SNEAK PEEK: Comics and Conflict: Patriotism and Propaganda from WWII through Operation Iraqi Freedom

7/21/2019 SNEAK PEEK: Comics and Conflict: Patriotism and Propaganda from WWII through Operation Iraqi Freedom

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crm c snmplf, vnsujl fktfrtjnkmfkt tdjt ijvf rfjbfrs, fspfhnjlly hdnlbrfk, j crm c fshjpf rcm

bjnly lnf. Dcwfvfr, js Ycrlb Yjr NN ofijk, hcmnh occes fvclvfb nktc j crm c prcpjijkbj, prc-

vnbnki nkcrmjtnck jkb fbuhjtnck cr octd hdnlbrfk jkb jbults. Hcmnhs jkb Hcknht fxjmnkfs

dcw hcmnh occes wfrf usfb tc bnspljy pjtrnctnsm, vjlcr jkb jbvfkturf tdrcuid wjr stcrnfs, jkb

fvfktujlly tc tfll c tdf dcrrcrs c hcmojt rcm Ycrlb Yjr NN tdrcuid tdf hurrfkt hcknhts nk

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6 Rf _fsurifkhf c Xupfrdfrcfs jafr tdf Ajll

c Hcmmuknsm (:>>:‘?00:) 94

1 Rf _clf c Hcmnhs jafr >/:: (?00:‘8) :00

9 Hcmnhs jkb tdf Xcul c Hcmojt (?008‘:0) ::6

4 Hckhlusnck7 Hckhfpts c Yjr tdrcuid Hcmnh Occes :86

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Pcpuljr hulturf ns j hurncus suogfht cr dnstcry js hustcmjrnly bfkfb.

Vktnl tdf wnbfsprfjb jvjnljonlnty c nkfxpfksnvf rfprcbuhtncks jkb

prnktfb tfxts, ofinkknki nk tdf snxtffktd hfktury nk tdf Yfst, rflj-

tnvfly fw jrtnjhts c pcpuljr hulturf survnvfb cr ljtfr dnstcrnhjl jkjlysns.

rjbntnckjl dnstcry wjs ljrifly ojsfb ck wdjt pjst flntfs oflnfvfb wjs wcrtd

sjvnki, jkb cr fjrlnfr pfrncbs nt stnll ns. Fvfk supplfmfktfb oy rjkbcm sur-

vnvjls jkb ctfk djrb-tc-nktfrprft jrhdjfclcinhjl rfmjnks, suhd dnstcrnfs kfh-

fssjrnly rffht tdf nbfclcinfs c tdcsf jt tdf jpfx c pcwfr. Xhdcljrs wcrenki

hfkturnfs ljtfr, jkb wntd quntf bnfffrfkt nbfclcinfs, rfmjnk rfstrnhtfb oy tdf

fxtjkt scurhfs. Oy hcktrjst, pcpuljr hulturjl dnstcry brjws ck j orcjbfr ojsf

c mjtfrnjls jkb j mcrf hcmplftf rfhcrb, fspfhnjlly cr tdf pjst twc hfktu-

rnfs (j pfrncb rcuidly hctfrmnkcus wntd tdf fxnstfkhf c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs c

Jmfrnhj). Rus, js dnstcrnhjl suogfhts ift hlcsfr tc tdf prfsfkt jkb tdf bfptd

jkb orfjbtd c fvnbfkhf fxpjkbs, nt ns nkhrfjsnkily pcssnolf tc wrntf dnstcrytdjt rfhckstruhts tdf mfktjl uknvfrsf nk wdnhd crbnkjry pfcplf lnvfb.

J mjgcr pjrt c tdns rfhcrb hcksnsts c pcpuljr kjrrjtnvf crms, wdnhd rffht‒

nk j lfss sfl-hckshncus wjy tdjk flntf wrntnki jkb jrt‒tdf oflnfs, dcpfs, jspn-

rjtncks, jkb fjrs tdjt sdjpfb dumjknty„s pjst. Nk sdcrt, tdf mjtfrnjls c hulturjl

dnstcry jrf fxjhtly tdcsf tdjt djb prfvncusly offk ukjvjnljolf cr ukbfrjpprfhn-

jtfb oy hckvfktnckjl mftdcbs c dnstcrncirjpdy. Ydjt mnidt sffm tc of snmplf,

fpdfmfrjl stcrnfs crninkjlly nktfkbfb cr rjpnb bnspcsjl jafr tdfnr pjrtnhu-

ljr dnstcrnhjl mcmfkt djb pjssfb mjy nkstfjb cfffr tcbjy„s dnstcrnjks uknquf

nksnidt nktc tdf mnkb-sft c tdfnr rfjbfrs. Rns wnbfr hulturf, dfrf rfprfsfktfb

oy tdf hcmnh occe, hjkkct of hjpturfb fktnrfly oy tdf rfniknki nbfclcinfs. Nt ns

tcc oni jkb vjrncus tc pclnhf ffffhtnvfly, jkb muhd c tdf tnmf nt chhurs “ukbfr

tdf rjbjr.” Fvfk jafr mjnkstrfjm dnstcrnjks jkjlyzf nt, scmf pjrt c pcpuljr

hulturf jlwjys fshjpfs hcktrcl, rfprfsfktnki j rfljtnvfly ukltfrfb rfhcrb c tdf

pjst. Jmcki pcpuljr kjrrjtnvfs, hcmnh occes jrf pjrtnhuljrly rfvfjlnki, js tdfy

bnrfhtly rffht tdfnr jubnfkhf„s jktjsnfs, knidtmjrfs, jkb bflusncks.

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jkb cr j lcki tnmf jafrwjrb, wjr hcmnhs bfpnhtfb hcmojt nk dfrcnh tfrms7 kcolfhjusfs, hcurjifcus sclbnfrs, jkb tdf “iccb bfjtd.” Bflnofrjtfly supprfssfb wfrf

tdf djrsdfr rfjlntnfs c hcmojt7 hcwjrbnhf, lcw mcrjlf, nllkfss, jkb mjbkfss. Yrnt-

frs c hcmnhs bnb kct rfhckhnlf tdfsf nkhcksnstfkhnfs uktnl muhd ljtfr, wdfk tdf

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htnckjl fxplcnts c suhd hdjrjhtfrs js Xit. _che jkb tdf Djuktfb jke nkhlubfb

kujkhfs c hcmojt tdjt djb kct offk cpfkly bnshussfb.: Ofsnbfs tdf stnmuljtnck

cfffrfb oy tdcsf hclcrul jkb vnclfkt pjkfls, hcmnh occes spjrefb my lnflcki

nktfrfst nk dnstcry, pjrtnhuljrly mnlntjry dnstcry, wjr, jkb nts nmpjht ck tdf hulturfjt dcmf. Rns occe lcces spfhnhjlly jt dcw wjr-tdfmfb hcmnhs bfvflcpfb rcm

fjrly kfwspjpfr strnps jkb mnlntjry hjrtccks jkb hjrnhjturfs nktc tdf hcmnh occe

crmjt nkntnjlly ifjrfb tcwjrb hdnlbrfk. N jlsc fxplcrf wdjt tdf hcmnhs„ bfpnhtncks

c hcknht tfll us jocut Jmfrnhjk schnfty jkb vjlufs.

Hdnlbrfk„s fktfrtjnkmfkt djs offk jk nmpcrtjkt, yft tcc fjsnly bnsmnssfb,

jspfht c Jmfrnhjk lnf cvfr tdf ljst snxty yfjrs‒ofhjusf nt ns kct gust cr

hdnlbrfk jkb kct gust fktfrtjnkmfkt. Rf hcmnh occe djs sfrvfb js j wjy tc

nktrcbuhf ycuki rfjbfrs tc jbult tcpnhs jkb yft jllcw tdfm tc rftjnk scmf

scrt c sfpjrjtnck rcm rfjlnty. Rf hcmnhs djvf kfvfr offk js bnrfht, cr ffffh-

tnvf, js jbvfrtnsnki, out tdf nbfclciy c suppcrt cr Jmfrnhjk bchtrnkf jkb tdf

Jmfrnhjk mnlntjry ns stnll tdfrf. Dcwfvfr, tdf jubnfkhf c tdf hcmnh occe djs

hdjkifb cvfr tdf yfjrs. Jhhcrbnki tc tdf Kfw ̂ cre Hcmnh Occe Musfum, tdf

jvfrjif hcmnh rfjbfr ns twfkty-cur yfjrs clb jkb djs mcrf bnspcsjolf nkhcmf

tdjk tdf jvfrjif Jmfrnhjk.? Rns djs jk nmpjht ck wdnhd rfjbfr tdf hcmnh ns

ifjrfb tcwjrb, jkb nt ns mcst lnefly kct tdf pfrhfnvfb jubnfkhf7 hdnlbrfk. Js

lcki js tdfy jrf hcksnbfrfb j “hdnlbrfk„s mfbnum,” jt lfjst pjrtnjlly bnrfhtfb

tcwjrb tdjt bfmcirjpdnh, dcwfvfr, tdf hcmnh occe wnll sfrvf js jk jhtnvf wjyc tfjhdnki tdfm. Nt rfmjnks tc of sffk wdftdfr tdns ns cr tdf ofttfrmfkt c

mjkenkb. Fvfk jbult hcmnh occe rfjbfrs stnll wnsd tc nkbulif tdfnr hdnlbdccb

fflnkis out rfjb jocut jbult tdfmfs jt tdf sjmf tnmf. Jbults tcbjy jlsc lcce jt

hcmnhs js j typf c nkvfstmfkt, invfk tdf juhtnck prnhfs c suhd hcmnh occes js

tdf rst nssuf c Jhtnck Hcmnhs, wdnhd rfhfktly fthdfb $:.6 mnllnck jt juhtnck.

Cvfr tdf hcursf c tdfnr dnstcry, hcmnhs djvf ickf jr ofyckb snmplf stcrnfs

jnmfb jt hdnlbrfk5 tdfy hcmprnsf sjtnrf jkb hrntnhnsm, js wfll js pjtrnctnsm jkb

dypfrkjtnckjlnsm. Xcmftnmfs, tdf hcmnhs„ prcbuhfrs tcfb tdf lnkf c iuki-dc

pjtrnctnsm, out jt ctdfr tnmfs tdfy tcce nssuf wntd icvfrkmfkt jousfs jkb tdf

mnsusfs c stjtf pcwfr. (Pjrjbcxnhjlly tdf hcmnhs tdfmsflvfs wfrf scmftnmfs

nkstrumfkts c tdjt pcwfr. Rf icvfrkmfkt djs lcki rfhciknzfb tdf pctfktnjl

c tdf hcmnh occe tc bnstrjht, nkcrm, cr nkbchtrnkjtf rfjbfrs.) Js mnrrcrs c

bnvfrsf jttntubfs tcwjrb wjrjrf, tdf hcmnhs jrf lnef mcvnfs cr occes. Xcmf

c tdf hrfjtcrs (wrntfrs, nllustrjtcrs, jkb puolnsdfrs) c hcmnhs trnfb tc bfpnht

hcmojt nk nts dcrrcrs, wdnlf ctdfrs ilcrnfb wjr. Hcmnhs bfjlnki wntd tdf dcr-

rcrs c wjr ofhjmf j suoflb uktc tdfmsflvfs nk tdf :>60s jkb :>10s, spfhn-

nhjlly nk tdf tntlfs Arcktlnkf Hcmojt , wc-Anstfb jlfs, jkb Oljznki Hcmojt.8

Acr tdf purpcsf c tdns occe, N kjrrcwfb tdf flb c hcmnh occes ukbfr

jkjlysns. Rf wjr-tdfmfb ifkrf ns js vjrnfb nk hcmnhs js nt ns nk kcvfls, lms,

jkb ctdfr crms c htnck. Rf wjr hcmnh occes bnshussfb dfrf hckhfrk hcknhts

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tdjt wfrf chhurrnki burnki tdf yfjrs tdfsf hcmnhs fxnstfb. Rf hcknhts c tdf

ljst sfvfkty yfjrs djvf j spfhnjl pljhf nk hcmnh occe dnstcry. Ycrlb Yjr NN,

Ecrfj, Qnftkjm, tdf Hclb Yjr, jkb Cpfrjtncks Bfsfrt Xtcrm jkb Nrjqn Arff-

bcm djvf jll cukb j pljhf nk hcmnh occe lntfrjturf. Rf hcmnh occes rffhttdf wjys Jmfrnhjks jt ljrif djvf vnfwfb tdf mnlntjry„s rclf nk schnfty jkb dcw

nkbnvnbujl hrfjtcrs nktfrprftfb tdf kjtnck„s mjky wjrs. Hcmnhs rcm :>84 (tdf

ofinkknki c wdjt ns hcmmckly rffrrfb tc js tdf Iclbfk Jif c Hcmnhs)

tdrcuid hurrfkt puolnhjtncks wnll of bnshussfb js wfll. C hcursf, kct jll wjr

hcmnhs hjk of hcksnbfrfb, out js ljrif j sjmplf js pcssnolf djs offk usfb tc

fxjmnkf jkb ofttfr ukbfrstjkb dcw tdf ifkrf bfvflcpfb.

c lcce jt tdf dnstcry c tdf mfbnum, ckf must rst lcce jt wdjt rfjbnki

hcmnhs jhhcmplnsdfs. Hcmnh occes‒jkb fvfk tdf strnps nk kfwspjpfrs rcm

wdnhd scmf c tdfm fvclvfb‒sfrvf sfvfrjl ukhtncks cr rfjbfrs. Xtffpfb nk

pjtrnctnsm jkb prcpjijkbj, tdfy cafk bfpnht idtnki cr mcrjl cr pclntnhjl

purpcsfs. Nkbffb, js Ycrlb Yjr NN ofijk, hcmnh occes ofhjmf jk nktfirjl pjrt

c wjrtnmf prcpjijkbj, prcvnbnki nkcrmjtnck jkb fbuhjtnck cr hdnlbrfk

jkb jbults jlnef tdrcuid hclcrul pjifs llfb wntd hdjrjhtfrs wdcsf wjrtnmf

jbvfkturfs fxhntfb jubnfkhfs, prcmctfb pjtrnctnsm, jkb fxpcsfb tdf dcrrcrs

c hcmojt. Arcm Ycrlb Yjr NN tdrcuid tdf hcknhts nk Nrjq jkb Jidjknstjk

burnki tdf rst bfhjbf c tdf twfkty-rst hfktury, hcmnh occes djvf pljyfb j

hruhnjl yft cvfrlccefb rclf nk sdjpnki tdf orcjbfr hulturjl pfrhfptncks c tdfsfhcknhts. Acr tdf hrfjtcrs c suhd hcmnhs, nkspnrjtnck wjs fjsy tc hcmf oy,

tdfnr nmjinkjtncks pnqufb oy rfjlnty tdjt pljyfb cut ofcrf tdfm ck kfwsrffls,

tdf kjtnck„s kfwspjpfrs, knidtly tflfvnsnck, jkb mcrf.

Acr tdcsf wdc rfjb hcmnhs burnki tnmfs c wjr cr hcknht, tdfsf occes prc-

mctf bnfffrfkt nbfclcinfs cr spfhnh fhckcmnh cr pclntnhjl pcsntncks. Jltdcuid

suhd pcnkts c vnfw cafk vjrnfb rcm hcknht tc hcknht, hcmnh occes hculb

fbuhjtf tdf mjssfs jocut tdf frrcrs c Kjznsm cr Hcmmuknsm cr rjbnhjl

Nsljm. Rf ckf hcmmck bfkcmnkjtcr nk tdf struiilf jijnkst fjhd cppckfkt

wjs pjtrnctnsm. Rf ji-wjvnki pjtrnctnsm c Jmfrnhj burnki kjtnckjl dcln-

bjys cr ctdfr fvfkts hjk of sffk js j rst stfp tcwjrb jkjtnhnsm. Hrnsns jlsc

fkhcurjifs pfcplf tc rjlly jrcukb jk nmjif cr nhck. Xuhd pjtrnctnsm cafk

vfrifs ck‒cr ofhcmfs‒nbcljtry. Acr fxjmplf, tdf Jmfrnhjk ji‒fntdfr

js tjkinolf cogfht cr nhcknh tjlnsmjk‒ofhcmfs j vfdnhlf cr kjtnckjlnst sfk-

tnmfkt, scmftnmfs fvfk xfkcpdconj. Nts hclcrs jlckf ofhcmf symoclnhjlly

hdjrifb. Rf hckhfpt c j ji-tdfmfb supfrdfrc ns prnmjrnly jk Jmfrnhjk

nkvfktnck.2 Jmfrnhjk hcmnh occe hdjrjhtfrs wdc spcrt tdf rfb, wdntf, jkb

oluf (jkb/cr tdf stjrs jkb strnpfs) nkhlubf tdf Xdnflb, Hjptjnk Jmfrnhj, jkb, tcj lfssfr fxtfkt, Vkhlf Xjm, Yckbfr Ycmjk, jkb XupfrPjtrnct.6

Xuhd hdjrjhtfrs jlsc fxnst nk hcmnh occes rcm ctdfr hcuktrnfs. Hjkjbj djs

tdf Hjkjbnjk Jlpdj Alnidt tfjm, tdf Qnkbnhjtcr, jkb‒mcst kctjoly‒Hjptjnk

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Hjkuhe (wdcsf hcstumfs jrf rfb jkb wdntf, fjturnki j mjplf lfj). Nk tdf Vkntfb

Enkibcm, tdfrf ns Hjptjnk Orntjnk (wdcsf hcstumf nkhcrpcrjtfs flfmfkts c tdjt

kjtnck„s fmolfm), js wfll js Vknck Gjhe jkb Gjhe Xtjff, wdcsf vfry kjmfs rffr tc

tdfnr kjtnck„s ji.1 Rfsf hdjrjhtfrs jllcw tdf rfjbfr tc nbfktny wntd j hcuktryjkb nts nbfjls js fmocbnfb oy tdf dfrc. Dcw muhd bc tdfsf wcres c jrt mfrfly

tfll us jocut tdfnr pjrtnhuljr hrfjtcrs, jkb dcw muhd bc tdfy rfvfjl jocut tdfnr

ljrifr jubnfkhf3 Jrf tdfy prcbuhts c nkbnvnbujl hrfjtnvf mnkbs (jrtnst jkb/cr

wrntfr) wntd lnmntfb cr lchjl jppfjl3 Jltfrkjtnvfly, bc tdfy fxprfss scmf hcllfh-

tnvf ftdcs cr nbfjl3 Jrf tdf hdjrjhtfrs mfrfly vfdnhlfs cr tdf jrtnsts„ hrfbc cr

hrntnqufs3 Xurfly tdfsf jrtnjhts mjy nllumnkjtf pfrsckjl psyhdclciy, out tdfy

jlsc tfll us c tdf tnmfs jkb vjlufs nk wdnhd (jkb cr wdnhd) tdfy wfrf hrfjtfb

jkb nk wdnhd tdfy wfrf hcksumfb. Aurtdfrmcrf, tdfy wfrf octd bchumfkt jkb

bcimj5 tdfy kct ckly rfprfsfkt rfjlnty out jlsc prcmulijtf pjrtnhuljr mcrjl cr

pclntnhjl, pfrsckjl, cr plurjlnstnh nbfjls. Rf hckbuht jkb hdjrjhtfr c tdf dfrcfs

sfrvf js iunbfs cr prcpfr jhtnck nk j bfmchrjhy.

N hcmnh occes fxhntf pcsntnvf fflnkis tdrcuid nbfktnhjtnck, hjk tdfy jlsc

prcmpt rfvulsnck jkb rfvnlfmfkt3 Bc tdf hdjrjhtfrs nk hcmnh occes nkspnrf

fjr cr djtrfb nk tdfnr rfjbfrsdnp3 Bc tdfy ffffhtnvfly sfll tdf rfjbfr ck tdf

bjkifrs c tdf “fkfmy”3 Oy rfnkcrhnki stfrfctypfs c bfifkfrjtf vnlljnks, js

wfll js Jmfrnhjk purnty, hcmnh occes nkhulhjtf tdf rfjbfr nk Jmfrnhj„s icjls

jkb iclfms. Nkbffb, prcpjijkbj djs lcki offk j stjplf ifkrf. Acr fxjmplf,:>20s hcmnh occe bfpnhtncks fkvnsnckfb tdf fvnl kjturf c tdf Jxns pcwfrs.

Rfsf hcmnhs sdcw tdf bfptd c onictry jkb djtrfb tcwjrb tdfsf vnlnfb “Ctd-

frs.” Aurtdfrmcrf, tdf prcpjijkbnstnh fkbfjvcr c tdf hcmnh occe hculb ic

ofyckb tdf rjmf c tdf kjrrjtnvf. Jbvfrtnsfmfkts nk tdf hcmnh occe burnki

Ycrlb Yjr NN, cr fxjmplf, hjllfb cr pfcplf tc ouy wjr ockbs, fkijif nk shrjp

brnvfs, jkb pjrtnhnpjtf nk ctdfr wjr-rfljtfb fvfkts. Rf nbfj c j brnvf cr hjll

ns jk nmpcrtjkt jspfht c prcpjijkbj. Ofsnbfs tdf pjtfktly hcmmfrhnjl jbs cr

mnlntjry-tdfmfb tcys, scmf prcmctfb pjtrnctnh hluos, suhd js tdf Xfktnkfls c

Lnofrty wntd Hjptjnk Jmfrnhj jkb Ouhey, dns snbfenhe.

Ydy ns tdns stuby nmpcrtjkt3 _ffht cr j mcmfkt upck Ifcrif Xjktjyj-

kj„s bnhtum “Rcsf wdc bc kct lfjrk rcm dnstcry jrf bccmfb tc rfpfjt nt.”

Ckly rfhjll tdf hrnsfs-c-fmpnrf c prncr pcwfrs (Jtdfks, _cmf, Fkiljkb,

Hdnkj, jkb Prussnj). Dcw bc dnstcrnhjl jkb htnckjl jhhcukts c wjr rfljtf tc

tdf bfhlnkf c fmpnrfs cr tdf rnsf c kfw ckfs3 Ydjt wjs tdf nmpjht c Ru-

hybnbfs„ bchumfktjtnck c tdf bfrflnhtnck c Jtdfknjk nbfjls3 Hcksnbfr tdf

fhnfkhy c hcmnh occes js j bflnvfry systfm tdjt hjk bnssfmnkjtf j mfssjif

tc tdf rfljtnvfly uknkcrmfb jkb ukcrmfb‒tdf ojrfly lntfrjtf cr nllntfrjtf.Djb hdnlbrfk jkb ycukistfrs offk nkhulhjtfb scckfr jkb suohckshncusly, tdjt

fmpnrf mnidt djvf hcktnkufb lckifr. Yf must kct nikcrf tdf nmpjht c nllus-

trjtnck jkb wcrb ck tdf jttntubf jkb ofdjvncrs c tdf hntnzfkry.

Prfajhf



xnnn

Rf pclntnhjl dnstcry c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs ns covncusly mnrrcrfb oy hcmnh

occes5 tdfnr jbvfkt bnb kct mfrfly hcnkhnbf wntd tdf rnsf c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs

js j ilcojl pcwfr. _jtdfr, tdf hcmnhs jrcsf nk pjrt tc fxpljnk jk nkhrfjsnkily

hckusnki jkb bjkifrcus wcrlb, jt rst tc hdnlbrfk jkb tffkjifrs jkb ljtfrtc ycuki jbults js wfll. Rf tnmf rjmf tdjt ns tdf chus c tdns occe, :>84

tc tdf prfsfkt, sdcws kct ckly tdf rfpfjtfb nkvclvfmfkt c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs

nk jrmfb hcknht out jlsc j rfpftntnck‒wntd vjrnjtncks‒c nktfrjhtncks jkb

rfspcksfs ck tdf pjrt c tdf hntnzfkry. N bnvnbf tdfsf sfvfkty-snx yfjrs c hul-

turjl dnstcry nktc smjllfr pfrncbs, jlcki tdfmfs tdjt hcnkhnbf wntd pjrtnhuljr

nkstjkhfs c Jmfrnhjk mnlntjry nktfrvfktnck. Rns bnvfrsf pjkcrjmj c tnmf

jkb pljhf nllustrjtfs dcw hfrtjnk tdfmfs jkb nktfrjhtncks, hfrtjnk jspfhts c

pjtrnctnsm jkb prcpjijkbj, hyhlf tdrcuidcut cur dnstcry.

Rf hcmnhs rffht tdf hdjkinki pcwfr c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs, yft tdf hcmnh occe

hrfjtcrs ukbfrwfkt j trjkscrmjtnck tcc. Jt rst, tdfy wfrf qujsn-prcpjijkbnsts.

Fjrly hcmnh occes wfrf wrnttfk tc hrfjtf j orcjbfr, strckifr spfhtrum c pjtrn-

ctnsm jmcki rfjbfrs. Nmjifs jkb bnjlciuf, plct jkb hdjrjhtfr, js wfll js fxtrj-

tfxtujl flfmfkts suhd js jbvfrtnsfmfkts, jll wcrefb tc nkcrm cr nkufkhf tdf

sushfptnolf rfjbfr. Nk rfhfkt yfjrs, dcwfvfr, tdfy djvf cafk offk hrntnhjl c V.X.

pclnhy jorcjb, jkb scmf qufstnckfb tdf pjtrnctnh hjusf jkb hckvfktnckjl wnsbcm

js fjrly js tdf Ecrfjk Yjr. Burnki tdf :>60s, smjllfr hcmnh occe puolnsdfrs wfrf

tdf mcst wnllnki tc hdjllfkif tdf chnjl lnkf, out tdfy wfrf kct hcmmfrhnjlly suh-hfssul jkb fvfktujlly wfkt cut c ousnkfss. Xtjrtnki nk tdf :>10s, dcwfvfr, scmf

c tdf ljrifr prcbuhfrs stjrtfb tc puolnsd mcrf bjrnki stcry lnkfs tdjt rjk hcuktfr

tc Jmfrnhjk pclnhy, j trfkb tdjt ofhjmf prfbcmnkjkt oy tdf :>>0s.

Octd tdf vfrojl jkb vnsujl flfmfkts c tdf hcmnh occe jrf jkjlyzfb nk tdns stuby.

N djvf nbfktnfb pjrtnhuljr tdfmfs cr mctns tdjt jbb kujkhf tc tdf hdrckclcin-

hjl stuby c tdfsf tfxts, wdnhd invf j sfksf c tdf hdjrjhtfr c tdfnr hrfjtcrs jkb

hcksumfrs, js wfll js tdf hdjkinki kjturf c tdf ifkrf jkb cur kjtnck. Rus tdf

bfpnhtnck c tdf Nrjq Yjr wnll vjry rcm tdf bfshrnptnck c Ycrlb Yjr NN. Rfsf

hdjkifs, jbbrfssfb wntdnk fjhd hdjptfr, rffht tdf nktfirjtnck c hurrfkt hulturf

jkb tdf tnmf c tdf hrfjtcrs„ prfsfktjtnck nk fjhd frj„s hcmnhs.

Jky wcre c tdns kjturf must nkhlubf jk jkjlysns c tdf hcmnh occe„s dns-

tcry, wdcsf crninks hjk of trjhfb tc crninkjl hjrtcck strnps, tdf pcnktfb jkb

cafk sjtnrnhjl nllustrjtncks cukb nk kfwspjpfrs, jkb vjrncus rfprfsfktjtncks

c sclbnfrs burnki wjrtnmf. Burnki Ycrlb Yjr NN, hcmnh occes ofhjmf jk

fssfktnjl pjrt c mnlntjry fxpfrnfkhf, fntdfr js jk nkcrmjtnckjl cr trjnknki

tccl cr sclbnfrs c vjrnfb fbuhjtnck lfvfls jkb nktfllfhtujl jonlntnfs cr js nkfx-

pfksnvf fktfrtjnkmfkt. Oy tdf fjrly :>60s, tdf hcmnh occe„s prcpjijkbj vjlufwjs jhekcwlfbifb oy tdf bffksf fstjolnsdmfkt. Rfsf jspfhts c hcmnh occes

hcktnkuf tc tdns bjy, jkb N wnll rfturk tc tdfm tdrcuidcut tdns occe, js tdfy jrf

mjrefrs c tdf fvclutnck c tdf ifkrf.

Prfajhf



xnv

Rf hulturjl nkufkhf c hcmnh occes hcktnkufb tdrcuidcut tdf :>60s,

fntdfr js j pfrhfnvfb tdrfjt tc ycutd (buoofb tdf “tfk-hfkt pljiuf”) cr js jk

cutlft cr tffkjifrs jkb ycuki jbults tc jbjpt tc hckbntncks jrcukb tdfm.

Yrntfrs jkb jrtnsts scuidt tc usf tdf hcmnh occe js j pljtcrm cr tdfnr pclnt-nhjl jifkbjs cr tc fxprfss tdfnr hckhfrks jocut wjr, pclntnhjl nkbchtrnkj-

tnck, cr tdf kfjrncus bfpnhtnck c fkfmnfs c tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs. Oy tdf ljtf

:>10s, hcmnh occes hcktjnkfb mfssjifs octd cvfrt jkb hcvfrt. Rfy hjllfb

cr j rffvjlujtnck c Jmfrnhjk mnlntjry mnidt jkb tdf fkb c tdf pjtrnctnh

kjrrcw-mnkbfbkfss rcctfb, nk tdf fyfs c tdfnr hrfjtcrs, nk tdf trnumpd cvfr

tdf Jxns. Js tdf _fjijk frj hjmf nktc ull swnki burnki tdf :>40s, scmf hcm-

nhs rfvflfb nk rfvjkhdnsm, bfmjkbnki rfvfkif cr tdf nll trfjtmfkt c Qnft-

kjm-frj sclbnfrs oy tdf Qnfthcki cr nmjinknki tdf rfhcvfry c kjtnckjl prnbf

jafr tdf bnsjstfr c tdjt wjr. Ctdfr hcmnhs mjkjifb tc vnfw tdf icvfrkmfkt

wntd hcmplftf hyknhnsm jkb bnstrust. N kfhfssjry, hcmnh occes wculb hrfjtf

jk fkfmy n ckf bnb kct fxnst. Js tdf Hclb Yjr fkbfb, hcmnh occe wrntfrs

cafk usfb tdf tdrfjt c j “Kfw Ycrlb Crbfr” tc rfprfsfkt j sfrncus bjkifr tc

mjkenkb, cr tdfy rfvnvfb clbfr vnlljnks. Nk tdf pjst bfhjbf, stcry lnkfs cafk

hjpntjlnzfb ck fjrs c tfrrcrnsts wrfjenki djvch wntd stclfk jtcmnh wfjpcks.

Ankjlly, tdf fvfkts ck Xfptfmofr ::, ?00:, brfw hcmpjrnscks tc tdf jttjhe ck

Pfjrl Djrocr jt tdf ofinkknki c V.X. nkvclvfmfkt nk Ycrlb Yjr NN. Nt wjs prf-

bnhtjolf tdjt hcmnh occes wculb rfvfrt tc tdf pjtrnctnh mcbf js j wjy c sdcwnki(jkb cstfrnki) sclnbjrnty wntd jk cutrjifb Jmfrnhj. Js tdf hjll tc puknsd tfrrcrnsts

fvfktujlly fkiulfb Nrjq, wdnhd hculb kct of sdcwk tc djvf offk rfspcksnolf cr

tdf nkntnjl jttjhe, tdf hcmnhs jijnk tcce jkctdfr tjhe7 bnstrust c tdf jbmnknstrjtnck

nk pcwfr. Invfk tdf prcolfm c idtnki j kfw “mcrjl” hcknht, puolnsdfrs rfvnvfb

suhd hdjrjhtfrs js Hjptjnk Jmfrnhj, Xit. _che, jkb Nrck Mjk.9 Rns rffhts kct

ckly ck tdf hcmnh occe nkbustry out ck tdf Jmfrnhjk psyhdf js wfll.

c nllustrjtf my jriumfkt, N hcksnbfrfb jll jvjnljolf scurhfs, nkhlubnki fjrly

mnlntjry vnikfttfs jkb sdcrt hcmnhs sfqufkhfs, js wfll js tdf ljtfr jkb jrtns-

tnhjlly mcrf hcmplfx hcmnhs sfrnfs. N wnll nkvfstnijtf dcw tdf jrtnsts nktfrpc-

ljtfb octd pfrsckjl prfgubnhf jkb tdf vjlufs c schnfty jt ljrif. Nk bcnki sc,

tdfy octd bchumfktfb jkb bftfrmnkfb trjkscrmjtncks nk Jmfrnhjk hulturf.

Rf hcmnhs jrf bfshrnptnvf c tdfnr tnmfs, jkb sdnas nk Jmfrnhjk vjlufs jrf js

fvnbfkt js tdf hdjkifs nk tdf jutcmconlfs, jnrpljkfs, jkb jrtnllfry bfpnhtfb.

Rfsf hdjkifs chhur cvfr pfrncbs c mcrf cr lfss oljtjkt sjtnrf, vjrnjtncks nk

tdf pcrtrjyjl c Jmfrnhjk mjhdnsmc, jkb bnvfrsf bfpnhtncks c vnclfkhf jkb

bfjtd‒pjrtnhuljrly c Jmfrnhjk sclbnfrs. Fkfmy hjsujltnfs, c hcursf, wfrf

jlwjys fxpfhtfb jkb usujlly hflforjtfb.Arcm jll c tdf pctfktnjl scurhfs, N sflfhtfb tdcsf N flt wfrf kfhfssjry tc

jbbrfss tdf tcpnh c tdns occe‒tdf ckfs mcst chusfb ck hcktfmpcrjry mnln-

tjry jhtnck oy tdf Vkntfb Xtjtfs. Rfsf hcmprnsf hcmnhs tdjt jppfjr nktfkbfb

Prfajhf



xv

tc nkhulhjtf pjtrnctnsm cr tc bnssfmnkjtf prcpjijkbj cr lfintnmjtf prctfsts

jijnkst tdf jhtncks c tdf icvfrkmfkt. Rf fxjmplfs jrf hdcsfk tc rffht

tdf wjr jt tdf tnmf c puolnhjtnck cr wntdnk rfhfkt mfmcry (cr fxjmplf,

stcrnfs jocut tdf _fvclutnckjry Yjr puolnsdfb burnki tdf Qnftkjm Yjr jrffxhlubfb). Arcm tdf spfhnh frjs jkb sfrnfs, N djvf snkilfb cut jutdcrs wdc

djvf hjpturfb tdf fssfkhf c wjr hcmnhs jkb rfprfsfkt fxhfllfkhf cr fxtrjcr-

bnkjry hcktrnoutnck tc tdf flb. Acr Ycrlb Yjr NN, tdfsf hrfjtcrs nkhlubf Ynll

Fnskfr, Gcf Xnmck jkb Gjhe Enroy5 jll wfrf Gfwnsd jkb djb j stjef nk bffjtnki

tdf Kjzns. Oy tdf :>60s, tdf frj c Gfwnsd nkvclvfmfkt djb bnmnknsdfb, jkb

Gcf Euofrt, Yjlly Yccb, jkb Gcdk Xfvfrnk tcce tdf flb urtdfr. Rns sdna

chusfb ck tdf fxpfrnfkhfs c hcmojt, rjtdfr tdjk j spfhnh icjl c tdf Jmfr-

nhjk mnlntjry. Nk tdf Qnftkjm frj, j sniknhjkt nllustrjtcr c wjr hcmnh occes

wjs tdf prclnh Xjm Iljkzmjk, wdc brfw ck dns cwk hcmojt fxpfrnfkhf. Oy

tdf _fjijk frj, mjky hcmnhs hrfjtcrs‒suhd js Bck Lcmjx, Yjykf Qjksjkt,

jkb Ljrry Djmj‒usfb tdfnr fxpfrnfkhfs nk Qnftkjm tc rffht ck jkb rfcrm

tdf ifkrf. Ankjlly, oy tdf fkb c tdf hfktury, jrtnsts suhd js Ijrtd Fkkns dflpfb

rfnkvnicrjtf jkb rfnkvfkt tdf flb nk tdf pcst->/:: wcrlb.

Fxjmnkjtncks c ctdfr pcpuljr jrt crms djvf offk usfb tc fxpjkb cur ukbfr-

stjkbnki c dnstcry, rcm Ljry Mjy„s jkjlysns c lm„s rclf nk sdjpnki hckhfptncks

c bfmchrjhy tc Lfwns Frfkofri„s bnshussnck c tdf hulturjl jkb fhckcmnh nmpjht

c gjzz jkb swnki musnh.4 Xnmnljrly, Ynllnjm Xjvjif, _cifr Xjonk, Orjbcrb Yrnidt,jkb Gnm Xtfrjkec djvf scuidt tc tnf hcmnh occe rfjbfrsdnp tc j wnbfr hulturjl

dnstcry.> Gcdk Bcwfr usfb hcmnh nllustrjtncks oy octd tdf Gjpjkfsf jkb tdf Vkntfb

Xtjtfs burnki Ycrlb Yjr NN tc fxjmnkf tdf rclf c rjhf nk tdjt hcknht.:0 N lcce tc

fxpjkb ck tdfsf pnckffrnki wcres (pjrtnhuljrly Xjvjif„s) tc sdcw dcw tdf hcmnh

occes octd mnrrcrfb jkb mjkujhturfb pcpuljr jttntubfs tc wjr. Mcst dnstcrnfs c

tdf hcmnhs bfjl wntd dcw tdf nkbustry bfvflcpfb5 tdfy bc kct jbbrfss bfpnhtncks

c wjr cr tdf prcpjijkbnstnh fkbfjvcr c tdf hcmnh occe.

Hulturjl dnstcry bflvfs nktc mcrfs jkb mnkb-sfts, vjlufs, lfvfls c pjtrnctnsm,

jkb hulturjl stjkbjrbs. My hulturjl dnstcry c hcmnhs wnll fxjmnkf tdf mftd-

cbs c mcrjl fbuhjtnck, tdf hckhfpt jkb suostjkhf c prcpjijkbj nk jhtncks

jkb hcstumfs, jkb dcw tdf bfpnhtnck c hurrfkt cr rfhfkt fvfkts hcmpftfb

wntd kfws jkb fktfrtjnkmfkt mfbnj (kfwspjpfrs, mcvnfs, jkb tflfvnsnck) tc

nkcrm jkb crm hulturjl vjlufs. N wnll sdcw dcw hulturjl vnfws wfrf hclcrfb

jkb hrjafb oy tdcsf fktfrtjnknki stcrnfs c sclbnfrs jkb supfrdfrcfs. Rfsf

sljktfb bfpnhtncks c Jmfrnhj dccefb jkb dccbwnkefb tdfnr rfjbfrs oy prc-

mctnki pjtrnctnsm jkb prcmulijtnki prcpjijkbj c j mcrf buoncus hdjrjhtfr.

Kct tdf prcbuht c j snkilf pfrsck, tdns occe rffhts tdf hcktrnoutncks cmjky wdc dflpfb nk nts hrfjtnck jkb rfkfmfkt. Ydnlf tdf kjl rfsults (jkb

mnstjefs) jrf mnkf jlckf, N wjs jssnstfb oy mjky pfcplf wdcsf dflp jkb nkput

must of jhekcwlfbifb.

Prfajhf



xvn

Anrst jkb crfmcst, N wculb lnef tc tdjke my wnf _jhdfl cr jll tdf jssnstjkhf

jkb fkhcurjifmfkt tdjt sdf djs cfffrfb cvfr tdf yfjrs. Xdf djs efpt tdns prcg-

fht jkb mf icnki tdrcuid tdf rcuid tnmfs.

N wculb lnef tc tdjke Bjrlfkf Vlmfr, _ck Yjbf, jkb Mjre Dclrcyb rcmNJB‘Hdnhjic cr tdfnr fkhcurjifmfkt tc wrntf jkb tfjhd tdf twc hljssfs

(Dnstcry c Prcpjijkbj jkb Dnstcry c Hcmnh Occes) tdjt lfb tc tdns occe.

Rfy wfrf irfjt ocssfs jt j hruhnjl tnmf nk my jhjbfmnh hjrffr.

N jlsc wnsd tc tdjke Br. Lfwns Frfkofri, Br. fb Ejrjmjksen, Br. Pftfr

Ejrstfk, jkb Br. Mnhdjfl Kfnouri, wdc cfffrfb fkhcurjifmfkt jkb jbvnhf ck

tdf suogfhts c hjrtccks jkb tdf mnlntjry. Arcm tdf Kjvjl Nkstntutf Prfss, Jbjm

Ejkf jkb Jbjm Kfttnkj wfrf cutstjkbnki cr tdfnr fktdusnjsm jkb qunhe

rfspcksfs tc my qufrnfs kc mjttfr dcw sffmnkily nkjkf.

Xfhtncks c tdns occe wfrf prfvncusly puolnsdfb nk tdf Gcurkjl ca Pcpu-

ljr Hulturf (sprnki ?009), tdf Nktfrkjtnckjl Gcurkjl ca Hcmnh Jrt (jll ?004),

Hjptjnk Jmfrnhj jkb tdf Xtruiilfs ca tdf Xupfrdfrc7 Hrntnhjl Fssjys, fbntfb oy

_cofrt Yfnkfr (sprnki ?00>), jkb tdf Irffkwccb Fkhyhlcpfbnj ca Hcmnhs jkb

Irjpdnh Kcvfls (sprnki ?0:0).

My hcllfjiufs djvf sfrvfb j hrntnhjl rclf nk bfvflcpnki my tdcuidts jkb

hckhfpts. Nk pjrtnhuljr, Efvnk Ejumjk, Pjt Mjllcry, Xtfllj _fss, jkb Gjy Yjrb

djvf jll efpt mf icnki jkb cfffrfb nksnidt. Lff jkb Hnkby Ynkbscr ijvf mf jk

fktnrfly kfw pfrspfhtnvf ck dcw tc lcce jt hcmnh occes wdnlf ck j ojttlfflbtcur c Ntjly. c tdfm jkb mjky ctdfrs N jijnk sjy tdjkes.

My jmnly sfrvfb js j scurhf c strfkitd, fspfhnjlly burnki tdf mjky tnmfs

wdfk N flt tdjt tdf occe wculb kfvfr sff puolnhjtnck. My bjb, Gfrry, jkb dns

wnf, _fkîf Xhctt, cfffrfb fkhcurjifmfkt jkb suiifstncks. My orctdfr Mnhjd

djs kfvfr hfjsfb tc jmjzf mf wntd dns effk cosfrvjtncks c my wcre (dns nktfl-

lnifkhf jkb tjlfkt hcktnkunki tc hckcukb mf). My rfljtnvfs (fspfhnjlly tdf

Qcle jkb Qfnllfux jmnlnfs) wfrf jlwjys tdfrf cr fkhcurjifmfkt. Pjul Mjhdf

cfffrfb irfjt hcmmfkts jkb tdf irfjt orfje cr ctdfr tcpnhs wdfk kffbfb.

My irfjtfst tdjkes must ic tc tdf hcrps c “Yckbfr Ycmfk” wdc ict mf

tdrcuid tdns. Ljurfk Mjhdf ijvf mf pcsntnvf tdcuidts jkb cosfrvjtncks js sdf

wfkt tdrcuid tdf bnssfrtjtnck prchfss twnhf (!). My bjuidtfrs Wnj jkb Gjykj

pcnktfb cut jll scrts c “cbb tdnkis,” yft lft Bjb wcre wdfk kffbfb. Ankjlly,

my Jukt Pfiiy Xmftjkj jkb my mcm, Lnkbj Xhctt, jssnstfb nk wjys oni jkb

smjll. N hjkkct fxprfss my irjtntubf tc tdfsf pnlljrs c strfkitd. N ckly dcpf

tdjt N djvf bckf tdfm jll prcub.

Prfajhf

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