Smt.Sujata.P.Chavan

Dhanvantari (3000 BC)

The ruler of Kashi,known for his contribution to the world in Ayurvedic medicine.

In his book “Agnivesha Samhita” He has suggested the precautionary measures to be taken before and after surgery.

He propounded the tri dhosha concept of Ayurveda (vata,pitta,kapha)

“sharira Rachana Vignana”deals with the 1.structure of the body 2.The soul Atma 3.The location, shape,and size of various parts

of the body.

4.The mind

Susruta (1000BC)

Sage Sushrut is known as the "Father of surgery".

Even modern science recognizes India as the first country to develop and use rhinoplasty (developed by Sushrut).

He also practiced amputation, caesarean and cranial surgeries, and developed 125 surgical instruments including scalpels, lancets, and needles.he suggested the methods to manufacture these instruments.

He was the first to conduct post marten.

He has written a book “sushruta Samhita”

He was expert in operating cataract, hernia.

He is credited with performing the world's first rhinoplasty, using anesthesia and plastic surgery.

One of the Ayurvedic surgical practices being used today in India involves dipping sutures into antibiotic herbs so when sewed into the person, the scar heals quicker and prevent infection. The modern surgical world owes a great debt to this great surgical sage.

Charaka (800BC)

His work “Charaka Samhita”is famous for internal medicine.

He was well known for his treatment in replacing the artificial limb.

He suggested simple methods and remedies in curing paralysis, leprosy,feats,cancers and blindness.

He even knew how to use Mercury, Sulphur in manufacturing of medicines.

Aryabhata “Aryabhatiyam”the first mathematics based on

astronomical work was composed by Aryabhata in 499 AD when he was only 23 years old.

Aryabhata was the first to proclaim the earth was round, rotating on an axis, orbiting the sun and suspended in space. This was around 1,000 years before Copernicus.

Aryabhata was the first to propound that the moon is not self luminous.

He was the first explain that eclipses occur due to the shadows of one another when earth, moon,and sun are collinear.

Bhaskaracharya

He wrote “siddanta siromani” in which he explained about the motion of planets in the chapter “Graha Ganita.”

His another important work “Karna Kutuhala” was written at his 69th year. Even today it is regarded as a reference book for panchanga.

Varahamihira

His main works are “Pancha Siddhanta”, “Brihat Samhita” and “Brihat Jatak” an astrological work.

He is first to explain the gravitational force,about 1100 years before Issac Newton

Even today geologists consider his work on ground water resources as a standard reference.

He presented cures for various diseases of plants and trees.

In his work Pancha Siddantika he deals with solar energy.

In his book, Panschsiddhant, he noted that the moon and planets shine due to the sun.

According to him there are 5 mandalas 1.Chandra Mandala 2.pruthvi Mandala 3.Surya Mandala 4.Paramesti Maandala (Galaxy) 5.Swayambhu Mandala (Universe) each madala will revolve around

the next mandala due to its revolution months and years occur.

The brahat samhita of Varaha Mihir describes four types of diseases. We cancompare this with modern description of diseases.

Brihat Samhita Mordern1. Pandu Patra Chlorosis of leaves2.Pravara Avriddhi Falling off buds3.Shakhashasha Drying up of Branches4. Rasasruti Exudation of Sap

Kanad

Sage Kanad is recognized as the founder of atomic theory, and classified all the objects of creation into nine elements (earth, water, light or fire, wind, ether, time, space, mind and soul).

He stated that every object in creation is made of atoms that in turn connect with each other to form molecules nearly 2,500 years before John Dalton.

Kanad described the dimension and motion of atoms, and the chemical reaction with one another. The eminent historian, T.N. Colebrook said, "Compared to scientists of Europe, Kanad and other Indian scientists were the global masters in this field.“

Chemistry alchemical metals Kanada (6th BC) had propounded that Paramanu (atom) forms dwinuka (molecules) He also discovered that the density of molecules is peculiar to each matter and so an object weighs less in water than in air, even earlier to Archimedes.

Nagarjuna In the field of chemistry alchemical metals

were developed for medicinal uses by sage Nagarjuna.

He wrote many famous books including Ras Ratnakar, which is still used in India's Ayurvedic colleges today.

By carefully burning metals like iron, tin, copper, etc. into ash, removing the toxic elements, these metals produce quick and profound healing in the most difficult diseases.

Parashara Knowledge of botany (Vrksh-Ayurveda) dates

back more than 5,000 years, discussed in India's Rig Veda.

Sage Parashara (100 BC) is called the "father of botany" because he classified flowering plants into various families, nearly 2,000 years before Lannaeus (the modern father of taxonomy).

Parashara described plant cells - the outer and inner walls, sap color-matter and something not visible to the eye - anvasva. Nearly 2,000 years -later Robert Hooke, using a microscope described the outer and inner wall and sap color-matter.

Kala veshtana(outer wall)

Sukshma Patraka(inner wall)

Ranjakayukta(sap with colouring matter)

Classification of plants by Parashara

Samiganiya(modern-Leguminosae) charecters Parashara Modern Tundamandala flowers hypogynanus Vishamavidala unequal corolla lobes Puncha mukta dala five free petals Yukta Jalika Synsephalous corolla Dasabhikesara 10 stamens

Bhaskaracharya: Bhaskaracharya was a great mathematician and Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromani' consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts of astronomy.

S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955.

He was the first Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his directorship, many research laboratories were established throughout India.

J.C.Bose: He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist.

He founded Bose Research Institute, Calcutta.

He discovered the application of electromagnetic waves to wireless telegraphy in 1895.

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Sir J.C Bose proved that plants are also sensitive to heat, cold,light,noise,and other stimuli.

He designed very sensitive instrument called crescograph which was capable of recording and detecting the minute responses due to external stimuli.

He is the author of two books “Response in the living and non-living”,and “The nervous mechanism of plants”

Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983.

He is an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of stars is 35 years old. His first discovery was laughed at. After three decades, it was recognised and today he is a Nobel Laureate. According to his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of denser stars of low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Limit.

Hargobind Khorana: He created an artificial gene in the laboratory and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968.

He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the Government of India.

Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India.

He published important papers on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc.

He was the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in 1966.

Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his invention 'Raman Effect'.

His study of crystal structure is of unique importance.

He founded Raman Research Institute at Bangalore.

Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation.

He was instrumental to take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975.

Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear explosion at Pokharan range in 1974.

It is significant to note that what sir Wiliam Jones, said”Had only Linnaeus (regarded as father of modern Taxonomy) known Sanskrit he would have vastly improved his own system of nomenclature”.

Bhagavantam: His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays is noteworthy. An associate of Sir C.V.Raman,

Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the Ministry of Defence and Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation.

Prafful Chandra Ray Recognized as the father of chemical industry of

India. Inventor of medicinal compound from the waste

cattle bone He treated the ashes of bone with sulpuric

acid .the superphosphate of lime thus produced was mixed with soda,a solution of phosphate of soda was formed.

This was put into a large basin and boiled, which produced lumps o9f phosphate of soda crystals.

He converted the waste cattle bones into a chemical compound from which a medical compound could be made.

Vekataraman Ramkrishnan An India born scientist from south India,

Vekataraman Ramkrishnan won the Nobel prize for chemistry in the field of Ribosome study.

Thomas A Steitz and Ada E Yonath for having showed what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at the atomic level“

Three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are now used by scientists in order to develop new antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and decreasing humanity's suffering."

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.

--Albert Einstein.

All of the above is just the tip of the iceberg, the list could be endless.

But, if we don't see even a glimpse of that great India in the India that we see today, it clearly means that we are not working up to our potential and that if we do, we could once again be an ever shining and inspiring country setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.

Work towards the welfare of INDIA . Say proudly, I AM AN INDIAN.