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1112626262626
Seminar Report
On
Smart Vehicles
Submitted as a part of course curriculum for
Bachelor of Technologyin
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted toEr. Mani BahnotHOD mech. Engg.DIET Karnal
Submitted byVikas ChahalRoll No- 2103406Mechanical
Department of Mechanical EngineeringDoon Valley Institute Of Technology
SMART VEHICLES
Karnal – 132001, Haryana (India)ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to present this seminar report on
“SMART VEHICLES”
I am thankful to all the Lecturers of Mechanical Engineering Department for
their valuable suggestions and timely help. The well-experienced and skilled
staff of mechanical department imparted me good knowledge about the small-
scale industries. I have enhanced my technical knowledge to a great extent by
preparing this project report under the guidance of my guide lecturer and other
lecturers of mechanical department.
At last, I would like to thank the management of my college & university for
introducing this project report in our study curriculum.
VIKAS CHAHAL
2103406
B.Tech (Mechanical)
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,KARNAL-132001
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the seminar report,
entitled “Smart Vehicles” by me in partial fulfillment in requirement for the
award of degree of B.Tech (Mechanical Engg.) submitted in the department of
mechanical engineering at DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY, KARNAL under KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,
KURUKSHETRA is carried out under the guidance of Er. Parveen Panchal
Er. Parveen Panchal
Lect. in Mech. Engg.
DIET Karnal
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a study on the behavior of smart cars by considering
them as autonomous intelligent agents. In particular, a smart car could behave
as autonomous agent by extracting information from the surrounding
environment (road, highway) and determining its position in it, detecting the
motion and tracking the behavioral patterns of other moving objects
(automobiles) in its own surrounding space, exchanging information via internet
with other moving objects (if possible) and negotiating its safety during travel
with the other moving objects. The ideas presented here are based on traffic
rules that a smart car has to know and the way to negotiate its safety by
studying the other cars driving behavior like an autonomous agent. A smart-
vehicle system involves sensor-based systems, which continuously evaluate the
surroundings of the vehicle, display relevant information to the driver and might
even take control of the vehicle.
The first part of this paper looks into the technologies related to
smart cars and modern technologies to improve safety. These technologies are
broken down into four broad, distinct classifications of devices:
collision avoidance,
adaptive cruise control,
imaging, and
Navigational aids.
Collision-avoidance systems protect the occupant by preventing
accidents. Adaptive cruise control seeks to allow a car to maintain its speed and
also its distance from cars in front of it. Imaging aids enhance vision of humans
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
in improper visibility situations. Navigational aids assist drivers for better
navigation.
The next part of the paper deals with the latest technologies
developed by the manufacturers all over the world, to make a vehicle
“SMART”.A smart vehicle not only takes care of passengers traveling in it but
also of those using roads and other vehicles.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
3. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
4. IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
5. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
6. OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES
7. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
8. VOLVO`S “SCC”
9. FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES
10.CONCLUSION
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
INTRODUCTION:
Just as the human brain coordinates memory, senses, thinking, and
physical reaction during driving, a vehicle needs a coordinating system to
integrate the various capabilities of information, safety, and automation
technologies. This coordinating system is the defining feature of a human-
centered intelligent vehicle. Without it, the vehicle is simply a container for
potentially overlapping or conflicting technologies. In a smart vehicle, drivers
will have access to more information than they are traditionally accustomed.
This includes information on road and weather conditions, route directions,
vehicle diagnostics, anti-collision warnings, the driver's physiological status,
etc. As a result, the vehicle itself must do some information filtering, a process
called "data fusion." Data fusion, however, is a complicated task, which
involves suppressing non-critical information -- such as "the nearest fast food
restaurant is two blocks to the left" -- when a safety-critical message -- such as
"brake immediately" -- is relayed to the driver. Data fusion must also consider
how many messages a driver can receive within a given period without
becoming overwhelmed or distracted.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
COLLISION AVOIDANCE:
Collision-avoidance systems will expand the paradigm of traffic safety
from protecting the occupant of the vehicle to preventing accidents altogether.
Fig. 1 : Collision Avoidance
General Motors and Delphi Delco Electronics system are currently
testing one type of collision avoidance system on Buick Lesabres. While many
technical details are being kept under raps, the new system promises to
determine the potential for collisions based on data about the car’s movement,
the current driving environment and previous driver reactions obtained from
radar, laser range-finders and other onboard sensors. The system responds to
potentially hazardous situations by sounding a warning or, in the more pro-
active concept versions, automatically adjusting cruise control settings to
compensate for and avoid the danger.
Various systems combines an eye tracker, which checks where the
driver is looking, and differential global positioning system, which is designed
to allow the system to keep track of its location both on the planet and in
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
relation to other similarly equipped vehicles. In addition to all that, the system
also integrates video equipment to monitor road conditions and a laser
rangefinder to aid in keeping track of other vehicles, combining everything into
one sleek package. These equipment can be used in order to signal to the driver
that other vehicles are occupying “blind spots” by displaying a red triangle on
rear and side-view mirrors. Unfortunately, this early version can only pick up
moving objects, but they are working hard to overcome this limitation.
John Pierowicz and his team at Veridian are working on a device that
warns drivers of upcoming stop signs. Their device integrates 3 separate radars
to detect traffic signs; a unit and a map database of the roads determine relative
position, a Heads-Up-Display, and a secondary braking system.
Whenever the vehicle determines that it is approaching a sign in an
unsafe way, it gives a physical cue on the Heads-Up-Display. As of right now,
Veridian’s system is only programmed to deal with stop signs, but they hope
that it can be modified to assist drivers merging onto major roads and maybe
even to allow it to work with stop lights the same way it does with stop signs.
They’re also contemplating modifications to allow the system to brake
automatically on its own whenever it activates, rather than only issuing a
passive warning
Other safety innovations that are now in testing include automatic
collision notification systems, which will immediately signal for help if a
vehicle's air bag deploys, and drowsy-driver warning systems that will keep
drivers from falling asleep at the wheel.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL:-
Fig 2: Detecting pedestrians, vehicles & obstacles and
Moving accordingly by braking or acceleration.
Adaptive cruise control is a new concept that is being explored by many
automakers and researchers for the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative. These
systems seek to allow a car to not only maintain its speed, like traditional cruise
control, but also its distance from cars in front of it. A perfect example is the
system being developed for the Jaguar line of cars. To use it, the driver simply
enters a speed and a distance (in seconds) to keep between themselves and the
car in front of them. The System works like normal cruise control when the
road is empty. When another car is present, however, a Microwave radar
mounted on the Jaguar measures the distance to cars ahead and, a few equations
to determine relative velocity, acceleration, and position later, communicates to
the brakes and throttle, adjusting velocity as necessary to maintain the minimum
following distance specified. Jaguar’s adaptive cruise control system is
currently available.
A competing adaptive cruise control concept, called the Platoon system,
is also being developed by the University of California. Two kinds of sensors
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
were responsible for keeping the vehicles bearings- 9 sensors monitored speed
and engine performance, while actuators controlled the throttle and brakes. An
antenna mounted on each car allowed it to communicate with the front few
vehicles.
An adaptive cruise control system called Vita- Video Technology
Application is being researched by Mercedes-Benz. What makes this system
unique is that rather than radars and rangefinders, the Vita-Video approach uses
stereo images from 2 cameras to collect data. The two cameras scan road
markings 12 times per second and scan for potential obstacles to the side and
back of the car. Mercedes is billing their system as a safeguard against tired
drivers that, in the future, will be able to brake, steer, and accelerate the vehicle
on its own.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
IMAGING TECHNOLOGY:-
Fig 3: Image detection using cameras & sensors.
Another area of study is how to enhance the vision of humans in
situations where they may not be able to see very clearly. Few companies are
testing a concept similar to that used in Night Vision Goggles, where sensors
process differences between roadside temperatures and those of objects ahead.
The sensors send this information to a central computer, which converts the
information and uses it to put together images of the surrounding roadside that
are updated several times a second; this processed composite image then shows
up on a screen built into the dashboard.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS:-
“Smart” Navigational Systems
Fig 4 Navigational system
Communication and navigation systems are increasingly headed in this
direction, and will be loaded with even more intelligent features. A car's mobile
phone or Internet connection will be more than just a luxury toy. It will be
integrated within a communicating navigation unit that automatically tracks the
actual location of the car and can reveal it if necessary. So far, such systems
have been used to track stolen cars and calculate traffic flows. The latter option
is still rather unpopular. From the driver's point of view, a communicating
navigation system is convenient because it dynamically chooses the best route
by tracking the actual location of the car. In other words, instead of theoretically
suggesting the best way from point A to point B, the system constantly gets
information about road conditions and traffic jams and uses it to suggest the
most practical way from the car's current position to its destination. With the
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
help of Internet-based services, the navigation system can also tell the driver
about free parking lots or the cheapest nearby gas station. And for safety
reasons, such systems will announce this information through speakers instead
of showing it on a displ
OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES :
SMART VISION:
Smart vehicles use a vision system to detect other vehicles, respond to
traffic signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles. Researchers at
DaimlerChrysler Research (Ulm, Germany) have built a smart-vehicle-theory
demonstrator called the Urban Traffic Assistant (UTA). The DaimlerChrysler
research team has demonstrated that by using a multitude of algorithms it can
maintain separation from the vehicle ahead, see and respond to traffic signals,
and avoid pedestrians and obstacles while moving through urban traffic
situations at normal driving speeds under the supervision of a human driver.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL SMART CARD CAR KEYS
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
Fig 5: Smart Card
The idea that a personal smart card could replace your car keys is not
futuristic. Mercedes CL owners can already open their car with a contact less
smart card developed by Siemens. The motor starts after pushing a little ignition
button, but only if the card is inside the vehicle. Without it, no hairpin or fake
key can help a thief start the car. The system also prevents drivers from locking
the car with the card inside, making it impossible to lock oneself out. Again, the
key-card is the more visible variation of a different security system developed
by Siemens, where a conventional metal key is equipped to exchange codes
with the starter unit. The engine management control unit only works if this
unique code which is randomly regenerated each time is correct.
Other than this intelligent key, the new smart cards have further
advantages, as demonstrated by Renault. Its middle class model Laguna is also
opened using a smart card, but here you have to put the card into a slot to start
the car. What at first might seem less practical enables the card to collect data
about the automobile. Such information, including that on mileage, gas, and oil
consumption, makes it easier for drivers to keep track of when the car has to be
brought in for the next checkup. The card can also remember personal settings
for mirrors, seats, and the audio system.
Run-Flat Tires
Just hitting the market on a couple special interest automobiles, it won't
be too long before run-flat tires become extremely common. Goodyear recently
announced its intention to build such tires for most cars. But the really big shift
will be when most new cars come with tires that can keep on going even after a
complete loss of air. They can't run indefinitely, but can be used for about the
same distance and at similar speeds as today's compact spares. When
automakers use these tires, it will eliminate the need for a spare tire, saving
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
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cargo space and weight while improving fuel economy. The idea of never
having to change a flat tire is also a wonderful convenience for the driver.
Fig 6: Run Flat Tires
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
Smart Brakes
Fig 7: ABS
Anti-lock brakes (ABS) have been touted as being a major asset in the
fight against accidents, preventing cars from skidding on slippery surfaces. But
ABS has not proven as effective as its engineers had hoped. The problem is that
people still don't know how to use them. In many cases, people fail to push the
brake pedal firmly enough at first. Braking is less effective and a car travels
quite a bit of extra distance
FIG 8: How to apply ABS
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
HANDS OFF COMMUNICATION
Spoken communication between cars and drivers will become
increasingly sophisticated, in order to reduce the number of distracting side-
glances at displays. This will also help to increase safety, because with mobile
phones or car stereos efficiently controlled by spoken commands, drivers can
keep their eyes on the road. This is a field where silicon-based security
accompanies progress. The chips that Infineon has developed for speech
recognition are already used for voice control of mobile phones inside cars. It is
too early to say whether this development will one day lead to voice
authentication of drivers, but once there is a sophisticated speech unit inside a
car, it could very well be used for a number of purposes.
Smart Highways
A number of manufacturers are working with highway designers to make
the roads smarter. Tie in onboard computers with cars and people will have a
more elaborate "cruise control" function. Eventually, lines of cars will be able
to travel along without human control, perhaps at very rapid speeds in close
proximity. A car would merge into a special lane at specific access points and
then be whisked along in a train of cars. Punch in your exit and the car leaves
the line at that point and normal driving control is returned to the driver. This
technology is still many years in the future, but testing is already going on in
such places as Tokyo and San Diego.
NEW SAFETY FEATURES
While this is a concept that has yet to be developed, special scanners in a car
can already locate the position of passengers and their heads (using rather rough
biometric patterns) and optimize the use of airbags. The lifesavers go off only if
it is really necessary, because the new mechanism recognizes when passengers
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
are at risk of a collision. Unnecessary, expensive airbag activation is avoided
without reducing passenger safety. Other sensors check tire pressure or the
distance to the next car and warn the driver or react with a slight automatic
reduction of speed. Such intelligent safety features can reduce the number of
accidents and injuries. But if the intelligent car still gets into an accident, it will
at least be able to automatically phone an ambulance and give it precise
directions to the accident site.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:
A pair of video cameras serves as the eyes for the vehicle. The cameras
are mounted on a horizontal bar near the rear-view mirror. The horizontal scan
lines of both cameras must be tightly aligned and strictly parallel to the line
joining their optical axes. The cameras' optical axes must be coplanar, as well.
These specifications are needed because the vision system must infer a
correspondence between the scan lines of one camera and those of the other.
These video cameras provide progressive-scan images with 720 x 576-pixel
resolution.
Fig 9: Cameras for image scanning.
The UTA uses an Imaging Technology Inc. IMPCI frame grabber and a
commercial monitor with 1024 x 786-pixel resolution.
Information from a car may be provided through data servers, which are
in turn connected to a centralized computer which gets all the information about
the vehicle. By using this kind of loop, any urgent information or direction can
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
be provided to the vehicle using wireless, and a tragedy can be avoided .This
process is shown in figure on the next page.
Fig 10: schematic of hardware architecture
VOLVO’S “SCC”:
One of the more interesting concept cars to appear lately is Volvos Safety
Concept Car (SCC). The hallmark of the SCC is “superior vision” – that is,
improving the sightlines for the driver and providing more visual information.
Active rearview mirrors: Sensors in rear of the car alert the driver when
a car is in driver’s “blind spot”.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
Rearward-facing cameras: To enhance rear visibility further the Volvo
SSC has several rear facing cameras mounted in the back the car. Images are
displayed on a video monitor in the instrument panel.
Adaptive headlights: The headlights monitor the car’s road speed and
steering wheel movements and adjust accordingly.
Night vision: Volvo proposes using infrared night vision in the SSC.
Collision warning sensors: If the distance to the car in front is too short,
or the gap is closing too fast, the SSC’s driver is alerted via a red warning light.
Flashing brake lights: If the driver has to brake suddenly and firmly, the
SSC’s brake lights automatically flash, warning drivers to the rear.
Lane centering: If the vehicle shows signs of veering to either side
without activation of turn signals, the driver is alerted via an acoustics signal.
This is an excellent feature for monitoring sleepiness or intoxication behind the
wheels.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES :
In about 20 years, we could see fully automated highway systems,
cooperative systems of vehicles and infrastructure, and advances in the driver-
vehicle interface, such as use of vision enhancements and head-up displays.
1. Capabilities of Individual In-Vehicle Systems Will Improve :-
Most current systems, for example, provide routes based on "static"
maps irrespective of traffic considerations. Dynamic route guidance
systems could determine optimum routes based on prevailing "real-time"
conditions on the roadway, such as the location of bottlenecks caused by
accidents or construction. Automated vehicles will share many of the
sensing elements of collision-avoidance systems and must also possess an
intelligence that can continuously assess the changing contexts and
circumstances of the driving environment.
2. Driver-Vehicle Interface Will Become Increasingly Sophisticated :-
The integration of individual in-vehicle technologies will be reflected in
coordinated and streamlined information displays and controls. Over time,
the vehicle will become increasingly sophisticated in how it communicates
information to and accepts commands from the driver. This sophistication
will stem from the use of voice recognition, head-up displays, and vision-
enhancement technologies that can relay information and commands and
can also allow the driver to keep both hands on the steering wheel. Voice
recognition software is already becoming increasingly common in
Japanese in-vehicle navigation systems although it is still quite expensive
for the average consumer.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
3. Intelligent Vehicles Will Communicate With Other Vehicles and With a
Smart Infrastructure :-
Communication with a smart infrastructure would allow an intelligent
vehicle to learn of incidents and then proactively suggest alternative routes
in real time. Smart vehicles could also act as probes that could send
information about travel conditions back to the infrastructure to create a
richer base of knowledge about travel conditions on roads and highways.
In addition, fully automated vehicles will likely rely to some extent on the
guidance provided by an intelligent infrastructure and on communication
with other smart vehicles.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
CONCLUSION:
Smart vehicals makes driving safer and comfertable. As an engineer we must
try to reduce fetalities caused by accedents. Slow reaction times, distractions,
misjudgments, all are costly reasons due to which accidents occur, There would
be much less fatalities if we provide automations as well as safety features.
Our job is to introduce new safety and automation technologies smart
vehicles that are advanced in various features like safety, efficiency, and
economy.The development in technologies will prove invaluable in man’s
search for safer ,comfortable and an enjoyable drive.
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001
SMART VEHICLES
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. http://www.ce.unipr.it/people
2. http: //www.vision-systems.com
Automotive Engineering International
June 2002
4. NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
5. http://www.howstuffworks.com
Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001