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Design of an automatic egg incubator with fault monitoring by GSM Based system.
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5
Smart Egg Incubator System
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.01Background Information
Egg incubation is the process by which eggs are kept warm under
specific temperature and humidity so that the embryo inside can develop
and hatch after the specific number of days. The most vital factors of
incubation are constant temperature and humidity which has to be
maintained over a period of days. Naturally, this process is carried out by the
animal either by laying on it called brooding or burying it under the ground
using geothermal heat or the heat generated from rotting vegetable
material, effectively created to form a giant compost heap.
The humidity is also critical. If the air is too dry the egg will lose too
much water to the atmosphere, which can make hatching difficult or
impossible. As incubation proceeds, the egg will normally become lighter,
and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to
evaporation from the egg. Therefore to ensure the hatching of the eggs,
adequate humidity is much needed.
With the development in agricultural sector and its commercialization,
this natural process cannot keep pace with the vast increase in the
population of the world that has increased demand for food. In order to
increase food production to sustain the growing population, devices and
mechanisms that can aid agricultural productions are of paramount need.
One of such devices is the Egg Incubator. An Egg Incubator is a device
that provides constant temperature and humidity for the egg under
incubation through hatching, invariably taking up the job of an animal over
the specific period of days. This process can be termed artificial.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
1.02. Aims of the Project
1. To develop a device that will aid agricultural industry to
increase productivity in poultry production.
It is quite obvious that a poultry animal cannot incubate as many eggs as
needed for industrial production, therefore, through this project, as little as
50 eggs can be incubated at a time and with a bigger construction as much
as 300 eggs can be incubated.
2. To develop a device that will be automatic and user friendly to
reduce stress of monitoring and which will ensure maximum
productivity.
There are certain characteristics of the natural conditions which must be met
to ensure maximum output from the system. This system will be designed to
meet such. However, by making it to perform the major functions
automatically and the ability to monitor and control it with GSM base
function, it will lessen the stress on the operator and will help to avoid
human errors which could arise from failure to attend to the incubator as at
when due.
3. To develop a device that will be able to incubate different
types of egg, thus reducing the cost of acquiring different types of
incubator.
Virtually all poultry eggs can be incubated, thus, with this design; it will be
possible to use it for incubating various types of eggs. The difference in the
conditions necessary for each type of egg will be adjusted using PIC control.
1.03. Objectives of the Project
The project is designed to meet the following characteristics:
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Smart Egg Incubator System
1. Variable Temperature and Humidity for various eggs: this design
is aimed at using the incubator to incubate various types of eggs. These
eggs have different incubating conditions; as such the incubator parameters
should be adjustable.
2. Automatic Temperature and Humidity control: this is to ensure
that the temperature and humidity are maintained at the required values.
3. Automatic Egg roller: for proper embryonic development, it is
necessary for the egg to be exercised to avoid at least three (3) times a day
during the incubation period except for the last 3 days.
4. Use of Programmable Integrated Circuit to control the system:
this will give the opportunity of manipulating the characteristics of the
incubator as needed through instructions stored on the PIC as codes and will
also reduce the size and weight of electronics components that are required.
5. GSM Based monitoring and Control: the incubator needs adequate
and prompt attention to ensure good result, so, through the GSM Module, the
operator will be able to monitor the device by receiving generated SMS on
phone and send instruction back to the device if any special action is
required.
6. Input keyboard and LCD Display: the input keypad will be used to
input and select data when operating the device, whereas the LCD will
display the output to ensure proper monitoring.
7. Optional power backup: due to the epileptic power supply of the
nation, the eggs in the incubator may be affected negatively if the power is
out for long, as such, there will be power backup to cater for this
shortcoming.
1.04 Scope of the project
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Smart Egg Incubator System
The scope is to design a system that can control the temperature and
humidity automatically according to the parameters required of the egg
under incubation. It will also provide the operator with over distance
monitoring and controlling of the incubator with the use of GSM module
operation.
1.05 Goals of the Project
1. The incubator will help poultry farmers to increase production.
2. The incubator will be used to incubate different types of egg.
3. The operation of the incubator will be smart, thus lessen human stress
and errors which could arise from lack manual monitoring.
4. It will reduce cost of purchasing different types of incubator for
different egg types.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.00What brought about Egg Incubator?
There are two major issues that resulted to the need for devices such as an
egg incubator; the industrialization and commercialization of agricultural
sector. With increasing rise in the world population, as expressed by
statisticians it was observed that the existing conventional Agricultural
practices known would not be able to keep pace with the expected rise in the
world population from about 5.3 billion in 1990 to about 9.03 billion in 2020.
The need to look for new resources therefore has never been greater than
now. Therefore, improvements in such practices are demanded from all
sectors of the human existence.
In the early age of human race, foods are cultivated for immediate family
consumption alone and there was no need for selling and buying. But, as the
population increases, people engaged in other aspects of life like engineering
works, administration and civil works which reduces the number of those
involved agriculture. These people needed food to survive and as such those
who choose to remain in agriculture needed to expand their production in
order to have something left to sell. By this, commercialization of agriculture
started.
However, with the advent of industrialization, where there is organized
economic activity connected with the production, manufacture, and or
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Smart Egg Incubator System
construction of a particular product or range of products, the need for
devices that will aid and increase the productions are much necessary.
One major way through which production has been increased in agriculture
is through the mechanization of processes. Mechanization which is use
machinery to do something: to change a process so that it is performed by
machinery instead of human or animal labour. Through this much more can
be produced with less effort and in lesser time.
2.01Embryo Development (based on hen)
Growth of the Embryo; the fertilized blastodisc (now called the blastoderm)
grows and becomes the embryo. As the embryo grows, its primary food
source is the yolk. Waste products (like urea) collect in a sack called the
allantois. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas occurs through
the eggshell; the chorion lines the inside surface of the egg and is connected
to the blood vessels of the embryo. During the Incubation Period; the embryo
develops inside the egg for 21 days, until a chick pecks its way out of its
eggshell and is hatched.
The stages of the development are highlighted below. These stages are
similar for all egg types except the variation of days of incubation.
Developments Days
The yolk is dropped from the ovary into the
unfundibilum where it is fertilised by the male
sperm if present.
The embryo commences development while the
yolk travels down the egg canal. Here it receives
coatings of white.
The egg progresses to the shell gland where it
receives membranes and forms the shell itself.
This process takes approximately 20 hours, in
Fertilization and first
24hours
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Smart Egg Incubator System
which time the embryo grows to about 4mm in
diameter. The egg is laid.
After the egg is laid it cools and growth slows or
stops. Many birds (but not all) accumulate a
‘clutch’ of eggs before commencing incubation.
During this ‘storage’ time temperature is
preferably between 0 and 20°C but some
species tolerate more extreme temperatures.
However, embryonic death is a risk if extremes
are maintained. In the first day of incubation a
line called the primitive streak appears.
This allows the formation of a third layer of cells.
From these new cells the organs of the body will
form. The cells are made up in three layers
called ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Ectoderm forms the skin, feathers, beak,
nervous system, claws eyes and mouth.
Mesoderm forms the skeleton, muscle, blood
and reproductive organs. Endoderm forms the
respiratory organs, secretary system and
digestive system.
By the end of the first day’s incubation, the
head, eyes, nervous system and blood island
have started to form. The heart is formed on the
second day and is functioning by 44 hours.
2 days
On the fourth day the heart changes from its
simple form and becomes a fully formed beating
heart.
During this time extra membranes are formed to
produce the amniotic sack. The embryo will now
float in the amniotic fluid for the rest of
4 days
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Smart Egg Incubator System
incubation.
The amniotic fluid and turning of the egg ensure
the embryo orients itself correctly for hatching.
By the fourth day, legs and wing buds begin to
form and the heart is still positioned outside the
body.
By six days the legs and wings are almost
complete, and by eight days feathers are
appearing.
On the 9th day the embryo starts to look like a
chick. The heart is now within the body with
blood circulation to the outside via the
umbilicus.
By ten days the bones are now being formed.
10 days
Thirteen days into incubation and the down is
apparent and is coloured.
By sixteen days the beak, leg scales and claws
are almost complete.
The albumen is used up with just the yolk
remaining.
The amniotic fluid decreases and the yolk then
acts as a food source.
By the nineteenth day the yolk is incorporated
into the body.
The ability of the embryo or now ‘chick’, to get
oxygen through the shell and into the blood
system is now limited. The carbon dioxide levels
in the blood therefore rise dramatically, which
causes twitches in the chick’s neck muscle. The
beak then forces its way into the air cell at the
large end of the egg.
14 days
17 days
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Smart Egg Incubator System
The beak now opens for the first time and the
lungs inflate. This causes the blood system to
circulate within the lungs. This is time of great
stress for the chick, where any deficiencies
become apparent.
The stress is so much that it will kill chicks that
are not strong enough, usually those who have a
lack of group B vitamins.
The chick continues to try to breath in earnest,
which causes more twitching and hopefully a
breakout through the shell. This process forces
the beak out and chips a small hole in the shell.
The legs push the chick slightly to the side so
next time there is a twitch the next piece of shell
will fall off. This continues all the way round the
shell until the end of the shell falls off.
The chick has an egg tooth, which helps with
this hatching process.
The tooth falls off soon after hatching.
After the end falls off the chick kicks itself out of
the shell. The old blood vessels and membranes
remain in the shell.
20 days
21 days
2.02Basics of an Egg Incubator
The basics of an egg incubator are the temperature and humidity. For a
successful and high hatchability of the eggs under incubation, the
temperature and the humidity conditions must be maintained at certain
levels during the incubation process.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
These basics can be further breakdown as a result of researches on ways to
improve the functionality of the egg incubator. It is realized that all bird eggs
require five environmental conditions to be controlled to enable the correct
development of the embryo:
The egg must be maintained at the right temperature to enable the
metabolic processes within the developing embryo to occur at the
correct rate.
The egg loses water through pores in the shell. The humidity of the air
around it must be controlled to ensure the right amount of water is lost
over the incubation period.
The egg must be frequently turned and carefully positioned so that the
embryo passes through fresh nutrients in the white of the egg, while
forming in the correct position for hatching.
The egg “breathes” so there must be a supply of fresh air to provide
oxygen and to remove waste carbon dioxide.
Eggs are susceptible to infection so the incubator must provide a
clean, disinfected environment.
2.03Types of Egg Incubator
Incubators may be classed as Still Air, Forced Draft and Contact types
according to how air is circulated. Contact incubators are a new generation
of machines designed to mimic natural incubation much more closely.
2.03.1 Still air incubators
Still air incubators are the most basic form of incubator. A still air incubator is
basically an insulated box consisting of:-
A Heating element
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Smart Egg Incubator System
A Thermostat or temperature controller to control temperature
Egg tray
A thermometer to measure the air temperature
A tray for water
Some machines may have an hygrometer for humidity measurement
Some machines may have turning mechanism for automatic turning of
eggs
The air inside a still air incubator is circulated by convection. As the air is
heated it expands and rises to the top of the incubator. The amount of
airflow achieved in a still air machine is therefore determined by the ratio of
air temperature inside the box to outside. The lower the air temperature
outside the box, the greater the airflow inside. To achieve good air
circulation, air inlets are usually positioned in the base and top of the
incubator, so that fresh air enters through the base and warm air leaves
through the top. Inside a still air incubator, the warm air moves towards the
top so different temperatures will be recorded at different levels. It is
therefore important that a still air incubator is kept on a level surface and
that eggs are all of similar size.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
2.03.1 Forced Draft Incubator
The forced draft machine was developed to overcome temperature gradient
problems throughout the incubator. In a forced draft incubator a fan is used
to circulate the air, which gives a uniform temperature throughout the
machine.
The air temperature surrounding the egg is therefore constant and
positioning of the thermometer and temperature sensor is less critical. Eggs,
too, can be of differing size and set in trays at different levels.
Using a forced draft incubator also allows the use of a Wet Bulb
Thermometer, which can be used for the accurate reading of humidity. It is
of more importance to control humidity in a forced air machine to prevent
the higher airflow drying the eggs.
2.03.1 Contact Incubators
Contact Incubation mimics the natural incubation process that occurs in the
nest.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
The most striking difference between natural and artificial incubation is the
fact that the natural parent provides warmth by contact rather than
surrounding the egg with warm air. This may not at first sight seem
significant but important research studies carried out by J. Scott Turner at
New York State University and the University of Cape Town has revealed
major unsuspected differences in thermal behaviour of eggs incubated by
contact rather than convection. Crucially, eggs in a forced draft incubator
have near uniform temperature throughout incubation; there will be some
increase in embryonic temperature towards the end of incubation as a result
of increased metabolism but otherwise the whole egg will remain near
incubator air temperature. By contrast, eggs incubated naturally or by
contact, have significant temperature differences. Heat is entering the egg
over a relatively small brood patch, which is therefore warmer than other
regions of the egg and is being lost from most of the remaining shell area,
which is cooler.
In contact incubation, the embryo temperature tends to fall at later stages of
incubation as a result of the embryo’s own blood circulation which becomes
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Smart Egg Incubator System
significantly more important than embryonic metabolism in determining
temperature distribution and heat flow within the egg, quite contrary to
previous understanding which assumed metabolism to be dominant and
cause egg temperature to rise. The inevitable fact that the embryo grows
larger and must move from its original position on top of the yolk sack
downwards in the egg to cooler regions also tends to reduce embryonic
temperature as incubation progresses. These important findings emphasize
surprising differences between natural and artificial incubation, but there are
others. Eggs in nature are certainly subjected to a cycle of warming and
cooling coupled with ventilation as the parent bird leaves the nest to feed
and defend territory.
The first manufactured contact incubator, Brinsea’s ‘Contaq’ incubator
should be viewed as replacing the natural Bird and Nest combination. The lid
with the attached ‘skin’ mimics the functions of an incubating parent;
providing warmth by contact with the tops of eggs, but also the facility to lift
from the eggs periodically and in doing so, causes a substantial influx of
fresh air in the manner of a bird standing or leaving the nest. The skin is
gently but firmly pressed against the eggs by a low positive pressure of air,
ensuring good thermal conduction.
The egg chamber substitutes for the ‘nest’ in providing a safe, protected
environment for the eggs, with provision for air to be induced through the
nest material which enables the operator to exercise control over the degree
of ventilation of eggs. Nests of different species have very different
characteristics, particularly with respect to gas permeability. This in turn
affects water loss from eggs, so it is necessary to adjust the amount of nest
material accordingly. Where required, additional humidity is introduced to
the egg chamber automatically. The ideal combination of nest material and
humidity setting is best determined by weighing eggs and monitoring water
loss. The egg chamber is not directly heated.
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Smart Egg Incubator System
2.04Incubation Conditions
The table bellow presents the basic incubation conditions for various eggs,
classifying them under the types of incubators.
The eggs should be turned at least two (2) times and not more than five (5)
times in a day, while there should be no turning during the last three (3)
days of the incubation.
The humidity, during the last three (3) days is expected to be raised by
about 30%. This is to make the shell soft and easy to crack by the hatching
baby.
Species of EggIncubation
Period
(Days)
Still / Forced AirIncubation
ContactIncubation
TemperatureºC (ºF)
HumidityRH%
TemperatureºC (ºF)
HumidityRH%
Hens 21 37.5 (99.5) 40 – 50 39.5 (103.1) 40 – 50
Pheasant 23-27 37.3 (99.1) 40 – 50 39.7 (103.5) 40 – 50
Partridge 23 – 24 37.5 (99.5) 40 – 50 39.5 (103.1) 40 - 50
Quail 16-23 37.3 (99.1) 40 – 50 39.7 (103.5) 40 – 50
Ducks 28 37.5 (99.5) 45 – 55 39.5 (103.1) 45 – 55
Geese 28 – 32 37.3 (99.5) 45 – 55 39.5 (103.1) 45 – 55
Falcons 31 – 33 37.0 (98.6) 40 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 40 – 45
Merlins 28 – 32 37.5 (99.5) 50 39.5 (103.1) 50
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Smart Egg Incubator System
Kestrels 27 – 29 50 50
Barn Owl 30 50 50
Tawny Owl 29 50 50
Snowy Owl 33 50 50
Amazons (Parrots) 24 – 29 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 – 45
Macaws (Parrots) 28 – 30 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 – 45
Love Birds (Parrots) 22 – 24 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 –45
African Grey (Parrots)
26 – 28 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 – 45
Sulphur Cockatoo (Parrots)
29 – 31 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 – 45
Electus (Parrots) 28 37.3 (99.1) 35 – 45 39.0 (102.2) 35 – 45
Rhea 35 – 40 36.0 (96.8) 20 – 25 38.0 (100.4) 20 – 25
Emu 49 – 52 37.0 (98.6) 20 – 25 39.0 (102.2) 20 – 25
Ostrich 40 – 43 36.4 (97.5) 20 – 40 38.4 (101.0) 20 – 40
This project work is based on the forced draft/forced air incubator, with
improvements on display and user monitoring and controlling via the usage
of GSM.