–– Paper IndustryPaper Industry–– Chemical Industry (Distillation, Chemical Industry (Distillation,

evaporation, etc.)evaporation, etc.)–– Textile Industry (Washing, Textile Industry (Washing,

bleaching, etc.)bleaching, etc.)

Page 23: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

DESERTECDESERTEC•• Clean Power from Deserts Clean Power from Deserts

–– In 6 hours, the deserts receive more energy from the In 6 hours, the deserts receive more energy from the sun, than humankind consumes within a year (Dr. sun, than humankind consumes within a year (Dr. Gerhard Gerhard KniesKnies))

•• Twofold challenge of humankind: Twofold challenge of humankind: –– To meet the global energy demandTo meet the global energy demand–– To prevent climate change, before it becomes To prevent climate change, before it becomes

uncontrollableuncontrollable•• Concept of DESERTECConcept of DESERTEC

–– Solve the challenge economically and in timeSolve the challenge economically and in time–– By harnessing renewable energies where they are By harnessing renewable energies where they are

most abundant most abundant –– By transmitting the energy through an integrated gridBy transmitting the energy through an integrated grid–– With the help of High Voltage Direct Current With the help of High Voltage Direct Current

transmission linestransmission lines

Page 24: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

DESERTECDESERTEC

Page 25: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

DESERTECDESERTEC

Page 26: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Process HeatProcess Heat

Source: www.Abengoasolar.com

•• General ApproachesGeneral Approaches–– Couple solar heat source to the conventional industrial Couple solar heat source to the conventional industrial

processesprocesses–– Use the solar thermal source to generate electricity and run Use the solar thermal source to generate electricity and run

the processes with electricitythe processes with electricity–– Generate steam to run different processesGenerate steam to run different processes

Page 27: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

SPH Requirements in IndiaSPH Requirements in India

IndustryIndustry Temperature Temperature ((°°C)C)

Food and Food and BeveragesBeveragesDrying, Washing, Drying, Washing, Pasteurization, Cooking, Pasteurization, Cooking, Sterilization, Heat TreatmentSterilization, Heat Treatment

30 30 -- 150150

Textile IndustryTextile IndustryWashing, Bleaching, DyeingWashing, Bleaching, Dyeing

40 40 -- 160160

Chemical IndustryChemical IndustryBoiling, Distillation, Chemical Boiling, Distillation, Chemical ProcessesProcesses

95 95 -- 180180

Other SectorsOther SectorsPreheating of boiler waterPreheating of boiler water

30 30 -- 100100Source: The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India

(ASSOCHAM)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Glass and Ceramics

Cement

Aluminium

Pulp and Paper

Fertilizers and Pesticides

Iron and Steel

Chlor-alkali

Textile

Page 28: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

SPH Generation in IndiaSPH Generation in India

1000m2 Concentrating Linear Fesnel Reflector (CLFR),

KG Group, Coimbatore

Arun Solar Concentrator Dish, Clique Developments Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai (Mahanand

Diary, Lathur)

Solar Dish Concentrator for 92 TR Air-conditioning Plant, TVS Suzuki Factory, Chennai

Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam, Andhra Pradesh (Community Cooking: 30000 meals per day)

Page 29: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar DryersSolar Dryers

Tunnel Dryer developed by University of Hohenheim, Germany at Mithradham Renewable

Energy Center, Kerala

Solar Timber Drying Kilns,

Solar Dryers Australia (SDA)

Conveyer Dryer for Fabric Drying, ATR Solar (India), Madurai,

TamilnaduIndustrial Solar Dryer, Planters Energy Network

(PEN), Theni, Tamilnadu

Indian Council Agriculture Research (ICAR) Dryer, Rajastan

Page 30: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar AirSolar Air--ConditioningConditioning

•• Different Approaches in Solar AirDifferent Approaches in Solar Air--ConditioningConditioning–– Solar Passive AirSolar Passive Air--ConditioningConditioning–– Solar Cool TowersSolar Cool Towers–– Solar Absorption Cooling (Liquid Solution: WaterSolar Absorption Cooling (Liquid Solution: Water--LiBrLiBr))–– Solar Adsorption Cooling (Solid/liquid: WaterSolar Adsorption Cooling (Solid/liquid: Water--Silica gel)Silica gel)–– Solar Photovoltaic Cooling (Solar Electricity to run Solar Photovoltaic Cooling (Solar Electricity to run

Compressor)Compressor)

Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com

Page 31: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar AirSolar Air--conditioningconditioning

•• Passive Solar airPassive Solar air--conditioning (Solarium)conditioning (Solarium)–– Enjoy the sun without being directly touched by the rays of the Enjoy the sun without being directly touched by the rays of the sunsun–– Sunlight converted into usable heat cause airSunlight converted into usable heat cause air--movement for ventilatingmovement for ventilating–– Applicable for cold climatic conditions in IndiaApplicable for cold climatic conditions in India

•• Solar Cool TowerSolar Cool Tower–– Pressurized water cools the inlet air (atomization and evaporatiPressurized water cools the inlet air (atomization and evaporation)on)–– Gravity drives cool air through the living spacesGravity drives cool air through the living spaces–– Draft due to solar chimney drives the ventilationDraft due to solar chimney drives the ventilation

Page 32: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Absorption CoolingSolar Absorption Cooling•• Absorption Refrigeration Absorption Refrigeration

–– Alternative to regular compressor refrigeration Alternative to regular compressor refrigeration •• Useful if electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, wheUseful if electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise re noise

from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available (e.g., Turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or Soavailable (e.g., Turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or Solar lar thermal). thermal).

•• Compression and absorption CoolingCompression and absorption Cooling–– Phase Change MechanismPhase Change Mechanism

•• Compression RefrigeratorCompression Refrigerator–– Converts the gas back into liquid by compressionConverts the gas back into liquid by compression

•• Absorption refrigerator Absorption refrigerator –– Changes the gas back into a liquid using a method that needs onlChanges the gas back into a liquid using a method that needs only y

heat, and has no moving partsheat, and has no moving parts–– Refrigerants Refrigerants

•• Compressor refrigerators typically use an HydroCompressor refrigerators typically use an Hydro--Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), e.g. CHClChlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), e.g. CHCl22F (RF (R--21), CHClF21), CHClF22 (R(R--22)22)

•• Absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia (Refrigerant)Absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia (Refrigerant)--water, water, Water (Refrigerant)Water (Refrigerant)--Lithium BromideLithium Bromide

Page 33: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Absorption CoolingSolar Absorption Cooling

Page 34: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Absorption CoolingSolar Absorption Cooling

35-105 kW LiBr-H2O Absorption Chiller: YazakiEnergy Systems Inc., USA

Energieanlagenbau Westenfeld (EAW) GmbH, Germany

15-30kW, LiBr-H2O Absorption Chiller, COP =

0.71

54-200 kW, LiBr-H2O Absorption Chiller, COP = 0.75Triple-State absorption technology

using salt and water, ClimateWell, Swedish Company, implementation in Dubai

Page 35: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Adsorption CoolingSolar Adsorption Cooling

•• Step 1: Step 1: DesorptionDesorption–– Adsorbent is dried by solar heat inputAdsorbent is dried by solar heat input–– Water vapor condensed in condenserWater vapor condensed in condenser

•• Step 2: AdsorptionStep 2: Adsorption–– Lower check valve of evaporator opens Lower check valve of evaporator opens

and adsorbent aspirates water vaporand adsorbent aspirates water vapor–– Evaporation of water produces useful Evaporation of water produces useful

coldnesscoldness

•• Step 3: Return of CondensateStep 3: Return of Condensate–– Liquid condensate returns to Liquid condensate returns to

evaporatorevaporator

•• Continuous cold productionContinuous cold production–– Two Two adsorbersadsorbers work in combinationwork in combination–– One One AdsorberAdsorber desorbs while the other desorbs while the other

adsorberadsorber generates cold by absorbinggenerates cold by absorbing

Source: http://www.sortech.de

Page 36: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Adsorption CoolingSolar Adsorption Cooling

8-15kW Silicagel-Water (Refrigerant) Adsorption Chiller with COPnominal=0.60: SorTech AG, Germany Mitsubishi Plastics & MAYEKAWA MFG. CO., LTD. High

performance zeolite adsorbent, AQSOA

7-50kW Zeolith-Water (Refrigerent) Adsorption Chiller, SolarNext AG, Germany

7 kW 50 kW

Page 37: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar DistillationSolar Distillation•• Drinking Water Industry Scenario in IndiaDrinking Water Industry Scenario in India

–– Over 120 million people in India have no access to safe Over 120 million people in India have no access to safe drinking water.drinking water.

–– The ground water table in India is sinking 1.6 inches The ground water table in India is sinking 1.6 inches per year.per year.

–– WaterWater--related diseases cause around 4% of all deaths related diseases cause around 4% of all deaths in India.in India.

–– India is currently the 10th largest consumer of India is currently the 10th largest consumer of bottled bottled waterwater in the world with a market size of about in the world with a market size of about RsRs. 10 . 10 billion.billion.

–– The market for household The market for household water purifierswater purifiers in India is in India is as big as as big as RsRs. 10 billion.. 10 billion.

–– To meet basic needs a human person needs an average To meet basic needs a human person needs an average of 50 liters of potable water per day (WHO).of 50 liters of potable water per day (WHO).

•• Industry also needs huge amounts of treated Industry also needs huge amounts of treated water for their processeswater for their processes

Page 38: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar DistillationSolar Distillation

Source: “Sea Water Desalination”, 2009, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Page 39: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

A Simple HDH SystemA Simple HDH System

•• System ComponentsSystem Components–– Air/water heaterAir/water heater–– Humidifier or EvaporatorHumidifier or Evaporator–– Dehumidifier or CondenserDehumidifier or Condenser

Page 40: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

MultiMulti--effect Distillationeffect Distillation

•• Seven effects, stacked Seven effects, stacked over otherover other

•• Solar collectors heats Solar collectors heats only the first stageonly the first stage

•• Recovery of specific Recovery of specific heat of condensation heat of condensation for evaporation of for evaporation of consecutive stages consecutive stages Source: K. Schwarzer et al.

Page 41: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar PVSolar PV--powered Desalinationpowered Desalination

Page 42: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Hydrogen ProductionSolar Hydrogen Production•• Hydrogen as a chemical rather as a energy carrierHydrogen as a chemical rather as a energy carrier

–– Annual production:53Annual production:53--62 Mt/year62 Mt/year–– Virtual value of 100billion Euro/YearVirtual value of 100billion Euro/Year

•• Hydrogen for transportationHydrogen for transportation–– Fuel cell used in cars, buses, planes and rocketsFuel cell used in cars, buses, planes and rockets

•• Hydrogen for stationary energy conversionHydrogen for stationary energy conversion–– Fuel cell power plants, Gas turbinesFuel cell power plants, Gas turbines

•• From Fossil FuelsFrom Fossil Fuels–– Reforming of natural gasReforming of natural gas

•• NHNH44 + H+ H22O O --> 3H> 3H2 2 + CO+ CO•• CO + HCO + H22O O --> H> H2 2 + CO+ CO22

–– Gasification/partial oxidation, crackingGasification/partial oxidation, cracking•• From Metal OxideFrom Metal Oxide

–– Open Open thermochemicalthermochemical processprocess•• From BiomassFrom Biomass

–– PyrolysisPyrolysis•• From WaterFrom Water

–– SplittingSplitting•• Using electricityUsing electricity

–– ThermochemicalThermochemical cyclecycle•• Solar Thermal Energy to trigger Solar Thermal Energy to trigger endoendo--thermicthermic chemical reactions that produces Hydrogen as Productchemical reactions that produces Hydrogen as Product

–– Steam electrolysisSteam electrolysis•• Electricity + HeatElectricity + Heat

–– ElectrolysisElectrolysis•• ElectricityElectricity

Page 43: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Solar Hot Water ProductionSolar Hot Water Production•• Flat Plate Collector (FPC) type solar thermal Flat Plate Collector (FPC) type solar thermal

system continues to dominate the Indian market system continues to dominate the Indian market with more than 85% sharewith more than 85% share

SectorSector Million Million mm22

Residential (80%)Residential (80%) 2.1082.108

Hotels (6%)Hotels (6%) 0.1580.158

Hospitals (3%)Hospitals (3%) 0.0790.079

Industry (6%)Industry (6%) 0.1580.158

Other (Railway + Other (Railway + Defense + Religious Defense + Religious places, Other) (5%) places, Other) (5%)

0.1320.132

TotalTotal 2.6352.635

Page 44: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

20102010 20132013 20172017 20222022

ResidentialResidential 2.582.58 4.254.25 7.687.68 15.7415.74

Commercial/ Commercial/ InstitutionalInstitutional

–– HotelsHotels 0.190.19 0.350.35 0.610.61 0.970.97

–– HospitalsHospitals 0.100.10 0.170.17 0.270.27 0.430.43

–– OthersOthers 0.180.18 0.270.27 0.390.39 0.520.52

IndustryIndustry 0.190.19 0.330.33 0.570.57 1.051.05

TotalTotal 3.243.24 5.375.37 9.529.52 18.7018.70 Residential 84%

Commercial andInstitutional 10%

Industries 6%

Projection of SWH installation in 2022

SWH potential under realistic scenario (cumulative million m2)

Source: Greentech Knowledge Solutions (P) Ltd.

Source: Greentech Knowledge Solutions (P) Ltd.

•• Residential sector would Residential sector would remain the largest with remain the largest with 84% of the total installation84% of the total installation

•• SWH penetration into SWH penetration into 1.78% households in India 1.78% households in India (5.2 mil)(5.2 mil)

Solar Hot Water ProductionSolar Hot Water Production

Page 45: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Indian ScenariosIndian Scenarios

Thermal 52%

Gas11%Renewable

10%

Nuclear 3%

Hydro 24%

ThermalThermal81,484 81,484

MWMW

Hydro Hydro 36,917 36,917

MWMW

Gas Gas 16,386 16,386

MWMW

RenewableRenewable15,143 15,143

MWMW

NuclearNuclear4120 MW4120 MW

Total Installed Capacity : 1,54,048 MW

(As in August, 2009)

Wind : 10386 MWSmall hydro : 2455 MWBiomass : 2300 MWSolar : 2 MW

Source: B. Bandyopadhyay, ADSET2010 (RRCC)

Page 46: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Indian ScenarioIndian Scenario–– Electrical Power GenerationElectrical Power Generation

•• In August 2009, the installed power generation capacity of In August 2009, the installed power generation capacity of India stood at India stood at 154,048 MW154,048 MW

–– 5th place in the world 5th place in the world w.r.tw.r.t. installed renewable power ~15GW. installed renewable power ~15GW–– Solar component is very small (~2MW) and mainly solar PVSolar component is very small (~2MW) and mainly solar PV

•• Cost of power has touched @ Cost of power has touched @ RsRs 7.00 for base and @ 7.00 for base and @ RsRs 8.50 8.50 for peak for peak loads;Averageloads;Average cost cost RsRs 4.50 4.50 –– RsRs 5.005.00

•• Auxiliary diesel generators produce electricity @ Auxiliary diesel generators produce electricity @ RsRs 15.0015.00–– Some FactsSome Facts

•• 160000 Indian rural villages are yet to be electrified (21%)160000 Indian rural villages are yet to be electrified (21%)•• ~ 50% users are affected by power shortages~ 50% users are affected by power shortages•• Indian electricity consumption is set to double in the next Indian electricity consumption is set to double in the next

decade decade –– Solar Thermal PotentialSolar Thermal Potential

•• Estimated technical potential of solar thermal energy: Estimated technical potential of solar thermal energy: 98 GW 98 GW •• Requirement of ~140 million m2 of solar collectorsRequirement of ~140 million m2 of solar collectors

Page 47: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

National Solar Mission: Solar IndiaNational Solar Mission: Solar India•• In November 2009, the government of India unveiled the historic In November 2009, the government of India unveiled the historic

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM), with an ambitiousJawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM), with an ambitioustarget of target of 20 GW grid solar power by 2022 20 GW grid solar power by 2022 (End of 13th Five Year (End of 13th Five Year Plan)Plan)

•• Creation of an enabling policy framework Creation of an enabling policy framework •• Phase 1 of NSM focuses on lowPhase 1 of NSM focuses on low--hanging optionshanging options

Application segmentApplication segment Target for Phase I Target for Phase I (2010(2010--13)13)

Cumulative Cumulative TargetTarget

for Phase 2 for Phase 2 (2013(2013--17) 17)

Cumulative Cumulative TargetTarget

for Phase 3for Phase 3(2017(2017--22)22)

Grid solar power incl. roof Grid solar power incl. roof toptop 1,000 MW1,000 MW 4,000 MW4,000 MW 20,000 MW20,000 MW

OffOff--grid solar applications grid solar applications (incl. rural solar lights)(incl. rural solar lights) 200 MW200 MW 1,000 MW1,000 MW 2,000 MW2,000 MW

Required solar collector Required solar collector area area 7 million m7 million m22 15 million m15 million m22 20 million m20 million m22

Page 48: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Concerned Concerned GovtGovt InstitutionsInstitutions•• MNREMNRE –– Ministry of New and Renewable EnergyMinistry of New and Renewable Energy

–– Dedicated ministry of Government of India for developing and marDedicated ministry of Government of India for developing and marketing renewable keting renewable technologiestechnologies

•• IREDAIREDA –– Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency –– A public limited company under MNRE A public limited company under MNRE to promote, develop and extend financial to promote, develop and extend financial

assistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projectsassistance for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects

•• NCE NCE –– National Center of Excellence (Envisaged under NSM)National Center of Excellence (Envisaged under NSM)–– SECSEC -- The Solar Energy Center, the dedicated R&D unit of the MNRE andThe Solar Energy Center, the dedicated R&D unit of the MNRE and apex of NCEapex of NCE

•• NTPCNTPC -- The National Thermal Power Corporation The National Thermal Power Corporation –– A public sector company under Ministry of Power (A public sector company under Ministry of Power (MoPMoP) ) to take the Solar Power to take the Solar Power

Mission of the country forwardMission of the country forward

•• NVVNNVVN -- NTPC NTPC VidyutVidyut VyaparVyapar NigamNigam Ltd.Ltd.–– Designated as a nodal agency Designated as a nodal agency for entering into a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) for entering into a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

with solar power generation project developerswith solar power generation project developers

•• CERCCERC ––Central Electricity Regulatory CommissionCentral Electricity Regulatory Commission–– Commission under Commission under MoPMoP to regulateto regulate FeedFeed--inin--TarrifTarrif (FIT) for purchase of solar power(FIT) for purchase of solar power

•• SERCSERC –– State Electricity Regulatory commissionState Electricity Regulatory commission–– Commission under state government Commission under state government to fix FIT for solar powerto fix FIT for solar power

Page 49: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Policy FrameworksPolicy Frameworks•• RPO RPO –– Renewable Purchase ObligationRenewable Purchase Obligation

–– 0.25% in Phase1 of NSM which can go up to 3% in Phase 3 (in 20220.25% in Phase1 of NSM which can go up to 3% in Phase 3 (in 2022))–– Gradual increase of RPO Gradual increase of RPO w.r.tw.r.t. the decrease in tariff for solar power . the decrease in tariff for solar power –– RECREC: Renewable Energy Certificate: Renewable Energy Certificate

•• Trade of REC is allowed to meet RPOTrade of REC is allowed to meet RPO–– PPEPPE: Power Purchase Agreement: Power Purchase Agreement

•• Between NVVN and solar power developersBetween NVVN and solar power developers•• Caps of 1000MW connected to 33 KV or more grid in Phase 1 of NSMCaps of 1000MW connected to 33 KV or more grid in Phase 1 of NSM•• Ratio of Solar PV to Solar Thermal is proposed to be 40:60Ratio of Solar PV to Solar Thermal is proposed to be 40:60

•• FIT FIT –– Feed In Tariff (Electricity Act 2003 & National Tariff Feed In Tariff (Electricity Act 2003 & National Tariff Policy, 2006)Policy, 2006)–– Tariff to be revised annually by CERC, the agreement remains valTariff to be revised annually by CERC, the agreement remains valid for 25 id for 25

yearsyears–– Proposed tariff for 2009Proposed tariff for 2009--10 by CERC: 10 by CERC: RsRs. 13.45/unit (Concentrated Solar . 13.45/unit (Concentrated Solar

Power); Power); RsRs. 18.44/unit (Solar PV). 18.44/unit (Solar PV)–– Fixed by SERC, based on the availability of solar power & its imFixed by SERC, based on the availability of solar power & its impact on tariffpact on tariff

•• The Below 80The Below 80°°C ChallengeC Challenge–– To meet all subTo meet all sub--8080°°C applications by solar thermal meansC applications by solar thermal means–– Mandatory solar heaters, Certification & Rating of manufacturersMandatory solar heaters, Certification & Rating of manufacturers, Upgrading , Upgrading

technology and manufacturing facilities through soft loanstechnology and manufacturing facilities through soft loans

Page 50: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam

Policy FrameworksPolicy Frameworks•• SIP SIP –– Special Incentive PackageSpecial Incentive Package

–– Both for indigenous Solar PV and Solar Collector manufacturersBoth for indigenous Solar PV and Solar Collector manufacturers–– Low Interest loansLow Interest loans

•• FDI FDI -- Foreign Direct InvestmentForeign Direct Investment–– 100% in the renewable energy sector to attract foreign companies100% in the renewable energy sector to attract foreign companies

•• Duty Exemption/ReductionDuty Exemption/Reduction–– Zero import duty on capital equipments and raw materials Zero import duty on capital equipments and raw materials –– Central excise duty exemption for capital equipments and raw matCentral excise duty exemption for capital equipments and raw materials erials –– Only 5% customs duty on equipment for solar PV and solar thermalOnly 5% customs duty on equipment for solar PV and solar thermal powerpower

•• Tax HolidayTax Holiday–– 10 year tax holiday for renewable energy sector is already in ex10 year tax holiday for renewable energy sector is already in existenceistence

•• Budget AllotmentBudget Allotment–– Budget allotment for MNRE is increased in the current fiscal by Budget allotment for MNRE is increased in the current fiscal by 61%, from 61%, from

RsRs. 6200 million to . 6200 million to RsRs. 1,0000 million. 1,0000 million

Page 51: SNGCE-Solar Thermal Energy Technologies

Jan.04, 2011Jan.04, 2011 ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ISTE FDP at SNGCE, ErnakulamErnakulam