SMOS CAL/VAL campaigns SMOS CAL/VAL campaigns 20102010

M. M. ZribiZribi, , M. M. PardPardéé, P. , P. FaniseFanise, J. , J. BoutinBoutin, J. C. , J. C. CalvetCalvet, A. , A. Clement, M. Clement, M. DechambreDechambre, Y. Kerr, E. Lopez, Y. Kerr, E. Lopez--BaezaBaeza, A. , A.

Martin, A. Martin, A. MialonMialon, G. , G. ReverdinReverdin, , K.SalehK.Saleh, J. P. , J. P. WigneronWigneron, , N. N. SkouSkou

CESBIO, LATMOS, LOCEAN, CNRM, INRA, Valencia University, …

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OutlineOutline1. CAROLS Objectives

2. CAROLS radiometer presentation

3. CAROLS flights

4. First Results over Ocean and land surfaces

5. RFI identification and elimination

6. Conclusions

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CAROLS campaigns are funded by CNES French spatial agency and ESA

Principal objectives: SMOS CAL/VAL

Instruments: CAROLS: Cooperative Airborne Radiometer for

Ocean and Land Studies GOLD-RTR: GPS Open-Loop Differential

Real-Time Receiver, (scientific lead A. Rius) Infrared CIMEL radiometer (SAFIRE instrument) 2 visible cameras (SAFIRE instrument)

CAROLS CAROLS flightsflights

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Objectives: Validation of CAROLS data quality

4 flights from Francazal military base (Toulouse) to Gulf of Biscay Reduced presence of RFI No problem of coupling between H and V channels Good sensitivity and stability of data

CAROLS’2008 (12/11/2008-24/11/2008 ))

Objectives: Acquisition of scientific data for inversion algorithm improvements over ocean and continental surfaces, analysis of RFI

Studied sites: Gulf of Biscay, SMOSMANIA, Valencia siteDatabase: 13 flights

CAROLS’2009 (23/04/2009-28/05/2009)

LastLast CAROLS CAROLS campaignscampaigns

((ZribiZribi et et alal., 2010)., 2010)

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CAROLS CAROLS radiometerradiometer

Correlation radiometer with direct Correlation radiometer with direct sampling (built by DTU and LATMOS)sampling (built by DTU and LATMOS)

Fully Fully polarimetricpolarimetric ((i.ei.e 4 4 StockesStockes))

Freq : Freq : -- 3 dB @ 1402 MHz 1425 MHZ3 dB @ 1402 MHz 1425 MHZ

Advanced analog filter for RFI Advanced analog filter for RFI suppression suppression

Sensitivity : 0.1 K for 1 s integration Sensitivity : 0.1 K for 1 s integration time (300K target)time (300K target)

Stability: better than 0.1K over 15 minStability: better than 0.1K over 15 min

Internal calibration : load and noise diodeInternal calibration : load and noise diode

2 large potter horns (HPBW 37,62 large potter horns (HPBW 37,6°°))

CAROLS configuration in ATRCAROLS configuration in ATR--4242

SlantSlant AntennaAntenna

Nadir Nadir AntennaAntenna

Relative angles to the airplane:

Roll = -33.64°Pich = - 1.26°Heading = 0.10°

Relative angles to the airplane:

Roll = - 0.07°Pich = -0.64°Heading = -0.03°

Inside the planeInside the plane

~ 3.5m

4.5 m cables

OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA08/06/201008/06/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA04/06/201004/06/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA31/05/201031/05/2010OKOK5h5h4h AM UTC4h AM UTCVALENCIAVALENCIA28/05/201028/05/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA26/05/201026/05/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA21/05/201021/05/2010

OKOK5h5h4h AM UTC4h AM UTCVALENCIAVALENCIA10/06/201010/06/2010

OKOK4h304h305h PM UTC5h PM UTCOCEANOCEAN11/05/201011/05/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA09/05/201009/05/2010OKOK4h304h304h AM UTC4h AM UTCOCEANOCEAN08/05/201008/05/2010OKOK4h304h305h PM UTC5h PM UTCOCEANOCEAN06/05/201006/05/2010

------VOLCANOVOLCANO17/05/201017/05/2010------VOLCANOVOLCANO13/05/201013/05/2010

OKOK4h304h305h PM UTC5h PM UTCOCEANOCEAN19/05/201019/05/2010

OKOK5h5h4h AM UTC4h AM UTCVALENCIAVALENCIA05/05/201005/05/2010

OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA13/06/201013/06/2010

OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA03/05/201003/05/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA28/04/201028/04/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA15/04/201015/04/2010observationsobservationsDurationDurationdeparturedepartureSiteSiteDataData

CAROLS CAROLS flightsflights

OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA01/07/201001/07/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA26/06/201026/06/2010OKOK5h5h4h AM UTC4h AM UTCVALENCIAVALENCIA23/06/201023/06/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA22/06/201022/06/2010OKOK3h3h5h AM UTC5h AM UTCSMOSMANIASMOSMANIA18/06/201018/06/2010observationsobservationsDurationDurationdeparturedepartureSiteSiteDataData

NumberNumber ofof flightsflights: : SMOSMANIA: 14SMOSMANIA: 14VALENCIA: 4VALENCIA: 4OCEAN: 4OCEAN: 4

CancelledCancelled flightsflights: 2: 2

SMOSMANIA SMOSMANIA flightsflights

GroundGround measurementsmeasurements:: continuouscontinuous andand ponctualponctual groundgroundmeasurementsmeasurements (CNRM+CESBIO+INRA (CNRM+CESBIO+INRA teamsteamsMoistureMoisture, , vegetationvegetation measurementsmeasurementsoverover differentdifferent test test fieldsfieldsThetaprobeThetaprobe continuouscontinuousmeasurementsmeasurements in 12 points in in 12 points in thethestudiedstudied sitesite

Flight description:Flight description:DepartureDeparture fromfrom ToulouseToulouseFlight Flight overover western part western part ((withwith measurementsmeasurements in in thethe twotwo directions; directions; in in orderorder to to covercover areas areas withwith twotwo incidence incidence angles)angles)FlightFlight overover thethe easterneastern part part ((withwith measurementsmeasurements in in thethe twotwo directions)directions)Altitude: 2000mAltitude: 2000mDurationDuration: 3h: 3h

CAROLS data CAROLS data overover SMOSMANIASMOSMANIA

Nadir

SlantCazaux Pau Toulouse Carcassonne

Valencia Valencia flightsflights

GroundGround measurementsmeasurements:: SpainSpain sites: sites: ContinuousContinuous andandponctualponctual measurementsmeasurements ((RespResp. . ErnestoErnesto Lopez Lopez --BaezaBaeza)) moisturemoisture, , vegetationvegetation measurementsmeasurementsoverover differentdifferent test test fieldsfieldsThetaprobeThetaprobe continuouscontinuousmeasurementsmeasurements

Flight description:Flight description:DepartureDeparture fromfrom ToulouseToulouseFlight Flight overover LosLos MonegrosMonegros sitesiteFlightFlight overover Valencia siteValencia siteAltitude Altitude overover LosLos MonegrosMonegros: : 600m600mAltitude Altitude overover Valencia site: 3000 Valencia site: 3000 mmDurationDuration: 5h: 5h

Flight Flight overover Valencia siteValencia site

Flight Flight overover LosLos MonegrosMonegros sitesite

CAROLS data CAROLS data overover ValenciaValenciaflight 13

Ty

VAS

Los monegros

OceanOcean measurementsmeasurements

Ocean measurementsOcean measurements: a ship, : a ship, buoybuoys s ((RespResp. G. . G. ReverdinReverdin and J. and J. BoutinBoutin))

Flight description:Flight description:Departure from ToulouseOcean measurements: differenttypes of flights, wingwags, circular flights, …Altitude over ocean: 3000mDuration: 4h30

OceanOcean groundground measurementsmeasurements

Ferries

An An OceanOcean flightflight datadata

Flight 15, nadir antennaFlight 15, nadir antenna

OceanOcean brightnessbrightness temperaturestemperatures

Nadir antennaNadir antenna Slant antennaSlant antenna

BlueBlue = TB = TB SlantSlant VVMagenta = TB Magenta = TB SlantSlant HH

RedRed = TB Nadir V= TB Nadir VBlack = TB Nadir HBlack = TB Nadir H

Nadir Nadir antennaantenna

SlantSlant antennaantenna

ComparisonComparison betweenbetween Model Model andand MeasurementsMeasurements : 3rd : 3rd andand 4th Stokes 4th Stokes

redred = = measurementsmeasurementsBlueBlue = = modelmodel

4th Stokes 4th Stokes parameterparameter

RFI RFI AnalysisAnalysis

WeWe identifyidentify twotwo types types ofof RFI:RFI: Pulse radar RFIPulse radar RFI ContinuousContinuous RFIRFI

RFI mitigationRFI mitigation Application Application ofof KurtosisKurtosis

* efficient for pulse radar RFI* efficient for pulse radar RFI* more * more complicatedcomplicated for for continuouscontinuous RFIRFI

Application Application ofof otherother thresholdsthresholds* * StdStd ofof BrighntessBrighntess temperaturetemperature

(Pardé et al., 2010, IEEE TGARS)

Spectral Spectral analysisanalysis/test /test ofof spectrumspectrumanalyseranalyser

Spectral Spectral analysisanalysis/test /test ofof spectrumspectrumanalyseranalyser

Time [HH:MM]

Freq

uenc

y (in

GH

z)

09:07 09:11 09:17 09:21 09:26 09:30 09:351.398

1.403

1.409

1.414

1.42

1.425

Brig

htne

ss te

mpe

ratu

re [i

n K

]

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Time Time -- Frequency representation of calibrated Frequency representation of calibrated Tb values, during the flight from the Atlantic Ocean Tb values, during the flight from the Atlantic Ocean

to Toulouse city (France)to Toulouse city (France)

Time [HH:MM]

Freq

uenc

y (in

GH

z)

09:07 09:11 09:17 09:21 09:26 09:30 09:351.398

1.403

1.409

1.414

1.42

1.425

Brig

htne

ss te

mpe

ratu

re [i

n K

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Brightness temperatures after correction Brightness temperatures after correction using different techniques, based on spectral using different techniques, based on spectral

blanking.blanking.

((FaniseFanise et et alal., 2010)., 2010)

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FirstFirst resultsresults ofof soilsoil moisturemoisture estimationestimation

((AlbergelAlbergel et et alal.).)

ConclusionsConclusions

The airborne campaigns were realized (in connection with ground The airborne campaigns were realized (in connection with ground measurements)measurements)

Our analysis shows good stability and precision of data. Our analysis shows good stability and precision of data. The 4 Stokes parameters are estimated during the flightsThe 4 Stokes parameters are estimated during the flights

RFI presence: different approaches proposed to eliminate RFI RFI presence: different approaches proposed to eliminate RFI (statistical approaches for RFI mitigation, spectrum analyzer fo(statistical approaches for RFI mitigation, spectrum analyzer for data r data correction)correction)

CAROLSCAROLS’’2010 data is provided to CAROLS partners in August 20102010 data is provided to CAROLS partners in August 2010

A second A second campaigncampaign waswas realizedrealized fromfrom 18 to 27 18 to 27 ofof novembernovember 2010 2010 for for oceanocean measurementsmeasurements (4 (4 flightsflights overover GulfGulf ofof BiscayBiscay))

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ThankThank youyou for for youryour attentionattentionTo To thethe nextnext flightsflights!!