SMChap022

Chapter 22 - S Corporations

Chapter 22S Corporations

SOLUTIONS MANUAL Discussion Questions:

1. [LO 1] In general terms, how are C corporations different from and similar to S

corporations?

S corporations are incorporated under state law and thus have the same legal protections as

C corporations. They are governed by the same corporate tax rules that apply in the

organization, liquidation, and reorganization of C corporations. However, unlike a C

corporation, an S corporation is a flow-through entity and shares many tax similarities with

partnerships. For example, basis calculations for S corporation shareholders and partners

are similar, the income or loss of an S corporation flows through to its owners, and

distributions are generally not taxed to the extent of the owner’s basis.

2. [LO 1] What are the limitations on the number and type of shareholders an S corporation

may have? How are these limitations different from restrictions on the number and type of

shareholders C corporations or partnerships may have?

Only U.S. citizens or residents, certain trusts, and certain tax-exempt organizations may be

shareholders, no corporations or partnerships. In addition, S corporations may have no

more than 100 shareholders; family members and their estates count as one. C corporations

and partnerships do not have a limit on the amount or type of shareholders or partners.

3. [LO 1] Why can’t large, publicly traded corporations be treated as S corporations?

A publicly traded corporation could not elect S corporation status because it would not

satisfy the 100 shareholder limit required of S corporations.

22-1© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any

manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.


4. [LO 1] How do the tax laws treat family members for purposes of limiting the number of

owners an S corporation may have?

Family members and their estates count as one shareholder for the 100 shareholder limit.

Family members include a common ancestor and her lineal descendants and their spouses

(or former spouses). Thus, great-grandparents, grandparents, parents, children,

grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and the respective spouses are family members for this

purpose.

5. [LO 1] Super Corp. was organized under the laws of the state of Montana. It issued common

voting stock and common nonvoting stock to its two shareholders. Is Super Corp. eligible to

elect S corporation status? Why or why not?

Assuming that the voting and nonvoting stock shares have equal distribution and liquidation

rights, Super Corp. may elect S corporation status. While the law specifies that S

corporations can have only one class of stock, differences in voting power is permitted as

long as distribution and liquidation rights are identical.

6. [LO 1] Karen is the sole shareholder of a C corporation she formed last year. If she elects S

corporation status this year on February 20, when will the election become effective and

why? What if she had made the election on March 20?

January 1, current year; since the election was made on or before the 15th day of the third

month of the year the status can take effect as of the beginning of the year. If Karen had

waited until March 20th, the election would not take effect until the beginning of the next

year.

7. [LO 1] JB Corporation is a C corporation owned 80 percent by Jacob and 20 percent by

Bauer. Jacob would like JB to make an S election but Bauer is opposed to the idea. Can JB

elect to be taxed as an S corporation without Bauer’s consent? Explain.

JB will not be able to make the S election unless all the owners consent to become an S

corporation.




8. [LO 1] In what circumstances could a calendar-year C corporation make an election on

February 1, year 1, to be taxed as an S corporation in year 1 but not have the election

effective until year 2?

If the corporation did not meet all the S corporation requirements for each day of the current

year before it made the S election, the election would not be effective until the subsequent

year. Likewise, if one or more shareholders who held the stock in the corporation during

the current year and before the S corporation election was made did not consent to the

election (for example, a shareholder disposes of his stock in the corporation in the election

year before the election is made and fails to consent to the S election), the election would not

be effective until the following year.

9. [LO 2] Theodore, Alvin, and Simon are equal shareholders of Timeless Corp. (an S

corporation). Simon wants to terminate the S election, but Theodore and Alvin disagree. Can

Simon unilaterally elect to have the S election terminated? If not, what would Simon need to

do to have the S election terminated?

Simon cannot voluntarily terminate the S election because he does not own more than 50

percent of the corporation. However, Simon could have the S election “involuntarily”

terminated by selling some of his stock to an ineligible shareholder (such as a corporation or

nonresident alien).

10. [LO 2] Juanita is the sole shareholder of Belize Corporation (a calendar-year S corporation).

She is considering revoking the S election. It is February 1, year 1. What options does

Juanita have for timing the effective date of the S election revocation?

Juanita can choose to have the election terminated as of the beginning of year 1 as long as

the termination is made by March 15th (calendar year S corporation). If the election is made

after March 15th the effective date would be the beginning of the following year; however, she

can choose a specific termination date as long as it is on or after the election date.




11. [LO 2] Describe the circumstances in which an S election may be involuntarily terminated.

A failure to meet the S corporation requirements will result in the termination of the S

election. This includes exceeding the 100 shareholder limit or ownership by ineligible

shareholders (such as a corporation or nonresident alien). The S election will also be

terminated if the corporation has excess passive investment income (over 25 percent of gross

receipts) for three consecutive years and has prior earnings and profits from previous

operation as a C corporation.

12. [LO 2] Describe a situation in which a former C corporation that elected to be taxed as an S

corporation may have its S election automatically terminated, but a similarly situated

corporation that has always been taxed as an S corporation would not.

The S election is terminated when an S corporation has earnings and profits from prior C

corporation operations and has passive investment income in excess of 25 percent of gross

receipts for three consecutive years. The S election termination for excess passive investment

income does not apply to an S corporation that has never been taxed as a C corporation.

13. [LO 2] When a corporation’s S election is terminated mid-year, what options does the

corporation have for allocating the annual income between the S corporation short year and

the C corporation short year?

The allocation can be made using the daily method or the specific identification method. The

daily method allocates income for the full year between the S and the C corporation years,

using the number of days in each short year. The specific identification method uses the

corporation’s normal accounting rules to allocate income to the actual period in which it

was earned. Use of the specific identification method requires that all shareholders at any

time during the S corporation short year and the shareholders on the first day of the C

corporation short year to consent to the election using the specific identification method.

However, an S corporation must use the specific identification method to allocate income

between the short years (the per day allocation method is not allowed) if there is a sale or

exchange of 50 percent or more of the corporation’s stock during the year.”




14. [LO 2] On June 1, year 1, Jasper Corporation’s S election was involuntarily terminated.

What is the earliest Jasper may be taxed as an S corporation again? Are there any exceptions

to the general rule? Explain.

Jan 1, year 6 would be the earliest that Jasper Corporation could reelect S corporation

status. After terminating or voluntarily revoking S corporation status, the corporation must

wait to reelect S corporation status until the beginning of the fifth tax year after the tax year

in which it terminated the election. The IRS may consent to an earlier election under a

couple of conditions: (1) if the corporation is now owned more than 50 percent by

shareholders who were not owners at the time of termination, or (2) if the termination was

not reasonably within the control of the corporation or shareholders with a substantial

interest in the corporation and was not part of a planned termination by the corporation or

shareholders.

15. [LO 3] Apple Union (AU), a C corporation with a March 31 year-end, uses the accrual

method of accounting. If AU elects to be taxed as an S corporation, what will its year-end

and overall method of accounting be (assuming no special elections)?

AU can continue to use the accrual method of accounting, but the company’s year end will

change to December 31 because S corporations must use a calendar year end unless they

can establish a business purpose for an alternative year end or a natural business year end.

16. [LO 3] Compare and contrast the method of allocating income or loss to owners for

partnerships and for S corporations.

S corporations, like partnerships, are flow-through entities, and thus their profits and losses

flow through to their shareholders annually for tax purposes. Partnerships have

considerable flexibility in making special profit and loss allocations to their partners. In

contrast, S corporations must allocate profits and losses pro rata, based on the number of

outstanding shares each shareholder owns on each day of the tax year.




17. [LO 3] Why must an S corporation report separately stated items to its shareholders? How is

the character of a separately stated item determined? How does the S corporation report this

information to each shareholder?

An S corporation must separately state those items that are taxed differently than ordinary

business income (loss) to shareholders. The character of a separately stated item is

determined at the corporate level, and the information is reported to the shareholder on his

or her specific schedule K-1.

18. [LO 3] How do S corporations report dividends they receive? Are they entitled to a

dividends received deduction? Why or why not?

Dividends that are received by the S corporation are reported as a separately stated item to

each owner. The S corporation is not entitled to the dividends received deduction because the

dividends flow directly through the company to the owner. Therefore, since the S corporation

will not pay a tax on the dividend it would not qualify for the dividends received deduction.

19. [LO 4] Shawn receives stock in an S corporation when it is formed by contributing land with

a tax basis of $50,000 and encumbered by a $20,000 mortgage. What is Shawn’s initial basis

in his S corporation stock?

The shareholder’s basis in stock received in forming an S corporation equals the tax basis of

the property transferred, less any liabilities assumed by the corporation on the property

contributed (“substituted basis”). Thus, Shawn’s initial basis in the S corporation would

equal $30,000, which is the $50,000 carryover tax basis of the land minus the $20,000

mortgage assumed.

20. [LO 4] Why is a shareholder’s basis in an S corporate stock adjusted annually?

The annual adjustment is required to prevent income or losses from being double-counted

(i.e., double-taxed or double-deducted) by shareholders either when they sell stock or receive

distributions, and to ensure that tax-exempt income and non-deductible expenses are not

ultimately taxed or deducted.




21. [LO 4] What adjustments are made annually to a shareholder’s basis in S corporate stock and

in what order? What impact do these adjustments have on a subsequent sale of stock?

Adjustments to basis are made in the following order; increased for contributed capital,

ordinary business income and separately stated income/gain items (including tax-exempt

income); decreased for distributions made throughout the year, non-deductible expenses, and

ordinary business losses and separately stated expense/loss items. These adjustments will

determine the shareholder’s adjusted basis in the S corporation stock, which will be

subtracted from sales price to determine the gain or loss on the sale of the stock. Reg. §

1.1367-1(g) allows a shareholder to elect to decrease basis by ordinary business losses and

separately stated expense/loss items before decreasing basis by nondeductible expenses by

attaching a statement to the shareholder's tax return. This election is advantageous because

loss/expense deductions are limited to a shareholder's basis, and this election results in a

higher basis limitation for deductible loss/expense items.

22. [LO 4] Can a shareholder’s basis in S corporation stock ever be adjusted to a negative

number? Why or why not?

As with a partnership, adjustments that decrease basis cannot reduce an S corporation

shareholder’s tax basis below zero. This feature of our tax system makes sense because basis

represents the shareholder’s investment in the stock of a corporation. Because it is not

possible to have a negative investment, it is not possible to have a negative basis.

23. [LO 4] Describe the three hurdles a taxpayer must pass if he wants to deduct a loss from his

share in an S corporation.

The three hurdles are tax basis, at-risk amount, and the passive activity loss rules. The tax

basis hurdle disallows allocated losses to the extent that they exceed the shareholder’s stock

and debt basis. While S corporation debt is not included in the stockholder’s stock basis,

shareholders can create debt basis in an S corporation by loaning money directly to the S

corporation. When a stockholder has stock and debt basis in an S corporation, the losses are




first applied to the stock basis and second to the debt basis. The non-deductible losses are

not necessarily lost but are suspended until the shareholder generates additional basis. The

carryover period for the suspended loss is indefinite. However, if the shareholder sells the

stock before creating additional basis, the suspended losses disappear unused.

Losses are also limited to the” at-risk” amount. With one notable exception, an S corporation shareholder’s at-risk amount is the sum of her stock and debt basis. The primary exception relates to nonrecourse loans and is designed to ensure that shareholders only are deemed at risk when they have an actual risk of loss. Specifically, an S corporation shareholder taking out a nonrecourse loan to make a capital contribution (either cash or other property) to the S corporation generally creates stock basis in the S corporation but only increases her amount at risk by the net fair market value of her property, if any, used as collateral to secure the nonrecourse loan. IRC Sec. 465(b)(2)(B). The collateral’s net fair market value is determined at the loan date. Likewise, if the shareholder takes out a nonrecourse loan to make a direct loan to the S corporation, the loan creates debt basis, but only increases her amount at risk by the net fair market value of her property, if any, used as collateral to secure the nonrecourse loan. When the stock basis plus debt basis is different from the at-risk amount, S corporation shareholders apply the tax basis loss limitation first, and then the at-risk limitation. Losses limited under the at-risk rules are carried forward indefinitely until the shareholder generates additional at-risk amounts to utilize them or sells the S corporation stock.

S corporation shareholders, just like partners, are subject to the passive-activity loss rules.

There are no differences in the application of these rules for S corporations; the definition of

a passive activity, the tests for material participation, the income and loss baskets, and the

passive activity loss carryover rules are exactly the same. Thus, as in partnerships, the

passive activity loss rules limit the ability of S corporation shareholders to deduct losses

unless they are involved in actively managing the business.

24. [LO 4] Is a shareholder allowed to increase her basis in her S corporation stock by her share

of the corporation’s liabilities, as partners are able to increase the basis of their ownership

interest by their share of partnership liabilities? Explain.




S corporation shareholders are not allowed to include any S corporation debt in their stock

basis. This difference between S corporations and partnerships is attributable to the

fundamental difference in liability exposure of S corporation shareholders versus partners.

In particular, S corporation shareholders have limited liability with respect to S corporation

debts whereas partners, in general, are liable for the debts of the partnership.

25. [LO 4] How does a shareholder create debt basis in an S corporation? How is debt basis

similar and dissimilar to stock basis?

The shareholder is able to create debt basis by lending money directly to the S corporation.

Debt basis is similar to stock basis in the sense that a shareholder may deduct S corporation

losses to the extent of both stock basis and debt basis. Debt basis is dissimilar to stock basis

in that distributions are only nontaxable to the extent of stock basis. Thus, distributions

received by a shareholder with debt basis but no stock basis are taxable.

26. [LO 4] When an S corporation shareholder has suspended losses due to the tax basis or at-

risk limitation, is he allowed to deduct the losses if the S corporation status is terminated?

Why or why not?

Suspended losses are generally not deductible after the S corporation status is terminated.

However, there is a post-termination transition period (PTTP) that allows shareholders to

utilize suspended losses. The transition period starts on first day after the last day of the tax

year as an S corporation and ends the latter of (1) one year after the S corporations last day

or (2) the due date for filing the last return of the S corporation (including extensions).

This rule allows the shareholder to create additional stock basis (by making additional

capital contributions) during the PTTP and to utilize suspended losses based on her stock

basis (not her debt basis) at the end of the period. Any suspended losses utilized at the end of

the PTTP reduce the shareholder’s basis in her stock. Any losses not utilized at the end of

the period are lost forever.




27. [LO 4] When considering C corporations, the IRS checks to see whether salaries paid are too

large. In S corporations, however, it usually must verify that salaries are large enough.

Account for this difference.

As a taxable entity, C corporations have a tax incentive to pay a shareholder/employee tax

deductible salary instead of nondeductible dividends. In contrast, S corporations are flow-

through entities and face different incentives. Specifically, because salary paid by S

corporations is subject to payroll taxes whereas S corporation profits are not, there is an

incentive for the S corporation to pay a shareholder/employee a lower salary and report

higher S corporation profits to avoid the payroll taxes on the shareholder/employee’s salary.

28. [LO 4] How does the tax treatment of employee fringe benefits reflect the hybrid nature of

the S corporation?

S corporations are treated in part like C corporations and in part like partnerships with

respect to tax deductions for qualifying employee fringe benefits. For shareholder-

employees who own 2 percent or less of the entity, the S corporation receives C corporation

tax treatment. That is, it gets a tax deduction for qualifying fringe benefits, and the benefits

are nontaxable to all employees. For shareholder-employees who own more than 2 percent

of the S corporation, it receives partnership treatment. That is, it gets a tax deduction, but

the otherwise qualifying fringe benefits are taxable to the more-than-2-percent shareholder-

employees.

Fringe benefits taxable to this group include employer-provided health insurance (§106),

group-term life insurance (§79), meals and lodging provided for the convenience of the

employer (§119), and benefits provided under a cafeteria plan (§125). Examples of benefits

that are nontaxable to more-than-2-percent shareholder-employees (and partners in a

partnership) include employee achievement awards (§74), qualified group legal services

plans (§120), educational assistance programs (§127), dependent care assistance programs

(§129), no-additional-cost services (§132), qualified employee discounts (§132), working

condition fringe benefits (§132), de minimis fringe benefits (§132), on-premises athletic



http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_132_e_&vname=tmusporop

http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_132_d_&vname=tmusporop

http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_132_c_&vname=tmusporop

http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_132_b_&vname=tmusporop

http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_129&vname=tmusporop



http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_74_c_&vname=tmusporop





facilities (§132), and medical savings accounts (§220).The tax treatment allows a certain

fringe benefits to be nontaxable to the receiver who owns 2 percent or less of the S

corporation, similar to C corporations, while withholding that nontaxable feature from

owners of more than 2 percent of the company, similar to partnerships.

29. [LO 4] If a corporation has been an S corporation since inception, describe how its operating

distributions to its shareholders are taxed to the shareholders.

The distributions are tax-free as long as they do not exceed the shareholder’s stock basis in

the corporation. Amounts in excess of the stock basis are taxed as capital gains.

30. [LO 4] How are the tax consequences of a cash distribution different from those of a non-

cash property distribution to both the corporation and the shareholders?

S corporations do not recognize a gain on cash distributions and the distributions are tax

free to the shareholder up to his or her stock basis. Amounts in excess of the stock basis are

taxed as capital gains.

For non-cash property distributions, S corporations recognize gain as though they had sold

the appreciated property for its fair market value just prior to the distribution. Shareholders

who receive (and don’t receive) the distributed property recognize their distributive share of

the deemed gain and increase their stock basis accordingly. On the other hand, S

corporations do not recognize losses on distributions of property whose value has

depreciated. For the shareholder, the amount of a property distribution is the fair market

value of the property received (minus any liabilities the shareholder assumes on the

distribution). The distribution is tax free to the shareholder up to his or her stock basis.

Amounts in excess of the stock basis are taxed as capital gains.



http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_220_b_4_b_&vname=tmusporop

http://taxandaccounting.bna.com/btac/display/link_res.adp?fedfid=4186894&fname=usc_26_132_j_4_&vname=tmusporop


31. [LO 5] What role does debt basis play in determining the taxability of operating distributions

to shareholders?

Debt basis plays no role in determining the taxability of operating distributions. Only stock

basis is considered to determine the taxability of operating distributions.

32. [LO 5] What does the accumulated adjustments account represent? How is it adjusted year by

year? Can it have a negative balance?

The AAA represents the cumulative income or losses for the period the corporation has been

an S corporation. It is calculated as:

The beginning of year AAA balance

+ Separately stated income/gain items (excluding tax-exempt income)

+ Ordinary income

- Separately stated losses and deductions

- Ordinary losses

- Nondeductible expenses that are not capital expenditures (except deductions related to

generating tax-exempt income)

- Distributions out of AAA

= End of year AAA balance

Unlike a shareholder’s stock basis, the AAA may have a negative balance. However, the

reduction for distributions may not cause the AAA to go negative or to become more

negative. Note that if current year income and loss items net to make a negative adjustment

to the AAA, the net negative adjustment from these items is made to the AAA after any AAA

reductions for distributions (that is, the reduction in AAA for distributions is made before the

net negative adjustment for current year income and loss items).




33. [LO 5] If an S corporation with accumulated E&P makes a distribution, from what accounts

(and in what order) is the distribution deemed to be paid from?

S corporation distributions are deemed to be paid from the following sources in the order

listed:

(1) The AAA account (to the extent it has a positive balance).

(2) Existing accumulated earnings and profits from years when the corporation operated

as a C corporation.

(3) The shareholder’s stock basis

34. [LO 5] Under what circumstances could a corporation with earnings and profits make a tax-

free distribution to its shareholders after the S election termination?

§1371(e) provides for special treatment of any S corporation distribution in cash after an S

election termination and during the post-termination transition period (PTTP): Such cash

distributions are tax-free to the extent they do not exceed the corporation’s AAA balance and

the individual shareholder’s basis in the stock. The PTTP for post-termination distributions

is generally the same as the PTTP for deducting suspended losses. For determining the

taxability of distributions, the PTTP generally begins on the day after the last day of the

corporation's last taxable year as an S corporation; it ends on the later of (a) one year after

the last S corporation day or (b) the due date for filing the return for the last year as an S

corporation (including extensions).

35. [LO 5] How do the tax consequences of S corporation liquidating distributions differ from

the tax consequences of S corporation operating distributions at both the corporate and

shareholder levels?

For operating distributions, S corporations recognize gain but not loss on property

distributions and neither gain or loss on cash distributions. Operating distributions are tax

free to the shareholder up to his or her stock basis. Amounts in excess of the stock basis are

taxed as capital gains. In contrast, with a liquidating distribution the S corporation




recognizes gains or losses on each asset that is distributed and that gain or loss increases or

reduces the owner’s stock basis. On the shareholder level, the owners recognize a gain or

loss depending on their stock basis in relation to the value of property received.

36. [LO 6] When is an S corporation required to pay a built-in gains tax?

The built-in gains tax applies only to an S corporation that has a net unrealized built-in gain

at the time it converts from a C corporation. Further, for the built-in gains tax to apply, the

S corporation must subsequently recognize net built-in gains during the built-in gains tax

recognition period. The built-in gains tax recognition period is the first 5 years a corporation

operates as an S corporation for assets sales in 2011, 2012, and 2013 (first 7 years for asset

sales in 2009 and 2010; first 10 years for asset sales in other years).

37. [LO 6] When is an S corporation required to pay the excess net passive income tax?

If an S corporation previously operated as a C corporation and has accumulated earnings

and profits at the end of the year from a prior C corporation year, it may be subject to the

excess net passive income tax. The tax is levied on the S corporation’s excess net passive

income and applies when the corporation’s passive investment income exceeds 25 percent of

its gross receipts.

38. [LO 6]. Is the LIFO recapture tax a C corporation tax or an S corporation tax? Explain.

The LIFO recapture tax is technically a C corporation tax that is paid in four annual

installments. The first installment is due on or before the due date (not including extensions)

of the corporation’s last C corporation tax return. The final three annual installments are

due each year on or before the due date (not including extensions) of the S corporation’s tax

return.




39. [LO 6] When must an S corporation make estimated tax payments?

S corporations with a federal income tax liability of $500 or more due to the built-in gains or

excess net passive investment income must estimate their tax liability for the year and pay it

in four quarterly estimated installments.

40. [LO 6] On what form does an S corporation report its income to the IRS? When is the tax

return due? What information does the S corporation provide to shareholders to allow them

to complete their tax returns?

Form 1120S. The return is initially due on March 15th for calendar year taxpayers (the 3rd

month and 15th day after the year-end for the S corporation), but the due date can be

extended automatically up to 6 months. The S corporation provides each shareholder with a

K-1 that outlines their share of business income/loss and separately stated items.

41. [LO 6] Compare and contrast S corporations, C corporations, and partnerships in terms of tax

consequences at formation, shareholder restrictions, income allocation, basis calculations,

compensation to owners, taxation of distributions, and accounting periods.

Tax characteristic C corporation S corporation Partnership/LLC

Forming or contributing property to an entity

No gain or loss on contribution of appreciated or depreciated property if transferors of property have control (as defined in §351) after transfer.

Same as C corporations. Same as C and S corporations except no control requirement (§721 applies to partnerships).

Type of owner restrictions No restrictions Only individuals who are U.S. citizens or residents, certain trusts, and tax-exempt organizations.

No restrictions

Number of owner restrictions

No restrictions Limited to 100 shareholders. (Family members and their estates count as one shareholder.)

Must have more than one owner.

Election Default status if corporation under state law.

Must formally elect to have corporation taxed as S corporation.

Default status if unincorporated and have more than one owner.

Income and loss allocations

Not allocated to shareholders.

Income and loss flow through to owners based

Income and loss flow through to owners but may




on ownership percentages. be allocated based on something other than ownership percentages (special allocations).

Entity debt included in stock (or partnership interest) basis

No Generally no. However, loans made from shareholder to corporation create debt basis. Losses may be deducted to extent of stock basis and then debt basis.

Yes. All entity liabilities are allocated to basis of partners.

Loss limitations Losses remain at corporate level.

Losses flow through but subject to basis limitation, at-risk limitation, and passive activity limitations.

Same as S corporations.

Self-employment Income status of ordinary Income allocations

Not applicable Not self-employment income.

May be self-employment income depending on partner’s status.

Salary to owners permitted Yes Yes Generally, no. Salary-type payments are guaranteed payments subject to self-employment tax.

Fringe benefits Can pay nontaxable fringe benefits to owners.

Can pay nontaxable fringe benefits to owners who own two percent or less of stock.

May not pay nontaxable fringe benefits to owners.

Operating distributions: owner tax consequences

Taxable as dividends to extent of earnings and profits.

Generally not taxable to extent of owner’s basis.

Same as S corporations.

Operating distributions: Entity tax consequences

Gain on distribution of appreciated property; no loss on distribution of depreciated property.

Same as C corporations. Generally no gain or loss on distribution of property.

Liquidating distributions Corporation and shareholders generally recognize gain or loss on distributions.

Same as C corporations. Partnership and partners generally do not recognize gain or loss on liquidating distributions.

Entity-level taxes Yes, based on corporate tax rate schedule.

Generally no, but may be required to pay built-in gains tax, excess passive investment income tax, or LIFO recapture tax if converting from C to S corporation.

No

Tax year Last day of any month or 52-53 week year.

Generally calendar year. Based on tax year of owners.




Problems

42. [LO 1] Julie wants to create an S corporation called J’s Dance Shoes (JDS). Describe how

the items below affect her eligibility for an S election.

a. Because Julie wants all her shareholders to have an equal say in the future of JDS, she

gives them equal voting rights and decides those who take on a more active role in the

firm will have priority in terms of distribution and liquidation rights.

While equal voting rights are permissible, distributions to owners must be made on a pro

rata basis determined by stock ownership percentages (not the extent of participation in

the business’s activities). As an alternative, Julie could use salary to compensate

shareholders actively participating in the business.

b. Julie decides to incorporate under the state laws of Utah where she lives. Once she gets

her business up and running, however, she plans on doing extensive business in Mexico.

These facts do not create a problem with the S election. The S election requirements

mandate that the corporation be organized in the U.S., or under U.S. law, or the laws of

any state in the U.S. The election does not preclude corporations from doing business

outside of the U.S.

43. [LO1] {Research} Lucy and Ricky Ricardo live in Los Angeles, California. After they were

married, they started a business named ILL Corporation (a C corporation). For state law

purposes, the shares of stock in ILL Corp. are listed under Ricky’s name only. Ricky signed

the Form 2553 electing to have ILL taxed as an S corporation for federal income tax

purposes, but Lucy did not sign. Given that California is a community property state, is the S

election for ILL Corp. valid?




No, the election is not valid because under community property law, Lucy owns 50 percent of

the ILL Corp. stock. Consequently, according to the federal tax laws she must also sign the

form to elect to have ILL taxed as an S corporation. See J.M. Seely, 51 TCM 1087, Dec.

43,081(M), TC Memo. 1986-216.

44. [LO 1] Jane has been operating Mansfield Park as a C corporation and decides she would like

to make an S election. What is the earliest the election will become effective under each of

these alternative scenarios?

a. Jane is on top of things and makes the election on January 1, 2013.

Effective Jan. 1, 2013

b. Jane is mostly on top of things and makes the election on January 15, 2013.

Effective Jan. 1, 2013

c. Jane makes the election on February 10, 2013. She needs a little time to convince a C

corporate shareholder to sell its stock to a qualifying shareholder. That process took all of

January and she was glad to have it over with.

Effective January 1, 2014. The Corporation did not meet all the requirements to be

considered an S corporation from the beginning of the year (it had a C corporation as a

shareholder), so the election won’t take effect until the following year.

d. Jane makes the election on March 14, 2013.

Effective Jan 1, 2013. Because she made the election within the first 2 ½ months of the

year, the election can be retroactively effective at the beginning of the year.

e. Jane makes the election on February 5, 2013. One of the shareholders refused to

consent to the S election. He has since sold his shares (on January 15, 2013) to another

shareholder who consented to the election.

January 1, 2014. All shareholders who owned stock during 2013 before the S election

was made must consent to the election for it to apply in 2013. Because that did not

happen in this case, the election is not effective until January 1, 2014.




45. [LO 2] Missy is one of 100 unrelated shareholders of Dalmatian, an S corporation. She is

considering selling her shares. Under the following alternative scenarios, would the S

election be terminated? Why or why not?

a. Missy wants to sell half her shares to a friend, a U.S. citizen, so they can rename their

corporation 101 Dalmatians.

Yes, the election would be terminated because an S corporation is not allowed to have

more than 100 shareholders.

b. Missy’s mother’s family wants to be involved with the corporation. Missy splits half

her shares evenly among her aunt, uncle, grandfather, and two cousins.

No, the election would not be terminated because all family members (including Missy)

are lineal descendents of the grandfather (common ancestor) so they all count as one

shareholder. In total, Dalmation has 100 shareholders after the transfer.

c. Missy sells half her Dalmatian stock to her husband’s corporation.

Yes, the election would be terminated because corporations can’t be shareholders in an S

corporation.

46. [LO 2] Cathy, Heathcliff, and Isabelle are equal shareholders in Wuthering Heights (WH), an

S corporation. Heathcliff has decided he would like to terminate the S election. In the following

alternative scenarios, indicate whether the termination will occur and indicate the date if

applicable (assume no alternative termination dates are selected).

a. Cathy and Isabelle both decline to agree to the termination. Heathcliff files the

termination election anyway on March 14, 2013.

The termination will not occur because Heathcliff does not own more than 50 percent of the

stock of Wuthering Heights. In order to terminate the election, shareholders holding more than

50 percent of the stock must agree to the termination.

b. Isabelle agrees with the termination, but Cathy strongly disagrees. The

termination is filed on February 16, 2013.




Because shareholders holding 67 percent of the stock agree to the termination, the S corporation

election is terminated. Because the revocation was filed within the first 2 ½ months of the year,

it is effective on January 1, 2013.

c. The termination seems to be the first thing all three could agree on. They file the

election to terminate on March 28, 2013.

The termination/revocation is effective on January 1, 2014 because the revocation was not filed

within the first 2 ½ months of the year.

d. The termination seems to be the first thing all three could agree on. They file the

election to terminate on February 28, 2013.

The termination/revocation is effective on January 1, 2013 because the revocation was filed

within the first 2 ½ months of the year.

e. Knowing the other two disagree with the termination, on March 16, 2013

Heathcliff sells one of his fifty shares to his maid, who recently moved back to

Bulgaria, her home country.

The election is terminated on March 16, 2013 because as of that date, the S corporation no

longer meets the S corporation requirements. It has a nonresident alien as a shareholder.

47. [LO 2] Assume the following S corporations and gross receipts, passive investment income,

and corporate E&P. Will any of these corporations have its S election terminated due to

excessive passive income? If so, in what year? All became S corporations at the beginning of

year 1.

a. Clarion Corp.

Year Gross Receipts Passive Investment

Income

Corporate Earnings

and Profits

1 $1,353,458 $250,000 $321,300

2 $1,230,389 $100,000 $321,300




3 $1,139,394 $300,000 $230,000

4 $1,347,039 $350,000 $100,000

5 $1,500,340 $400,000 $0

Clarion Corp. will not have its S election terminated. To be terminated, it must have

C corporation earnings and profits and have passive income in excess of 25 percent

of its gross receipts for three consecutive years. Here Clarion meets these

requirements for years 3 and 4 but not year 5 because it has no C corporation

earnings and profits.

Year Gross Receipts Passive

Investment

Income

Passive

Income % of

Gross Receipts

Corporate

Earnings and

Profits

1 $1,353,458 $250,000 18.47% $321,300

2 $1,230,389 $100,000 8.13% $321,300

3 $1,139,394 $300,000 26.33% $230,000

4 $1,347,039 $350,000 25.99% $100,000

5 $1,500,340 $400,000 26.66% $0

b. Hanson Corp.


Income

Corporate Earnings

and Profits

1 $1,430,000 $247,000 $138,039

2 $700,380 $200,000 $100,000

3 $849,000 $190,000 $100,000

4 $830,000 $210,000 $80,000

5 $1,000,385 $257,390 $80,000




c. Hanson Corp. will not have its S election terminated because it did not have

passive income in excess of 25 percent of its gross receipts for three consecutive

years (even though it had C corporation E&P for all of those years).


Investment

Income

Passive

Income % of

Gross Receipts

Corporate

Earnings and

Profits

1 $1,430,000 $247,000 17.27% $138,039

2 $700,380 $200,000 28.56% $100,000

3 $849,000 $190,000 22.38% $100,000

4 $830,000 $210,000 25.30% $80,000

5 $1,000,385 $257,390 25.73% $80,000

d. Tiffany Corp.


Income

Corporate Earnings

and Profits

1 $1,000,458 $250,000 $0

2 $703,000 $300,480 $0

3 $800,375 $400,370 $0

4 $900,370 $350,470 $0

5 $670,000 $290,377 $0




e. Tiffany Corp. will not be subject to the excess passive income test because it does

not have any C corporation E&P.


Investment

Income

Passive

Income % of

Gross Receipts

Corporate

Earnings and

Profits

1 $1,000,458 $250,000 N/A $0

2 $703,000 $300,480 N/A $0

3 $800,375 $400,370 N/A $0

4 $900,370 $350,470 N/A $0

5 $670,000 $290,377 N/A $0

f. Jonas Corp.


Income

Corporate Earnings

and Profits

1 $1,100,370 $250,000 $500

2 $998,000 $240,000 $400

3 $800,350 $230,000 $300

4 $803,000 $214,570 $200

5 $750,000 $200,000 $100




Jonas Corp. will have its S election terminated as of day 1 of year 6 because it had passive

income in excess of 25 percent of its gross receipts, and it had C corporation earnings and

profits for three consecutive years (years 3, 4, and 5). To avoid this problem, Jonas could have

distributed its minimal E&P.


Investment

Income

Passive

Income % of

Gross Receipts

Corporate

Earnings and

Profits

1 $1,100,370 $250,000 22.72% $500

2 $998,000 $240,000 24.05% $400

3 $800,350 $230,000 28.74% $300

4 $803,000 $214,570 26.72% $200

5 $750,000 $200,000 26.67% $100

48. [LO 2] Hughie, Dewey, and Louie are equal shareholders in HDL, an S corporation. HDL’s

S election terminates under each of the following alternative scenarios. When is the earliest it can

again operate as an S corporation?

a. The S election terminates on August 1, year 2, because Louie sells half his shares to

his uncle Walt, a citizen and resident of Scotland.

Assuming it qualifies for the S election, the soonest HDL can elect S status is January 1, year 7.

This is the beginning of the fifth taxable year after the year in which the election was terminated

(year 2).

b. The S election terminates effective January 1, year 3, because on August 1, year 2,

Hughie and Dewey voted (2 to 1) to terminate the election.

January 1, year 8. This is the beginning of the fifth tax year after the year in which the election

was terminated (year 3 was the year of the termination; then year 4, 5, 6, 7, and beginning of

year 8 is the effective date).




49. [LO 3] Winkin, Blinkin, and Nod are equal shareholders in SleepEZ, an S corporation. In the

conditions listed below, how much income should each report from SleepEZ for 2013 under both

the daily allocation and the specific identification allocation methods? Refer to the following

table for the timing of SleepEZ’s income.

Period Income

January 1 through March 15 (74 days) $125,000

March 16 through December 31 (291 days) 345,500

January 1 through December 31, 2013 (365 days) $470,500

a. There are no sales of SleepEZ stock during the year.

In this case, because there was no change in ownership, there is no need to apply an

allocation method (both give the same result). Each shareholder will report $156,833 of

income ($470,500 total income for year x 1/3 ownership)

b. On March 15, 2013, Blinkin sells his shares to Nod.

Daily Allocation Method:

Winkin $156,833; (1/3 ownership x 365/365 days x $470,500 income)

Blinkin $31,796 (1/3 ownership x 74/365 days x $470,500 income)

Nod $281,871 [$156,833 (1/3 ownership x 365/365 days x $470,500 income) +

$125,037 (1/3 ownership acquired x 291/365 days x $470,500 income)]

Specific Identification Method:

Winkin $156,833 (1/3 ownership x 125,000) + (1/3 ownership x 345,500)

Blinkin $41,667 (1/3 ownership x $125,000) + (0/3 ownership x $345,500)

Nod $272,000 (1/3 ownership x $125,000) + (2/3 ownership x $345,500)




c. On March 15, 2013, Winkin and Nod each sell their shares to Blinkin. SleepEZ has

income as outlined below for 2013.

Daily Allocation Method:

Winkin $31,796 (1/3 ownership x 74/365days x $470,500)

Nod $31,796 (1/3 ownership x 74/365days x $470,500)

Blinkin $406,908 (1/3 ownership x 74/365 days x $470,500) + (3/3 ownership x

291/365 days x $470,500)

Actual Allocation Method:

Winkin $41,667 (1/3 ownership x $125,000)

Nod $41,667 (1/3 ownership x $125,000)

Blinkin $387,167 (1/3 ownership x $125,000 + (3/3 ownership x $345,500)

Use the following information to complete problems 50 and 51:

UpAHill Corporation (an S corporation)Income Statement

December 31, year 1 and year 2

Year 1 Year 2

Sales Revenue $175,000 $310,000

Cost of Goods Sold (60,000) (85,000)

Salary to owners Jack and Jill (40,000) (50,000)

Employee Wages (15,000) (20,000)

Depreciation Expense (10,000) (15,000)

Miscellaneous Expenses (7,500) (9,000)

Interest income 2,000 2,500

Dividend Income 500 1,000

Overall Net Income $45,000 $134,500




50. [LO 3] Jack and Jill are owners of UpAHill, an S corporation. They own 25 and 75 percent,

respectively.

a. What amount of ordinary income and separately stated items are allocated to them for

years 1 and 2 based on the information above?

Year 1:

Ordinary Income $42,500; $10,625 ($42,500 x 25%) allocated to Jack and $31,875

($42,500 x 75%) allocated to Jill

Separately stated items:

Interest income $2,000; $500 allocated to Jack and $1,500 to Jill.

Dividend income $500; $125 allocated to Jack and $375 allocated to Jill.

Year 2:

Ordinary Income $131,000; $32,750 ($131,000 x 25%) allocated to Jack and

$98,250 $131,000 x 5%) allocated to Jill


Interest income $2,500; $625 allocated to Jack and $1,875 to Jill.

Dividend income $1,000; $250 allocated to Jack and $750 allocated to Jill.

b. Complete UpAHill’s Form 1120S, Schedule K for year 1.










c. Complete Jill’s 1120S, Schedule K-1 for year 1.




51. [LO 3, 4] Assume Jack and Jill, 25- and 75-percent shareholders in UpAHill corporation

have tax bases in their shares at the beginning of year 1 of $24,000 and $56,000, respectively.

Also assume no distributions were made. Given the income statement above, what are their

tax bases in their shares at the end of year 1?

Jack will have a tax basis of $35,250 which is his original basis of $24,000 + $10,625 (his

25% share of the $42,500 ordinary income) + $500 + $125 (his share of the interest and

dividends, respectively.

Jill will have a new tax basis of $89,750 which is her original basis of 56,000 + 31,875 (her

75% share of the $42,500 ordinary income) + $1,500 + $375 (her share of the interest and

dividends, respectively).

Use the following information to complete problems 52 and 53:

Falcons Corporation (an S corporation)Income Statement

December 31, year 1

Year 1 Year 2

Sales Revenue $300,000 $430,000

Cost of Goods Sold (40,000) (60,000)

Salary to owners Julio and Milania (40,000) (80,000)

Employee Wages (25,000) (50,000)

Depreciation Expense (20,000) (40,000)

Section 179 Expense (30,000) (50,000)

Interest income 12,000 22,500

Municipal Bond Income 1,500 4,000

Government Fines 0 (2,000)

Overall Net Income $158,500 $174,500

Distributions $30,000 $50,000




52. [LO 3] Julio and Milania are owners of Falcons Corporation, an S corporation. They each

own 50 percent of Falcons Corporation. In year 1, Julio and Milani received distributions of

$20,000 and $10,000, respectively, from Falcons Corporation.


year 1 based on the information above?

Ordinary Income $175,000; $87,500 ($175,000x 50%) allocated to Julio and Milani

each.


Section 179 expense $30,000; $15,000 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Interest income $12,000; $6,000 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Municipal bond income $1,500; $750 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Nondeductible fines $0.

Distributions $30,000; $20,000 to Julio and $10,000 to Milani.

b. Complete Falcons Form 1120S, Schedule K for year 1.










c. Complete Julio’s 1120S, Schedule K-1 for year 1.




53. [LO 3] In year 2, Julio and Milani received distributions of $20,000 and $30,000,

respectively, from Falcons Corporation.


year 2 based on the information above?

Ordinary Income $200,000; $100,000 ($200,000x 50%) allocated to Julio and Milani

each.


Section 179 expense $50,000; $25,000 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Interest income $22,500; $11,250 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Municipal bond income $4,000; $2,000 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Nondeductible fines $2,000; $1,000 allocated to Julio and Milani each.

Distributions $50,000; $20,000 to Julio and $30,000 to Milani.

b. Complete Falcons Form 1120S, Schedule K for year 2.







c. Complete Milania’s 1120S, Schedule K-1 for year 2.







54. [LO 4] Harry, Hermione, and Ron formed an S corporation called Bumblebore. Harry and

Hermione both contributed cash of $25,000 to get things started. Ron was a bit short on cash

but had a parcel of land valued at $60,000 (basis of $50,000) that he decided to contribute.

The land was encumbered by a $35,000 mortgage. What tax bases will each of the three have

in his or her or his stock of Bumblebore?

Harry and Hermione have a basis equal to the cash they contributed ($25,000). Ron’s

$15,000 basis is computed by starting with the $50,000 basis of the property contributed and

then subtracting the $35,000 mortgage that Ron was relieved of when he contributed the

property to the corporation.

55. [LO 4] Jessica is a one-third owner in Bikes-R-Us, an S corporation that experienced a

$45,000 loss this year (year 1). If her stock basis is $10,000 at the beginning of the year, how

much of this loss clears the hurdle for deductibility (assume at-risk limitation equals the tax

basis limitation)? If she cannot deduct the whole loss, what happens to the remainder? Is she

able to deduct the entire loss if she sells her stock at year-end?

Jessica is allocated $15,000 of loss ($45,000 x 1/3). However, she is allowed to deduct only

$10,000 of the allocation because this is the amount of her stock basis in Bikes-R-Us.

Jessica is allowed to deduct $10,000, the amount of her stock basis. The $5,000 she is not

allowed to deduct is suspended until Jessica creates additional basis to absorb the loss. If

Jessica sells the stock before creating additional basis, the loss disappears unused.

56. [LO 4] Assume the same facts as in the previous problem, except that at the beginning of

year 1 Jessica loaned Bikes-R-Us $3,000. In year 2, Bikes-R-Us reported ordinary income of

$12,000. What amount is Jessica allowed to deduct in year 1? What are her stock and debt

bases at the end of year 1? What are her stock and debt bases at the end of year 2?

Just as in the previous problem, Jessica is allocated a $15,000 loss. She is allowed to deduct

$10,000 of the loss which reduces her stock basis to $0. She then can deduct an additional




$3,000 of the loss, reducing her debt basis to $0. She has a suspended $2,000 ($15,000 -

$10,000 - $3,000) loss at the end of year 1. In year 2, Jessica’s $4,000 ($12,000 x 1/3) share

of ordinary income restores Jessica’s debt basis to $3,000 and then increases her stock basis

to $1,000. Jessica can then deduct the $2,000 loss carryover first against her $1,000 stock

basis and then her $3,000 debt basis, reducing her stock basis to $0 and her debt basis to

$2,000.

57. [LO 4] Birch Corp., a calendar-year corporation, was formed three years ago by its sole

shareholder, James, who has operated it as an S corporation since its inception. Last year,

James made a direct loan to Birch Corp. in the amount of $5,000. Birch Corp. has paid the

interest on the loan but has not yet paid any principal. (Assume the loan qualifies as debt for

tax purposes.) For the year, Birch experienced a $25,000 business loss. What amount of the

loss clears the tax basis limitation, and what is James’s basis in his Birch Corp. stock and

Birch Corp. debt in each of the following alternative scenarios?

a. At the beginning of the year James’s basis in his Birch Corp. stock was $45,000 and his basis in his Birch Corp. debt was $5,000.

All $25,000 of the loss clears the tax basis limitation. James’s stock basis is reduced to $20,000 ($45,000 – 25,000 loss). His debt basis remains at $5,000.

b. At the beginning of the year, James’s basis in his Birch Corp. stock was $8,000 and his basis in his Birch Corp. debt was $5,000.

Of the $25,000 loss, $13,000 clears the tax basis limitation. James’s stock basis is reduced from $8,000 to $0, and his debt basis is reduced from $5,000 to $0. James has a suspended loss of $12,000 ($25,000 - $13,000).

c. At the beginning of the year, James’s basis in his Birch Corp. stock was $0 and his basis in his Birch Corp. debt was $5,000.

$5,000 clears the tax basis limitation. James’s stock basis remains at $0, and his debt basis is reduced from $5,000 to $0. James has a suspended loss of $20,000 ($25,000 – 5,000).




58. [LO4] {Research} Timo is the sole owner of Jazz Inc., an S corporation. On October 31

2013, Timo executed an unsecured demand promissory note of $15,000, and he transferred

the note to Jazz (Jazz could require Timo to pay it $15,000 on demand). When Timo

transferred the note to Jazz, his tax basis in his Jazz stock was zero. On January 31, 2014,

Timo paid the $15,000 to Jazz as required by the promissory note. For the taxable year

ending December 31, 2013, Jazz incurred a business loss of $12,000. How much of the loss

clears the stock and debt basis hurdles for deductibility?

$0. In 2013, Timo merely executed and transferred his demand note to Jazz Corp., and he did not make any payments on the note until the following year. Since Timo incurred no cost in executing the note, Timo’s basis in the note was zero. Thus, in 2013 there was no economic outlay to Jazz from Timo (in the form of a capital contribution or a loan). Consequently, his stock (and debt basis) at year end is $0, and he is not allowed to deduct any of Jazz’s 2013 loss. Timo’s stock basis does not increase until he transferred the cash to Jazz in 2014. See Rev. Rul. 81-187, 1981-2 CB 167.

59. [LO 4] Chandra was the sole shareholder of Pet Emporium that was originally formed as an S

corporation. When Pet Emporium terminated its S election on August 31, 2012, Chandra had

a stock basis and an at-risk amount of zero. Chandra also had a suspended loss from Pet

Emporium of $9,000. What amount of the suspended loss is Chandra allowed to deduct, and

what is her basis in her Pet Emporium stock at the end of the post-termination transition

period under the following alternative scenarios (assume Pet Emporium files for an extension

to file its tax returns)?

a. Chandra makes capital contributions of $7,000 on August 30, 2013, and $4,000 on

September 14, 2013.




Chandra is allowed to create stock basis to absorb the suspended loss until the end of the

post termination transition period (PTTP). This ends on the later of (a) one year after

the last S corporation day or (b) the due date for filing the return (including extensions).

Because Chandra made $11,000 of contributions ($7,000 + $4,000) before September

15, 2013, (the end of the PTTP), she is allowed to increase her stock basis to $11,000 and

then she is allowed to deduct the $9,000 suspended loss stock basis. This reduces her

stock basis to $2,000 (her basis in Pet Emporium the C corporation going forward).

b. Chandra makes capital contributions of $5,000 on September 1, 2013, and $5,000 on

September 30, 2013.

Because Chandra made a $5,000 contribution to Pet Emporium before September 15 the

last day of the PTTP), she is allowed to increase her stock basis by the $5,000 and then

she is allowed to deduct $5,000 of the $9,000 suspended loss, reducing her basis to $0 at

the end of the PTTP. When she contributes $5,000 on September 30, 2013 (after the

PTTP), she is allowed to increase the basis in her stock in Pet Emporium the C

corporation.

c. Chandra makes a capital contribution of $10,000 on August 31, 2013.

Because Chandra made the $10,000 contribution before September 15, 2013, (the end of

the PTTP) she is allowed to increase her S corporation stock basis to $10,000 and then

deduct the entire $9,000 suspended loss. This reduces her stock basis to $1,000 which

will be her stock basis in Pet Emporium the C corporation.




d. Chandra makes a capital contribution of $10,000 on October 1, 2013.

Because Chandra made the contribution after September 15, 2013, (the end of the PTTP),

she is not allowed to deduct any of the suspended losses. Consequently, the suspended

loss disappears unused. Chandra’s basis in Pet Emporium the C corporation is $10,000.

60. [LO 4] {Planning} Neil owns stock in two S corporations, Blue and Green. He actively

participates in the management of Blue but maintains ownership in Green only as a passive

investor. Neil has no other business investments. Both Blue and Green anticipate a loss this

year, and Neil’s basis in his stock of both corporations is zero. All else equal, if Neil plans on

making a capital contribution to at least one of the corporations this year, to which firm

should he contribute in order to increase his chances of deducting the loss allocated to him

from the entity? Why?

Neil should contribute to Blue Corporation to increase his chances of deducting the loss.

The reason is that any loss allocation from Blue will be deductible to the extent of his stock

basis (and at risk amounts). Because he participates in the activities of Blue Corporation the

loss will not be subject to the passive activity loss restrictions. In contrast, if he contributes

to Green Corporation, even though he has stock basis and at risk amounts he may still not be

allowed to deduct the loss due to the passive activity loss limitations. To deduct a loss from

Green Corporation, Neal will need to have passive income from other sources.

61. [LO4] {Research} In the past several years, Shakira had loaned money to Shakira Inc. (an S

corporation) to help the corporation keep afloat in a downturn. Her stock basis in the S

corporation is now zero, and she had deducted $40,000 in losses that reduced her debt basis

from $100,000 to $60,000. Things appear to be turning around this year, and Shakira Inc.

repaid Shakira $20,000 of the $100,000 outstanding loan. What is Shakira’s income, if any,

on the partial loan repayment?




The $20,000 repayment must be pro-rated between the portion of the debt with remaining

basis ($60,000) and the portion of the debt with no basis ($40,000). To the extent the

repayment is attributable to the portion of the debt with no basis, Shakira must recognize a

capital gain (the debt is a capital asset). In this situation 60 percent of the debt has basis

($60,000/$100,000) and 40 percent does not ($40,000/$100,000). Consequently, Shakira

must recognize $8,000 of capital gain on the repayment ($20,000 payment x 40%). See Rev.

Rul. 64-162, 1964-1 C.B. 304.

62. [LO4] Adam Fleeman, a skilled carpenter, started a home improvement business with Tom

Collins, a master plumber. Adam and Tom are concerned about the payroll taxes they will

have to pay. Assume they form an S corporation, and each earns a salary of $80,000 from

the corporation; in addition, they expect their share of business profits to be $60,000 each.

How much Social Security tax and Medicare tax (or self-employment tax) will Adam, Tom,

and their corporation have to pay on their salary and profits?

Each employee will have to have pay $6,120 ($80,000 x 7.65%) in FICA (Social Security and

Medicare) employment taxes in 2013. The S corporation would also have to pay $6,120 of

FICA taxes ($80,000 x 7.65%) on behalf of each employee ($12,240 total). Neither Adam

nor Tom is required to pay FICA taxes on his share of the business profits (assuming they

are paying themselves reasonable salaries).

63. [LO4] {Planning} Using the facts in problem 62, could Adam and Tom lower their payroll

tax exposure if they operated their business as a partnership? Why or why not?

If Adam and Tom operated the business as a partnership, because they are actively involved

in the business activities, they would be subject to self-employment tax on any payments they

receive for their services (guaranteed payments), and they would be subject to employment

taxes on their shares of business profits. Consequently, they would have lower payroll tax

exposure by operating as an S corporation. They need to make sure they are paying




themselves reasonable salaries as S corporation shareholders or the IRS may deem their

business profits to be salary to the extent required to make their salaries reasonable.

64. [LO4]) This year, Justin B.’s share of S corporation income includes $4,000 of interest

income, $5,000 of dividend income, and $40,000 of net income from the corporation’s

professional service business activity.

A. Assume that Justin B. materially participates in the S corporation. How much of his S

corporation income is potentially subject to the Medicare contribution tax?

$9,000. Because Justin B. materially participates in the S corporation, the net income related

to the business activity is not subject to the tax, but the interest and dividend would be

investment income potentially subject to the tax.

B. Assume that Justin B. does not materially participate in the S corporation. How much of his S

corporation income is potentially subject to the Medicare contribution tax?

$49,000. Because Justin B. does not materially participate in the S corporation, the net

income related to the business activity, interest income, and dividend would be investment

income potentially subject to the tax.

65. [LO4] Friends Jackie (0.5 percent owner), Jermaine (1 percent owner), Marlon (2 percent

owner), Michael (86 percent owner), and Tito (10.5 percent owner) are shareholders in

Jackson 5 Inc. (an S corporation). As employees of the company, they each receive health

insurance ($10,000 per year benefit), dental insurance ($2,000 per year benefit), and free

access to a workout facility located at company headquarters ($500 per year benefit). What

are the tax consequences of these benefits for each shareholder and for Jackson 5 Inc.?

Because they are 2 percent or less shareholders, Jackie, Jermaine, and Marlon would all

receive the fringe benefits tax free. However, because Michael and Tito own more than 2

percent in Jackson 5, they would be taxed on the value of the benefits they received for the

health and dental insurance. However, they would not be taxed on the benefit they receive

for the workout facility located at company headquarters. The corporation would be allowed

to deduct the cost of the benefits provided to the shareholders.




66. [LO 5] Maple Corp., a calendar-year corporation, was formed three years ago by its sole

shareholder, Brady, who immediately elected S corporation status. On December 31 of the

current year, Maple distributed $30,000 cash to Brady. What is the amount and character of

gain Brady must recognize on the distribution in each of the following alternative scenarios?

a. At the time of the distribution, Brady’s basis in his Maple Corp. stock was $35,000.

Brady would recognize $0 gain and his stock basis would be reduced from $35,000 to $5,000 ($35,000 original basis – 30,000 distribution).

b. At the time of the distribution, Brady’s basis in his Maple Corp. stock was $8,000.

Brady would recognize a $22,000 long-term capital gain (the distribution exceeds his basis by $22,000), and his stock basis would be reduced to $0.

c. At the time of the distribution, Brady’s basis in his Maple Corp. stock was $0.

Brady would recognize a $30,000 long-term capital gain (the distribution exceeds his stock basis by $30,000), and his stock basis would remain at $0.

67. [LO 5] Oak Corp., a calendar-year corporation, was formed three years ago by its sole

shareholder, Glover, and has always operated as a C corporation. However, at the beginning

of this year, Glover made a qualifying S election for Oak Corp., effective January 1. Oak

Corp. did not have any C corporation earnings and profits on that date. On June 1, Oak Corp.

distributed $15,000 to Glover. What is the amount and character of gain Glover must

recognize on the distribution, and what is his basis in his Oak Corp. stock in each of the

following alternate scenarios?

a. At the time of the distribution, Glover’s basis in his Oak Corp. stock was $35,000.

$0 gain; basis in stock is $20,000 ($35,000 original basis minus $15,000 distribution).

b. At the time of the distribution, Glover’s basis in his Oak Corp. stock was $8,000.

$7,000 long-term capital gain; basis in stock is $0.




c. At the time of the distribution, Glover’s basis in his Oak Corp. stock was $0.

$15,000 long-term capital gain; basis in stock is $0.

68. [LO 5] Janna has a tax basis of $15,000 in her Mimikaki stock (Mimikaki has been an S

corporation since inception). In 2013, Janna was allocated $20,000 of ordinary income from

Mimikaki. What is the amount and character of gain she recognizes from end of the year

distributions in each of the following alternative scenarios, and what is her stock basis

following each distribution?

a. Mimikaki distributes $10,000 to Janna.

At the time of the distribution, Janna’s stock basis is $35,000 ($15,000 original basis plus

$20,000 ordinary income allocation). On the distribution, Janna recognizes $0 gain, and the

distribution reduces her stock basis to $25,000 ($35,000 stock basis minus $10,000 distribution).

b. Mimikaki distributes $20,000 to Janna.


$20,000 ordinary income allocation). On the distribution, Janna recognizes $0 gain, and the


c. Mimikaki distributes $30,000 to Janna.


$20,000 ordinary income allocation). On the distribution, Janna recognizes $0 gain and the


d. Mimikaki distributes $40,000 to Janna.


$20,000 ordinary income allocation). On the distribution, Janna recognizes $5,000 gain, and

the distribution reduces her stock basis to $0.




69. [LO 5] Assume the following year 2 income statement for Johnstone Corporation, which was

a C corporation in year 1 and elected to be taxed as an S corporation beginning in year 2.

Johnstone’s earnings and profits at the end of year 1 were $10,000. Marcus is Johnstone’s

sole shareholder. What is Johnstone’s accumulated adjustments account at the end of year 2,

and what amount of dividend income does Marcus recognize on the year 2 distribution in

each of the following alternative scenarios?

Johnstone CorporationIncome Statement

December 31, year 2

Year 2

(S corporation)

Sales Revenue $150,000

Cost of Goods Sold (35,000)

Salary to owners (60,000)

Employee Wages (50,000)

Depreciation Expense (4,000)

Miscellaneous Expenses (4,000)

Interest income 10,000

Overall Net Income $7,000

a. Johnstone distributed $6,000 to Marcus in year 2.

AAA = $1,000; $0 dividend income on distribution because the distribution was out of

Johnstone’s AAA.

Beginning of year 2 AAA $0

Separately Stated Interest $10,000

Ordinary Loss ($3,000)

Distribution from AAA ($6,000)

End of Year AAA $1,000




b. Johnstone distributed $10,000 to Marcus in year 2.

AAA = $0; $3,000 dividend income. $7,000 of the distribution came from Johnstone’s

AAA and reduced Marcus’s stock basis in Johnstone but the $3,000 in excess of the AAA

is a dividend to the extent of Johnstone’s earnings and profits. Because Johnstone’s

E&P was $10,000, all $3,000 of the excess is a dividend to Marcus. Johnstone’s E&P

would be reduced to $7,000 at the end of year 2.




Distributions out of AAA ($7,000) (limited to AAA available)

End of Year AAA $0

c. Johnstone distributed $16,000 to Marcus in year 2.

AAA = $0; Dividend income is $9,000. $7,000 of the distribution came from Johnstone’s

AAA and reduced Marcus’s stock basis in Johnstone but the $9,000 in excess of the AAA

is a dividend to the extent of Johnstone’s earnings and profits. Because Johnstone’s

E&P was $10,000, all $9,000 of the excess is a dividend to Marcus. Johnstone’s E&P

would be reduced to $1,000 at the end of year 2.




Distributions out of AAA ($7,000) (limited to AAA available)

End of Year AAA $0




d. Johnstone distributed $26,000 to Marcus in year 2.

AAA = $0; Dividend income is $10,000. $7,000 of the distribution came from

Johnstone’s AAA and reduced Marcus’s stock basis in Johnstone but the $19,000 in

excess of the AAA ($26,000 minus $7,000) is a dividend to the extent of Johnstone’s

earnings and profits. Because Johnstone’s E&P was $10,000, $10,000 of the excess is a

dividend to Marcus. Johnstone’s E&P would be reduced to $0 at the end of year 2. The

remaining $9,000 would reduce Marcus’s basis in his Johnstone stock.




Distributions out of AAA ($7,000) (limited to amount of AAA)

End of Year AAA $0

70. [LO 5] At the end of the year, before distributions, Bombay (an S corporation) has an

accumulated adjustments account balance of $15,000 and accumulated E&P of $20,000 from

a previous year as a C corporation. During the year, Nicolette (a 40 percent shareholder)

received a $20,000 distribution (the remaining shareholders received $30,000 in

distributions). What is the amount and character of gain Nicolette must recognize from the

distribution? What is her basis in her Bombay stock at the end of the year (assume her stock

basis is $40,000 after considering her share of Bombay’s income for the year but before

considering the effects of the distribution)?

The distribution is a return of capital (reduction in basis) to Nicolette to the extent of

Bombay’s accumulated adjustments account. Since Bombay’s AAA account balance is

$15,000, the first $15,000 distributed to shareholders is deemed to come from the AAA

account. Nicole’s proportionate share would be $6,000 ($15,000 x 40%). Thus, Nicole is

not taxed on the first $6,000 of the distribution, and this reduces her stock basis to $34,000

($40,000 stock basis minus $6,000 return of capital). The next $20,000 of distributions paid

by Bombay comes from its E&P (its total E&P is $20,000). Nicole’s proportionate share is




$8,000 ($20,000 x 40%). Thus, the next $8,000 of the distribution is a dividend to Nicole,

which does not reduce her stock basis in the S Corporation. The final $6,000 received

($20,000 distribution less $6,000 paid from AAA and $8,000 paid from E&P) reduces

Nicole’s basis in her stock to $28,000 ($34,000 - $6,000). .

71. [LO 5] Pine Corp., a calendar-year corporation, was formed three years ago by its sole

shareholder, Connor, who has always operated it as a C corporation. However, at the

beginning of this year, Connor made a qualifying S election for Pine Corp., effective January

1. Pine Corp. reported $70,000 of C corporation earnings and profits on the effective date of

the S election. This year (its first S corporation year), Pine reported business income of

$50,000. Connor’s basis in his Pine Corp. stock at the beginning of the year was $15,000.

What is the amount and character of gain Connor must recognize on the following alternative

distributions, and what is his basis in his Pine Corp. stock at the end of the year?

a. Connor received a $40,000 distribution from Pine Corp. at the end of the year.

Pine Corp.’s accumulated adjustments account was $0 at the beginning of the year, and it is increased to $50,000 by the business income it earned during the year. The $40,000 distribution comes entirely from its AAA.

Connor’s stock basis at the beginning of the year was $15,000, and it is increased by $50,000 to $65,000 by Pine Corp.’s business income. The distribution reduces the stock basis to $25,000 ($65,000 minus $40,000 distribution). Connor is not taxed on the distribution.

b. Connor received a $60,000 distribution from Pine Corp. at the end of the year.

Pine Corp.’s accumulated adjustments account was $0 at the beginning of the year, and it is increased to $50,000 (before the distribution) by the business income it earned during the year. $50,000 of the $60,000 distribution comes from Pine Corp.’s AAA, reducing its AAA to $0. The remaining $10,000 of the distribution is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P (reducing its E&P to $60,000).




Connor’s stock basis at the beginning of the year was $15,000 and it is increased by $50,000 to $65,000 by Pine Corp.’s business income. The $50,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp’s AAA reduces Connor’s stock basis to $15,000 ($65,000 minus $50,000 distribution out of AAA). Connor is taxed on a $10,000 dividend (the $10,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P).

c. Connor received a $130,000 distribution from Pine Corp. at the end of the year.

Pine Corp.’s accumulated adjustments account was $0 at the beginning of the year, and it is increased to $50,000 (before the distribution) by the business income it earned during the year. $50,000 of the $130,000 distribution comes from Pine Corp.’s AAA, reducing its AAA to $0. $70,000 of the remaining $80,000 is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P (reducing its E&P to $0). The remaining $10,000 of the distribution is a reduction of stock basis to Connor.

Connor’s stock basis at the beginning of the year was $15,000 and it is increased by $50,000 to $65,000 by Pine Corp.’s business income. The $50,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp’s AAA reduces Connor’s stock basis to $15,000 ($65,000 minus $50,000 distribution out of AAA). Connor is taxed on a $70,000 dividend (the $70,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P). Finally, the remaining $10,000 reduces Connor’s stock basis to $5,000 ($15,000 minus $10,000 distribution in excess of AAA and E&P).

d. Connor received a $150,000 distribution from Pine Corp. at the end of the year.

Pine Corp.’s accumulated adjustments account was $0 at the beginning of the year and it is increased to $50,000 (before the distribution) by the business income it earned during the year. $50,000 of the $150,000 distribution comes from Pine Corp.’s AAA, reducing its AAA to $0. $70,000 of the remaining $100,000 is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P (reducing its E&P to $0). The remaining $30,000 of the distribution is a return of capital or capital gain to Connor.

Connor’s stock basis at the beginning of the year was $15,000 and it is increased by $50,000 to $65,000 by Pine Corp.’s business income. The $50,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp’s AAA reduces Connor’s stock basis to $15,000 ($65,000 minus $50,000 distribution out of AAA). Connor is taxed on a $70,000 dividend (the $70,000 of the distribution that is out of Pine Corp.’s E&P). Finally, the remaining $30,000 reduces first reduces Connor’s stock basis to $0 ($15,000 minus $15,000 of the distribution in excess of AAA and E&P) and then creates $15,000 of long-term capital gain to Connor.




72. [LO 5] Carolina Corporation, an S corporation, has no corporate E&P from its years as a C

corporation. At the end of the year, it distributes a small parcel of land to its sole shareholder

Shadiya. The fair market value of the parcel is $70,000 and its tax basis is $40,000. Shadiya’s

basis in her stock is $14,000. Assume Carolina Corporation reported zero taxable income

before considering the tax consequences of the distribution.

a. What amount of gain or loss, if any, does Carolina Corporation recognize on the

distribution?

Carolina must recognize $30,000 gain ($70,000 fair market value minus tax basis) on the

distribution just as if it had sold the property for its fair market value.

b. How much gain must Shadiya recognize (if any) as a result of the distribution, what is her

basis in her Carolina Corporation stock after the distribution, and what is her basis in the

land?

Shadiya is allocated the gain on the distribution so she must report $30,000 gain as a result

of the distribution. This increases her stock basis from $14,000 to $44,000. The $70,000

distribution first reduces her stock basis to $0 ($44,000 stock basis minus $44,000 of the

distribution). Shadiya must recognize the remaining $26,000 of the distribution as a capital

gain because this portion of the distribution exceeds her stock basis. Her ending stock basis

is zero and her basis in the land is $70,000, its fair market value.

c. What is your answer to (a) if the fair market value of the land is $25,000 rather than

$70,000?

Zero loss. Carolina Corporation is not allowed to deduct any loss on the distribution of

depreciated property.

d. What is your answer to (b) if the fair market value of the land is $25,000 rather than

$70,000?

Shadiya’s stock basis before the distribution is $14,000. The amount of the distribution is

$25,000, the fair market value of the land. The first $14,000 of the distribution is nontaxable

and reduces Shadiya’s basis to zero. The remaining $11,000 of the distribution in excess of

her stock basis is taxed as capital gain to Shadiya. Her ending stock basis is zero, and her

basis in the land is $25,000, its fair market value.




73. [LO5] Last year, Miley decided to terminate the S corporation election of her solely owned

corporation on October 17, 2012 (effective immediately), in preparation for taking it public.

At the time of the election, the corporation had an accumulated adjustments account balance

of $150,000 and $450,000 of accumulated E&P from prior C corporation years, and Miley

had a basis in her S corporation stock of $135,000. During 2013, Miley’s corporation

reported $0 taxable income or loss. Also, during 2013 the corporation made distributions to

Miley of $80,000 and $60,000. How are these distributions taxed to Miley assuming the

following?

a. Both distributions are in cash, and the first was paid on June 15 and the second on

November 15.

The June 15 distribution is nontaxable. The June 15 distribution is during the

post-termination transition period, so it is nontaxable to the extent of the

corporation’s accumulated adjustments account ($150,000) and Miley’s stock

basis ($135,000).

Because the second distribution is after the end of the PTTP (it ends on October

16, 2013) the distribution is treated as a distribution out of the corporation’s

earnings and profits. So, Miley must recognize a $60,000 dividend on the

November 15th distribution.

b. Both distributions are in cash, and the first was paid on June 15 and the second on

September 30.

In this case, both distributions are during the PTTP so they are nontaxable to the

extent of the corporation’s AAA and Miley’s stock basis. Because the total

amount of the distributions is $140,000 and the corporation’s AAA is $150,000,

both distributions are nontaxable to the extent of Miley’s stock basis of $135,000.

The excess $5,000 distribution ($135,000 Stock basis – $140,000 Distribution) is

taxable.




c. The same facts in (b) except the June 15 distribution was a property (noncash)

distribution (fair market value of distributed property equal to basis).

Because the June 15 distribution is not in cash it is a dividend to Miley to the

extent of the corporation’s earnings and profits. Here Miley must recognize

$80,000 of dividend income.

74. [LO 5] Alabama Corporation, an S corporation, liquidates this year by distributing a parcel of

land to its sole shareholder Mark Ingram. The fair market value of the parcel is $50,000 and

its tax basis is $30,000. Mark’s basis in his stock is $25,000.

a. What amount of gain or loss, if any, does Alabama Corporation recognize on the

distribution?

Alabama must recognize $20,000 gain ($50,000 fair market value minus $30,000

tax basis) on the distribution just as if it had sold the property for its fair market

value.

b. How much gain must Mark recognize (if any) as a result of the distribution and

what is his basis in the land?

Mark recognizes a total of $25,000 gain on the liquidating distribution. First, he

is allocated the $20,000 gain on the distribution that Alabama Corporation

recognizes. This gain increases his stock basis from $25,000 to $45,000. Second,

he recognizes a $5,000 gain because the $50,000 distribution exceeds his $45,000

stock basis by $5,000. Thus, Mark recognizes $25,000 of gain on the distribution

($20,000 gain allocated from Alabama Corporation plus $5,000 gain from the

distribution in excess of his basis). His basis in the land is $50,000, its fair market

value.




c. What is your answer to (a) if the fair market value of the land is $20,000 rather

than $50,000?

Alabama Corporation would recognize a $10,000 loss on the liquidating

distribution ($20,000 FMV less $30,000 basis = $10,000 loss).

d. What is your answer to (b) if the fair market value of the land is $20,000 rather

than $50,000?

Mark would recognize a net loss of $5,000 on the liquidating distribution. First,

he is allocated the $10,000 loss on the distribution that Alabama Corporation

recognizes. This loss reduces his stock basis to $25,000 to $15,000. Second, he

recognizes a $5,000 gain because the $20,000 distribution exceeds his $15,000

stock basis by $5,000. Thus, Mark recognizes a net loss of $5,000 ($10,000 loss

allocated from Alabama Corporation plus $5,000 gain from the distribution in

excess of basis). Mark’s basis in the land is $20,000, its fair market value.

75. [LO 6] Rivendell Corporation uses the accrual method of accounting and has the following

assets as of the end of 2012. Rivendell converted to an S corporation on January 1, 2013.

Asset Adjusted

basis

FMV

Cash $40,000 $40,000

Accounts receivable 30,000 30,000

Inventory 130,000 60,000

Land 100,000 125,000

Totals $300,000 $255,000

a. What is Rivendell’s net unrealized built-in gain at the time it converted to an S

corporation?




Zero net unrealized built-in gain. It has an unrealized built-in loss of $45,000 [($25,000

built-in gain on the land but $70,000 built-in loss on the inventory).

b. Assuming the land was valued at $200,000, what would be Rivendell’s net

unrealized gain at the time it converted to an S corporation?

$30,000 net unrealized built-in gain. This is the net of the $100,000 unrealized built-in

gain on the land and the $70,000 built-in loss on the inventory.

c. Assuming the original land value but that the inventory was valued at $85,000,

what would be Rivendell’s net unrealized gain at the time it converted to an S

corporation?

Zero net unrealized built-in gain. Rivendell has a net unrealized built-in loss of $20,000.

This is the $25,000 built-in gain on the land but a $45,000 built-in loss on the inventory.

76. [LO 6] Virginia Corporation is a calendar year corporation. At the beginning of 2013, its

election to be taxed as an S corporation became effective. Virginia Corp.’s balance sheet at

the end of 2012 reflected the following assets (it did not have any earnings and profits from

its prior years as a C corporation).

Asset Adjusted

basis

FMV

Cash $20,000 $20,000


Inventory 90,000 200,000

Land 150,000 175,000

Totals $300,000 $435,000

In 2013, Virginia reported business income of $50,000 (this would have been its taxable

income if it were still a C corporation). What is Virginia’s built-in gains tax in each of the

following alternative scenarios?

a. During 2013, Virginia sold inventory it owned at the beginning of the year for

$100,000. The basis of the inventory sold was $55,000.




Virginia’s net unrealized built-in gain at the time it converted to an S corporation is

$135,000 ($110,000 built-in gain on inventory and $25,000 built-in gain on land). Its

built-in gains tax is 35% multiplied by the least of (a) $45,000 which is its recognized

built-in gain on the inventory for the year (b) $135,000 which is its net unrealized built-in

gain when it converted to an S corporation (it had not recognized any of this amount

previously), and (c) $50,000 which is what its taxable income would have been if it were

still a C corporation.

So, Virginia Corporation’s built-in gains tax is 35% x $45,000 = $15,750.

b. Assume the same facts as (a) except Virginia had a net operating loss carryover of

$24,000 from its time as a C corporation.



base for the built-in gains tax is the least of (a) $45,000 recognized built-in gain on the

inventory), (b) $135,000 which is its net unrealized built-in gain when it converted to an

S corporation (it had not recognized any of this amount previously), and (c) $50,000

which is what its taxable income would have been if it were still a C corporation

(exclusive of its net operating loss carryover). The base ($45,000) is then reduced by

Virginia’s net operating loss of $24,000 from its time as a C corporation. Thus, Virginia

Corporation’s base for the built-in gains tax is $21,000 ($45,000-$24,000), and its built-

in gains tax is 35% x $21,000 = $7,350.

c. Assume that same facts as (a) except that if Virginia were a C corporation, its taxable

income would have been $1,500.



built-in gains tax is 35% multiplied by the least of (a) $45,000, which is its recognized




built-in gain on the inventory, (b) $135,000 which is its net unrealized built-in gain when

it converted to an S corporation (it had not recognized any of this amount previously),

and (c) $1,500 which is what its taxable income would have been if it were still a C

corporation.

So, its built-in gains tax is 35% x $1,500 = $525.

77. [LO 6] Tempe Corporation is a calendar-year corporation. At the beginning of 2013, its

election to be taxed as an S corporation became effective. Tempe Corp.’s balance sheet at

the end of 2012 reflected the following assets (it did not have any earnings and profits from

its prior years as a C corporation):

Asset Adjusted

basis

FMV

Cash $20,000 $20,000


Inventory 160,000 200,000

Land 150,000 120,000

Totals $370,000 $380,000

Tempe’s business income for the year was $40,000 (this would have been its taxable

income if it were a C corporation).

a. During 2013, Tempe sold all of the inventory it owned at the beginning of the year

for $210,000. What is its built-in gains tax in 2013?

Tempe’s net unrealized built-in gain at the time it converted to an S corporation is

$10,000 ($40,000 built-in gain on inventory minus $30,000 built-in loss on the land). Its


built-in gain on the inventory, (b) $10,000 which is its net unrealized built-in gain when it

converted to an S corporation (it had not recognized any of this amount previously), and

(c) $40,000 which is what its taxable income would have been if it were still a C

corporation.

So, its built-in gains tax is 35% x $10,000 = $3,500.




b. Assume the same facts as in (a) except that if Tempe were a C corporation, its taxable

income would have been $7,000. What is its built-in gains tax in 2013?







corporation.

So, its built-in gains tax is 35% x $7,000 = $2,450.

c. Assume the original facts except the land was valued at $140,000 instead of

$120,000. What is Tempe’s built-in gains tax in 2013?







corporation.

So, its built-in gains tax is 35% x $30,000 = $10,500




78. [LO 6] Wood Corporation was a C corporation in 2012 but elected to be taxed as an S

corporation in 2013. At the end of 2012, its earnings and profits were $15,500. The

following table reports Wood’s (taxable) income for 2013 (its first year as an S corporation).

Wood CorporationIncome StatementDecember 31, 2013


Cost of Goods Sold (35,000)


Employee Wages (50,000)

Depreciation Expense (4,000)

Miscellaneous Expenses (4,000)


Dividend Income 2,000

Overall Net Income $7,000

What is Wood Corporation’s excess net passive income tax for 2013?

$0. Wood’s passive and net passive investment income is $10,000 ($8,000 interest income +

$2,000 dividend income). Its gross receipts are $160,000 ($150,000 sales revenue + $8,000

interest income + $2,000 dividend income). Because Wood’s passive investment income of

$10,000 does not exceed $40,000 (25% of its gross receipts), Wood does not owe any excess net

passive income tax for 2013.

79. [LO 6] Calculate Anaheim Corporation’s excess net passive income tax in each of the

following alternative scenarios.

a. Passive investment income, $100,000; expenses associated with passive

investment income, $40,000; gross receipts, $120,000; taxable income if C

corporation, $40,000; corporate E&P, $30,000.




$14,000, computed as follows: The excess net passive income tax is 35% multiplied by the

lesser of

(1) $42,000 [($100,000 passive investment income minus $40,000 expenses associated with

passive investment income) x (100,000 – $120,000 x 25%)/$100,000] or (2) $40,000 (Anaheim’s

taxable income if it had been a C corporation). Thus its excess net passive income tax is $14,000

(35% x 40,000).

b. Passive investment income, $100,000; expenses associated with passive


corporation, $1,200; corporate E&P, $30,000.

$420, computed as follows: The excess net passive income tax is 35% multiplied by the lesser

of

(1) $21,000 [($100,000 passive investment income minus $70,000 expenses associated with

passive investment income) x (100,000 – $120,000 x 25%)/$100,000] or (2) $1,200 (Anaheim’s

taxable income if it had been a C corporation). Thus its excess net passive income tax is $420

(35% x 1,200).

c. Passive investment income, $100,000; expenses associated with passive


corporation, $40,000; corporate E&P, $0.

$0 excess net passive income tax because Anaheim does not have any C corporation

E&P.

80. [LO 5, 6] {Planning; Research} Mark is the sole shareholder of Tex Corporation. Mark first

formed Tex as a C corporation. However, in an attempt to avoid having Tex’s income

double taxed, Mark elected S corporation status for Tex several years ago. On December 31,

2013, Tex reports $5,000 of earnings and profits from its years as a C corporation and

$50,000 in its accumulated adjustments account from its activities as an S corporation

(including its 2013 activities). Mark discovered that for the first time Tex was going to have

to pay the excess net passive income tax. Mark wanted to avoid having to pay the tax but he

determined the only way to avoid the tax was to eliminate Tex’s E&P by the end of 2013.




He determined that, because of the distribution ordering rules (AAA first), he would need to

have Tex immediately (in 2013) distribute $55,000 to him. This would clear out Tex’s

accumulated adjustments account first and then eliminate Tex’s C corporation earnings and

profits in time to avoid the excess net passive income tax. Mark was not sure Tex could

come up with $55,000 of cash or property in time to accomplish his objective. Does Mark

have any other options to eliminate Tex’s earnings and profits without first distributing the

balance in Tex’s accumulated adjustments account?

Yes, Mark could elect to have Tex distribute its earnings and profits before it distributes from its

accumulated adjustments account. With this election, Tex would need to distribute only $5,000

to eliminate its E&P and avoid the excess net passive income tax. See §1368(e)(3)(A). The

election is made by attaching a statement to a timely filed original or amended return for that tax

year, on Form 1120S. See (Reg. §1.1368-1(f)(5)(iii).

81. [LO 6] {Planning} Farve Inc. recently elected S corporation status. At the time of the

election, the company had $10,000 of accumulated earnings and profits, and a net unrealized

gain of $1,000,000 associated with land it had invested in (although some parcels had an

unrealized loss). In the next couple of years, most of the income the company expects to

generate will be in the form of interest and dividends (approximately $200,000 per year).

However, in the future, the company will want to liquidate some of its current holdings in

land and possibly reinvest in other parcels. What strategies can you recommend for Farve

Inc. to help reduce its potential tax liability as an S corporation?

First to eliminate its exposure to the excess net passive income tax, Farve may consider

distributing its $10,000 of C corporation earnings and profits. If it has no C corporation

earnings and profits it will not be subject to the excess net passive income tax. To limit its

exposure to the built-in-gains tax, Farve could sell parcels of land with built-in losses to

offset parcels sold with built-in gains. To the extent Favre does not have parcels of land with

built-in losses to offset the parcels with built-in gains, it could eliminate its exposure to the

built-in gains tax entirely by waiting to sell the land with built-in gains until the built-in gains

tax recognition period expires.




82. [LO 6] Until the end of year 0, Magic Carpets (MC) was a C corporation with a calendar

year. At the beginning of year 1 it elected to be taxed as an S corporation. MC uses the

LIFO method to value its inventory. At the end of year 0, under the LIFO method, its

inventory of rugs was valued at $150,000. Under the FIFO method, the rugs would have been

valued at $170,000. How much LIFO recapture tax must MC pay, and what is the due date

of the first payment under the following alternative scenarios?

a. Magic Carpets’ regular taxable income in year 0 was $65,000.

$5,900 LIFO recapture tax ($10,000 x 25% + $10,000 x 34%). The LIFO recapture

amount is $20,000 ($170,000 FIFO inventory basis minus $150,000 LIFO inventory

basis). This additional $20,000 is taxed at MC’s marginal tax rate (the first $10,000 is

taxed at 25% and the next $10,000 is taxed at 34%--(see corporate tax rate schedule).

The LIFO recapture tax is paid in four installments of $1,475 each ($5,900/4). The first

installment is due on March 15, year 1.

b. Magic Carpets’ regular taxable income in year 0 was $200,000.

$7,800 LIFO recapture tax ($20,000 x 39%). The LIFO recapture amount is $20,000

($170,000 FIFO inventory basis minus $150,000 LIFO inventory basis). This additional

$20,000 is taxed at MC’s marginal tax rate of 39% (see corporate tax rate schedule).

The LIFO recapture tax is paid in four installments of $1,950 each ($7,800/4). The first

installment is due on March 15, year 1.

Comprehensive Problems

83. {Planning} Knowshon, sole owner of Moreno Inc., is contemplating electing S status for the

corporation. Provide recommendations related to Knowshon’s election under the following

alternative scenarios:

a. At the end of the current year, Moreno Inc. has a net operating loss of $800,000

carryover. Beginning next year, the company expects to return to profitability.

Knowshon projects that Moreno will report profits of $400,000, $500,000, and




$600,000 over the next three years. What suggestions do you have regarding the

timing of the S election? Explain.

Knowshon should delay making an S election until the beginning of year three when it

has used up its NOL carryover as a C corporation. With a net operating loss carryover,

Moreno’s income won’t be subject to taxation even though it is a C corporation. If

Moreno becomes an S corporation before it uses its NOL carryover, the NOL will

disappear without providing any tax benefit.

b. How would you answer (a) if Moreno Inc. had been operating profitably for

several years, and thus had no net operating loss?

To shield Moreno’s income from double taxation, Knowshon should make the election as

soon as possible (unless there are other nontax reasons not to make the election). In this

situation, the earliest effective date for the election will be January 1 of the year after the

current year. Before making the election, Knowshon should consider all factors

associated with the election – not just losses.

c. While several of Moreno Inc.’s assets have appreciated in value (to the tune of

$2,000,000), the corporation has one property--some land in a newly identified

flood zone—that has depreciated by $1,500,000. Knowshon plans on selling the

loss property in the next year or two. Assume that Moreno does not have a net

operating loss. What suggestions do you have for timing the sale of the flood

zone property and why?

If Knowshon is planning on making the S election, it may make sense to wait until after

the election becomes effective to sell the land. This way, Moreno can reduce its exposure

to the built-in gains tax. However, Knowshon should also consider the tax savings the

loss property will generate if Moreno sells the property as a C corporation. The point is

that Knowshon should consider the tax savings from the loss property if it is sold as a C

corporation or as an S corporation.




84. {Planning} Barry Potter and Winnie Weasley are considering making an S election on March

1, 2013, for their C corporation, Omniocular. However, first they want to consider the

implications of the following information:

Winnie is a U.S. citizen and resident.

Barry is a citizen of the United Kingdom, but a resident of the United States.

Barry and Winnie each own 50 percent of the voting power in Omniocular. However,

Barry’s stock provides him with a claim on 60 percent of the Omniocular assets in

liquidation.

Omniocular was formed under Arizona state law, but it plans on eventually

conducting some business in Mexico.

a) Is Omniocular eligible to elect S corporation status? If so, when is the election

effective?

All shareholders are eligible S corporation shareholders. However, it appears as though

Omniocular has more than one class of stock because even though Barry and Winnie

each have 50 percent of the voting power, Barry’s stock provides him with 60 percent of

the assets in liquidation. Consequently, Omniocular is not eligible to make an S election.

For the remainder of the problem, assume Omniocular made a valid S election effective

January 1, 2013. Barry and Winnie each own 50 percent of the voting power and have

equal claim on Omniocular’s assets in liquidation. In addition, consider the following

information:

Omniocular reports on a calendar tax year.

Omniocular’s earnings and profits as of December 31, 2012 were $55,000.

Omniocular’s 2012 taxable income was $15,000.

Omniocular’s assets at the end of 2012 are as follows:




*$110,000 under FIFO accounting.

On March 31, 2013, Omniocular sold the land for $42,000.

In 2013, Omniocular sold all the inventory it had on hand at the beginning of the year.

This was the only inventory it sold during the year.




Other Income/Expense Items for 2013



Employee wages (10,000)

Depreciation expense (5,000)

Miscellaneous expenses (1,000)

Gain on sale of machinery 12,000


Dividend income 65,000

Assume that if Omniocular were a C corporation for 2013, its taxable income would have

been $88,500.

b. How much LIFO recapture tax is Omniocular required to pay and when is it due?

$4,500 LIFO recapture tax ($30,000 x 15%). The LIFO recapture amount is $30,000

($110,000 FIFO inventory basis minus $80,000 LIFO inventory basis). This additional

$30,000 is taxed at Omniocular’s marginal tax rate of 15% (taxable income of $15,000

without the recapture amount—the additional $30,000 taxed at 15% --see corporate tax

rate schedule for income between $15,000 and $45,000). The LIFO recapture tax is paid

in four installments of $1,125 each ($4,500/4). The first installment is due on March 15,

2013. Note that the LIFO recapture tax increases Omniocular’s tax basis in the

inventory to $110,000.




c. How much built-in gains tax, if any, is Omniocular required to pay?

$5,250. Omniocular’s net unrealized built-in gain at the time it converted to an S

corporation is $20,000 [$10,000 built-in gain on the land plus $15,000 built-in gain on

inventory (after increasing basis to $110,000 due to LIFO recapture tax) minus $5,000

built-in loss on equipment]. Its built-in gains tax is 35% multiplied by the least of (a)

$15,000 which is its recognized built-in gain on the inventory (b) $20,000 which is its net

unrealized built-in gain when it converted to an S corporation (it had not recognized any

of this amount previously), and (c) $88,500 which is what its taxable income would have

been if it were still a C corporation.

So, its built-in gains tax is 35% x $15,000 = $5,250. This tax passes through as an

ordinary loss (the tax arose from the sale of inventory so the loss is ordinary to

Omniocular’s shareholders).

d. How much excess net passive income tax, if any, is Omniocular required to pay?

$14,700. Omniocular’s passive and net passive investment income is $105,000 ($40,000

interest income + $65,000 dividend income). Its gross receipts are $260,000 ($155,000

sales revenue + $40,000 interest income + $65,000 dividend income). Because

Omniocular’s passive investment income exceeds 25% of its gross receipts it is subject to

the excess net passive income tax. The amount of the tax is $14,700, computed as

follows:

The excess net passive income tax is 35% multiplied by the lesser of:

(1)$40,000 [$105,000 net passive investment income x (105,000 – $260,000 x

25%)/$105,000] or (2) $88,500 (Omniocular’s taxable income if it had been a C

corporation). Thus its excess net passive income tax is $14,000 (35% x 40,000). Each

item of passive income that flows through to the shareholders is reduced by a pro-rata

portion of the excess net passive income tax. In this situation, Omniocular’s passive

income is $40,000 of interest and $65,000 of dividend income. Thus, the amount of

interest that flows through to Omniocular’s shareholders is $34,667 [$40,000 –




(40,000/105,000 x 14,000) and the amount of dividend income that flows through to the

shareholders is $56,333 [$65,000 – (65,000/105,000 x 14,000)]

e. Assume Barry’s basis in his Omniocular stock was $40,000 on January 1, 2013. What

is his stock basis on December 31, 2013?

Barry is a 50 percent shareholder in Omniocular. His basis on December 31, 2013 is

$48,375, computed as follows:

Description Amount Description

Basis on 1/1/2013 $40,000

Interest income 17,334 $34,667 (interest income reduced by

portion of excess net passive income tax) x

50% (Barry is a 50 percent owner).

Dividend income 28,166 $56,333 (dividend income reduced by

portion of excess net passive income tax) x

50%

Business (loss) (see below) (13,125) ($26,250) x 50%

Capital loss (on land sale) (24,000) ($48,000) x 50%

Basis at year end $48,375

Business income (loss):

Description Amount


COGS (adjusted to FIFO basis due

to LIFO recapture tax)

(110,000)

Loss from built-in gains tax (5,250)

Salaries to owners (50,000)

Employee wages (10,000)

Depreciation expense (5,000)

Miscellaneous expenses (1,000)

Business income (loss) ($26,250)




For the following questions, assume that after electing S corporation status Barry and

Winnie had a change of heart and filed an election to terminate Omniocular’s S election

effective August 1, 2014.

In 2014, Omniocular reported the following income/expense items:

January 1 –

July 31, 2014

(212 days)

August 1 –

December 31, 2014

(153 days)

January 1 –

December 31, 2014

Sales revenue $80,000 $185,000 $265,000

Cost of goods sold (40,000) (20,000) (60,000)

Salaries to Barry and Winnie (60,000) (40,000) (100,000)

Depreciation expense (7,000) (2,000) (9,000)

Miscellaneous expenses (4,000) (3,000) (7,000)

Interest income 6,000 5,250 11,250

Overall net income (loss) ($25,000) $125,250 $100,250

f. For tax purposes, how would you recommend Barry and Winnie allocate income

between the short S corporation year and the short C corporation year if they would like

to minimize double taxation of Omniocular’s income?

They should allocate the income based on the number of days in the short year compared

to the entire year. This will allow them to shift income out of the short C corporation

year and into the short S corporation year and thus subject less income to double

taxation.

g. Assume in part (f) that Omniocular allocates income between the short S and C

corporation years in a way that minimizes the double taxation of its income. If Barry’s

stock basis in his Omniocular stock on January 1, 2014, is $50,000, what is his stock

basis on December 31, 2014?




$79,114. If Omniocular allocates its income based on the number of days in the S

corporation period and the C corporation period it will allocate $29,114 of income to

Barry ($100,250 x 212/365 x 50% ownership). Thus, his stock basis will be $79,114

($50,000 plus 29,114).

h. When is the earliest tax year in which Omniocular can be taxed as an S corporation

again?

January 1, 2019. This is the beginning of the fifth year after the year in which the S

election was terminated.

85. Abigail, Bobby, and Claudia are equal owners in Lafter, an S corporation that was a C

corporation several years ago. While Abigail and Bobby actively participate in running the

company, Claudia has a separate day job and is a passive owner. Consider the following

information for 2013:

As of January 1, 2013, Abigail, Bobby, and Claudia each have a basis in Lafter stock of $15,000 and a debt basis of $0. On January 1, the stock basis is also the at-risk amount for each shareholder.

Bobby and Claudia also are passive owners in Aggressive LLC, which allocated business income of $14,000 to each of them in 2013. Neither has any other source of passive income (besides Lafter, for Claudia).

On March 31, 2013, Abigail lends $5,000 of her own money to Lafter. Anticipating the need for basis to deduct a loss, on April 4, 2013, Bobby takes out a

$10,000 loan to make a $10,000 contribution to Lafter. Bobby uses his automobile ($12,000 fair market value) as collateral.

Lafter has an accumulated adjustments account balance of $45,000 as of January 1, 2013. Lafter has C corporation earnings and profits of $15,000 as of January 1, 2013. During 2013, Lafter reports a business loss of $75,000 computed as follows:

Sales revenue $90,000Cost of goods sold (85,000)Salary to Abigail (40,000)Salary to Bobby (40,000)

Business (loss) ($75,000) Lafter also reported $12,000 of tax-exempt interest income.




a. What amount of Lafter’s 2013 business loss of $75,000 are Abigail, Bobby, and Claudia allowed to deduct on their individual tax returns? What are each owner’s stock basis and debt basis (if applicable) and each owner’s at-risk amount with respect to the investment in Lafter at the end of 2013?

Abigail:As a one-third owner, Abigail is allocated $25,000 of the $75,000 business loss. Of the $25,000 loss, Abigail is allowed to deduct $24,000. $24,000 of the $25,000 loss clears the debt and stock basis hurdles and the at risk hurdle. Because the loss is not a passive loss to Abigail, she is allowed to deduct the amount that clears the at-risk hurdle. See computations below:

AbigailDescription Debt basis Stock basis At-riskJanuary 1, 2013 $5,000 $15,000 $20,000*Share of tax-exempt income 4,000 4,000Business loss clearing debt basis, and at-risk hurdles

(5,000) ($19,000) ($24,000)

December 31, 2013 $0 $0 $0*Includes amounts in debt basis and stock basis.

As indicated above, Abigail’s debt basis, stock basis, and at-risk amounts are $0 as of December 31, 2013.

Abigail will suspend $1,000 at the stock/debt basis level.

Bobby:As a one-third owner, Bobby is allocated $25,000 of the $75,000 business loss. Of the $25,000 loss, Bobby is allowed to deduct $19,000. All $25,000 of the loss clears the stock basis hurdle but only $19,000 of the $25,000 clears the at-risk amount hurdle. Finally, because the loss from Lafter is not a passive loss to Bobby, the passive loss restrictions do not apply. See computations below:

BobbyDescription Debt basis Stock basis At-riskJanuary 1, 2013 $0 $15,000 $15,000Capital contribution (from nonrecourse loan) 10,000 0*Share of tax-exempt income 4,000 4,000Business loss clearing debt basis, and at-risk hurdles

($25,000) ($19,000)

December 31, 2013 $0 $4,000 $0*Because the contribution was funded by a nonrecourse loan, it is not included in the at-risk amount.




As indicated above, Bobby’s stock basis is $4,000 on December 31, 2013 and her at-risk amount is $0 as of December 31, 2013.

Bobby will suspend $6,000 of the loss at the at-risk level.

Claudia:As a one-third owner, Claudia is allocated $25,000 of the $75,000 business loss. Of the $25,000 loss, Claudia is allowed to deduct $14,000. $19,000 of the loss clears the stock basis and at-risk amount hurdles. However, because the loss from Lafter is a passive loss to Claudia, she is allowed to deduct the loss to the extent she has passive income from other sources. In this case, she was allocated $14,000 of passive income from Aggressive LLC. Consequently, she is allowed to deduct $14,000 of the loss. See computations below:

ClaudiaDescription Debt basis Stock basis At-riskJanuary 1, 2013 $0 $15,000 $15,000Share of tax-exempt income 4,000 4,000Business loss clearing debt basis, and at-risk hurdles

($19,000) ($19,000)

December 31, 2013 $0 $0 $0

As indicated above, Claudia’s stock basis is $0 on December 31, 2013 and her at-risk amount is $0 as of December 31, 2013.

Claudia will suspend $6,000 of the loss at the stock basis level and $5,000 of the loss at the passive activity level.

During 2014, Lafter made several changes to its business approach and reported $18,000 of business income, computed as follows:

Sales Revenue $208,000Cost of goods sold (90,000)Salary to Abigail (45,000)Salary to Bobby (45,000)Marketing expense (10,000) Business income $18,000

Lafter also reported a long-term capital gain of $24,000 in 2014.

Lafter made a cash distribution on July 1, 2014, of $20,000 to each shareholder.




b. What amount of gain/income does each shareholder recognize from the cash distribution on July 1, 2014?

To determine the taxability of the distribution we must determine Lafter’s earnings and profits (E&P) and accumulated adjustment accounts (AAA) at the end of the year (before considering the impact of the distribution on these amounts). At the end of 2014, before the distributions, Lafter’s E&P is $15,000. Its AAA is computed as follows:

AAA balance on December 31, 2014 before the distributions is $12,000, computed as follows:

Description Amount ExplanationAAA balance 1/1/2013 $45,0002013 business loss (75,000) AAA is not affected by tax-exempt income.AAA balance 1/1/2014 ($30,000)2014 business income 18,0002014 long-term capital gain 24,000AAA balance 12/31/2014 before distributions

$12,000

Distributions $60,000 $12,000 of the distributions are out of AAAAAA balance 12/31/2014 after distributions

$0 Distributions can reduce AAA to $0 but not below.

Of the $60,000 total distribution (3 x $20,000), $12,000 is out of AAA and is a return of capital, $15,000 is out of E&P and is a dividend, and the remaining $33,000 is a return of capital ($60,000 total minus $12,000 minus $15,000). Therefore, for each shareholder $5,000 of the $20,000 distribution is a dividend ($15,000/3) and $15,000 is a return of capital/capital gain depending on each shareholder’s stock basis before the distribution. The stock basis of each shareholder and the amount of capital gain each shareholder recognizes on the distribution is calculated as follows:

Description Abigail Bobby ClaudiaStock basis January 1, 2014 (see answer to part a)

$0 $4,000 $0

Share of 2014 business income ($18,000 total) 6,000 6,000 6,000Amount of income that must restore debt basis before stock basis

(5,000)

Share of 2014 long-term capital gain ($24,000) 8,000 8,000 8,000Stock basis December 31, 2014 before distribution

$9,000 $18,000 $14,000

Return of capital portion of distribution (portion not out of E&P)

15,000 15,000 15,000

Stock basis before required gain recognition on distribution

(6,000) 3,000 (1,000)

Capital gain recognized on distribution 6,000 0 1,000Stock basis 12/31/2014 after distributions $0 $3,000 $0




In summary:Abigail recognizes $5,000 of dividend income on the distribution and $6,000 of long-term capital gain. Abigail has $0 basis in her Lafter stock and $5,000 of debt basis at year end.

Bobby recognizes $5,000 of dividend income on the distribution. Bobby has $3,000 of basis in her Lafter stock at year end.

Claudia recognizes $5,000 of dividend income on the distribution and $1,000 of long-term capital gain.

Lafter’s E&P and AAA are reduced to $0.

86. While James Craig and his former classmate Paul Dolittle both studied accounting at school, they ended up pursuing careers in professional cake decorating. Their company, Good to Eat (GTE), specializes in custom sculpted cakes for weddings, birthdays, and other celebrations. James and Paul formed the business at the beginning of 2013 and each contributed $50,000 in exchange for a 50 percent ownership interest. GTE also borrowed $200,000 from a local bank. Both James and Paul had to personally guarantee the loan. Both owners provide significant services for the business. The following information pertains to GTE’s 2013 activities.

GTE uses the cash method of accounting (for both book and tax purposes) and reports income on a calendar-year basis.

GTE received $450,000 of sales revenue and reported $210,000 of cost of goods sold (it did not have any ending inventory).

GTE paid $30,000 compensation to James, $30,000 compensation to Paul, and $40,000 of compensation to other employees (assume these amounts include applicable payroll taxes if any).

GTE paid $15,000 of rent for a building and equipment, $20,000 for advertising, $14,000 in interest expense, $4,000 for utilities, and $2,000 for supplies.

GTE contributed $5,000 to charity. GTE received a $1,000 qualified dividend from a great stock investment (it owned 2

percent of the corporation distributing the dividend) and it recognized $1,500 in short-term capital gain when it sold some of the stock.

On December 1, 2013, GTE distributed $20,000 to James and $20,000 to Paul.

Required:a. Assume James and Paul formed GTE as an S corporation.

Complete GTE’s Form 1120S page 1, Form 1120 S, Schedule K, and Paul’s Form 1120S Schedule K-1 (note that you should use 2012 tax forms).

Compute the tax basis of Paul’s stock in GTE at the end of 2013.




What amount of Paul’s income from GTE is subject to FICA or self-employment taxes?

What amount of income, including its character, will Paul recognize on the $20,000 distribution he receives on December 1?

What amount of tax does GTE pay on the $1,000 dividend it received?

Answer:

GTE’s business income is $85,000 computed as follows:

Description Amount


Cost of goods sold (210,000)

Compensation of officers (60,000)

Other compensation (40,000)

Rent expense (15,000)

Advertising (20,000)

Interest expense (14,000)

Utilities (4,000)

Supplies (2,000)

Business income $85,000

GTE’s separately stated items are as follows:

Qualifying dividend of $1,000. Short-term capital gain of $1,500. Distribution of $20,000 to James. Distribution of $20,000 to Paul. $5,000 charitable contribution

GTE’s Form 1120S, page 1







GTE’s 1120S Schedule K




Paul’s 1120S Schedule K-1. This includes 50% of all items on Schedule K.








Paul’s Tax Basis in GTE

Beginning Contribution $50,000Ordinary Business Income 42,500 (50% of total business income)Dividend Income 500 (50% of total dividend)Capital Gain 750 (50% of total gain)Charitable Contribution (2,500) (50% of charitable contribution)End of year distribution (20,000)End of Year Stock Basis $71,250


Only Paul’s $30,000 salary is subject to FICA tax.


$0. Paul will not recognize any income or gain on the December 1 distribution. The entire distribution is a return of capital (return of basis).


$0. GTE is a flow-through entity so it does not pay any tax on the dividend it received.

b. Assume James and Paul formed GTE as an LLC. Complete GTE’s Form 1065 page 1, Form 1065, Schedule K, and Paul’s Form 1065,

Schedule K-1 (note that you should use 2012 tax forms). Compute the tax basis of Paul’s ownership interest in GTE at the end of 2013. What amount of Paul’s income from GTE is subject to FICA or self-employment

taxes? What amount of income, including its character, will Paul recognize on the $20,000

distribution he receives on December 1? What amount of tax does GTE pay on the $1,000 dividend it received?




Answer:

GTE’s business income is $85,000 computed as follows:

Description Amount


Cost of goods sold (210,000)

Guaranteed payments (60,000)

Other compensation (40,000)

Rent expense (15,000)

Advertising (20,000)

Interest expense (14,000)

Utilities (4,000)

Supplies (2,000)

Business income $85,000

GTE’s separately stated items are as follows:

Qualifying dividend of $1,000. Short-term capital gain of $1,500. Distribution of $20,000 to James. Distribution of $20,000 to Paul. Charitable contribution $5,000

GTE’s Form 1065, page 1 is as follows:







GTE’s Form 1065 Schedule K is as follows:




Paul’s Form 1065 Schedule K-1 is as follows:




Compute the tax basis of Paul’s ownership interest in GTE at the end of 2013.




Paul’s Tax Basis in GTE LLC interest on December 31, 2013.

Beginning Contribution $50,000+1/2 LLC Debt 100,000+Ordinary Business Income 42,500+Dividend Income 500+Capital Gain 750Distribution (20,000)Charitable contribution (2,500)End of Year basis in LLC interest $171,250


$72,500. Paul is subject to self employment taxes on the $30,000 guaranteed payment and on his $42,500 share of GTE’s business income because he works for GTE.


$0. The entire $20,000 distribution is a nontaxable return of capital.


$0. Because GTE is a flow-through entity, it does not pay tax on the dividend.

c. Assume James and Paul formed GTE as a C corporation. Complete GTE’s Form 1120, page 1 (note that you should use the 2012 tax form). Compute the tax basis of Paul’s stock in GTE at the end of 2013. What amount of Paul’s income from GTE is subject to FICA or self-employment

taxes? What amount of income, including its character, will Paul recognize on the $20,000

distribution he receives on December 1? What amount of tax does GTE pay on the $1,000 dividend it received?




GTE’s Form 1120, page 1 is as follows:








$50,000. Paul’s stock basis in GTE is equal to his $50,000 beginning contribution. The distribution was from GTE’s earnings and profits (taxable income in this case) and so does not represent a return of capital.

Only the salary of 30,000 that Paul received will be subject to employment taxes.


Only Paul’s salary of $30,000 is subject to FICA tax.


Paul must recognize $20,000 of qualifying dividend income since the distribution came from E&P.


$102. GTE is allowed to deduct a 70 percent dividends received deduction (it owns less than 20 percent of the corporation distributing the dividend) which reduces the taxable amount of the dividend to $300. Based on GTE’s level of taxable income, the $300 is taxed at a 34%. So, GTE pays $102 on the dividend ($300 x 34%).



Documents

SMChap022