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Copyright © 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.
S. Massoud Amin, D.Sc.Director, Technological Leadership Institute
Honeywell/H.W. Sweatt Chair in Technological LeadershipProfessor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University Distinguished Teaching Professor
Get Smart: Enable a Stronger and Smarter Energy
Infrastructure
Material from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and support from EPRI, Honeywell, NSF, and ORNL for my graduate students’ doctoral research is gratefully acknowledged.
Smart Grid SummitMiami Beach Convention CenterFebruary 2, 2011
© 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.
Enabling the FutureInfrastructure integration of microgrids, diverse generation and
storage resources into a secure system of a smart self-healing grid
Source: Interview with Massoud Amin, “Upgrading the grid,” Nature, vol. 454, pp. 570–573, 30 July 2008
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Highly Instrumented with Advanced Sensors and
Computing
Interconnected by a Communication Fabric that
Reaches Every Device
• Engaging Consumers• Enhancing Efficiency• Ensuring Reliability• Enabling Renewables & Electric Transportation
Visualizing the Smart GridMany Definitions – But One VISION
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“Smart Grid” Components & Devices
Google Power Meter
Smart Meters
Source: IBM Smart Grid
Secure Smart Grids are architected with standards (source: Gridnet)
Control4’s EMS‐100
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Utility Telecommunications• Electric power utilities usually own and operate at least parts of their own telecommunications systems
• Consist of backbone fiber optic or microwave connecting major substations, with spurs to smaller sites
• Media:– Fiber optic cables– Digital microwave– Analog microwave– Multiple Address Radio (MAS)– Spread Spectrum Radio– VSAT satellite
– Power Line Carrier– Copper Cable– Leased Lines and/or Facilities– Trunked Mobile Radio– Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)– Special systems (Itron, CellNet)
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End‐to‐End Smart Grid Players/Opportunities
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Smart Grid: Tsunami of Data DevelopingNew devices in the home
enabled by the smart meter
You are here.
AMI Deployment
ProgrammableCommunicating ThermostatCome On‐line
Distribution Management Rollout
Mobile Data Goes Live
RTU Upgrade
GIS System Deployment
OMS Upgrade
Distribution Automation
Substation Automation System
Workforce Management Project
Time
Annu
al Rate of Data Intake
200 TB
400 TB
600 TB
800 TB
Tremendous amount of data coming from the field in the near future‐ paradigm shift for how utilities operate and maintain the grid
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Smart Grid Protection Schemes & Communication Requirements
Type of relay Data Volume (kb/s) Latency
Present Future Primary (ms)
Secondary (s)
Over current protection 160 2500 4‐8 0.3‐1
Differential protection 70 1100 4‐8 0.3‐1
Distance protection 140 2200 4‐8 0.3‐1
Load shedding 370 4400 0.06‐0.1 (s)
Adaptive multi terminal 200 3300 4‐8 0.3‐1
Adaptive out of step 1100 13000 Depends on the disturbance
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Context: Better Situational Awareness and Automation
• Increasing Dependence on ICT, Computation and Communications.
• Increasing Complexity: System integration, increased complexity: call for new approaches to simplify the operation of complex infrastructure and make them more robust to attacks and interruptions.
• Centralization and Decentralization of Control: The vulnerabilities of centralized control seem to demand smaller, local system configurations. Resilience rely upon the ability to bridge top‐‐down and bottom‐up decision making in real time.
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What are we working on at the University of Minnesota?
• Integrating PHEVs into the grid• Grid agents as distributed computer• Fast power grid simulation and risk assessment• Secure Smart Distribution Systems Control• Security of cyber‐physical infrastructureUniversity of Minnesota Center for Smart Grid TechnologiesDept. of Electrical & Computer EngineeringFaculty: Professors Massoud Amin and Bruce Wollenberg PhD Candidates/Research Assistants: Anthony Giacomoni, Laurie Miller, and Sara MullenPI: M. Amin (support from EPRI, NSF, ORNL, SNL and University of Minnesota funding)
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Stronger, More Secure and Smarter Grid
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© 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.
Fast Power Systems Risk AssessmentORNL contract, U of MN start‐up fund (2005‐2008), and NSF grant (2008‐present), PI: Massoud Amin
Connection Machine 2: $5 million in 1987, only a few dozen made
NVIDIA Tesla C870: $1300 in 2009, over 5 million sold
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Fast Power Grid Simulation
• Use Nvidia GeForce GPU card to gain 15 times faster power flow calculation on PC
CRAY Supercomputer
Nvidia GeForce GPU card for PC
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A “Sanitized” Example: Lack of awareness and inadvertent connection to the Internet• Power plant: 2‐ 250MW, gas fired turbine, combined cycle, 5
years old, 2 operators, and typical multi‐screen layout:• “A: do you worry about cyber threats?• Operator: No, we are completely disconnected from the net.• A: That’s great! This is a peaking unit, how do you know how
much power to make?• Operator: The office receives an order from the ISO, then
sends it over to us. We get the message here on this screen.• A: Is that message coming in over the internet?• Operator: Yes, we can see all the ISO to company traffic. Oh,
that’s not good, is it?”
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Smart Grid Vulnerabilities• Cyber:
– Existing control systems were designed for use with proprietary,stand‐alone communications networks
– Numerous types of equipment and protocols are used
– More than 90% of successful cyber attacks take advantage of known vulnerabilities and misconfigured operating systems, servers, and network devices
– Possible effects of attacks:1) Loss of load2) Loss of information3) Economic loss4) Equipment damage
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Information Leakage Integrity Violation Denial of Service Illegitimate Use
EavesdroppingTraffic Analysis
EM/RFInterception
Indiscretionsby Personnel
Media Scavenging
Intercept/Alter
Repudiation
PenetrationMasquerade
BypassingControls
AuthorizationViolation
PhysicalIntrusion
Resource Exhaustion
Integrity Violation
PlantingTrojan Horse
Trapdoor
Service Spoofing Theft
Information Leakage
Integrity Violation
Theft
Replay
What Can They Do andHow Can They Do It?
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Smart Grid InterdependenciesSecurity, Efficiency, and Resilience
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Observations• Cyber has “weakest link” issues• Cyber threats are dynamic, evolving quickly and often combined with lack of
training and awareness (forgetting/ignoring the human in the equation). • Installing modern communications and control equipment (elements of the
smart grid) can help, but security must be designed in from the start.
• No amount of technology will make up for the lack of the 3 Ps (Policy, Process, and Procedures).
• Protect the user from the network, and protect the network from the user: – Develop tools and methods to reduce complexity for deploying and
enforcing security policy.– Build in secure sensing, “defense in depth,” fast reconfiguration and self‐
healing into the infrastructure.
• Security by default – certify vendor products for cyber readiness• Security as a curriculum requirement.• Increased investment in the grid and in R&D is essential.
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“Computers are incredibly fast, accurate, and stupid; humans are incredibly slow, inaccurate
and brilliant; together they are powerful beyond imagination.”
Albert Einstein
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An Example: Smarter I‐35W bridge
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I‐35W bridge• To improve the future and avoid a repetition of the past:
• Sensors built in to the I‐35W bridge at less than 0.5% total cost by TLI alumni
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The difficulty lies not with the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones. . . .
John Maynard Keynes
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Awareness, Costs and BenefitsAwareness:• ~68% of consumers in the U.S. don't know what "Smart Grid” is…
– what is the "Smart Grid“?– what are the range of new consumer‐centered services enabled by smart grids?– what are the smart grid’s potential to drive economic growth?
Costs:• EPRI: $165 billion over 20 years ($8 to $10 billion per year). • Energy consulting firm Brattle Group: $1.5 trillion spread over 20
years (~$75 billion per year) for an overhaul of the entire electricity infrastructure.
• My work, 1998‐present: $150 to $170 billion ($10 to $13 billion per year for 10 years or longer).
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… Awareness, Costs and BenefitsSmart grid benefits:
– Increases efficiency by 5% ($20.4 billion in savings annually)
– Reduces costs of outages by about $49 billion per year
– Reduces emissions by 12‐18%– Increases overall energy security, and can spur economic growth
• Our $14 trillion economy depends on reliable, disturbance‐free access to electricity.
© 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.
© 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.
Bottom Line:
“Only three things happen naturally in organizations:
friction, confusion and underperformance.Everything else requires leadership.”
-- Peter Drucker
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"Securing the Electricity Grid," The Bridge, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 13‐20, Spring 2010
"For the Good of the Grid: Toward Increased Efficiencies and Integration of Renewable Resources for Future Electric Power Networks," IEEE Power & Energy, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 48‐59, Nov/Dec 2008
"The Electric Power Grid: Today and Tomorrow,"MRS Bull., Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 399‐407, April 2008
"Preventing Blackouts," Scientific American, pp. 60‐67, May 2007
"Powering the 21st Century: We can ‐and must‐modernize the grid," IEEE Power and Energy, pp. 93‐95, March/April 2005
"North American Electricity Infrastructure: Are We Ready for More Perfect Storms?" IEEE Security and Privacy, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 19‐25, Sept./Oct. 2003
Selected ReferencesDownloadable at: http://umn.edu/~amin
© 2011 No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form without prior authorization.