Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities · © Fraunhofer USA 2015 Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities Kurt Roth, Ph.D. Fraunofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems

© Fraunhofer USA 2015

Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities

Kurt Roth, Ph.D.Fraunofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSE)

NSF Smart Cities WorkshopDecember 4, 2015

© Fraunhofer USA 2015 2

Non-profit, applied R&D laboratory

Located in Boston (MA), Southwest Test Center in Albuquerque (NM)

Project Types

Product/Technology Development

Demonstration

Field Testing & Evaluation

Technology Assessment

Focus Areas

Building enclosures

Energy management technologies

Grid integration of renewables

PV module and system technologies

Fraunhofer CSE Mission: To accelerate the commercialization of clean energy technologies for the benefit of society.

Copyright: Fraunhofer USA 2015


Buildings: The Largest Energy-consuming Sector

Sources: DOE/EIA

22%

19%

31%

28%

Primary = 40%

Residential Commercial Industry Transportation

38%

35%

27%

0%

Electricity = 73%

Residential Commercial Industry Transportation

3


BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE: SMART & INTEGRATED

4

FRAUNHOFER BAU


Amount of information in and out of buildings increases …

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

TELEGRAPH (1832)

PONY EXPRESS (1850)

TELEPHONE (1876)

TELEVISION (1950)

INTERNET/DIAL-UP (1990)

BROADBAND (EARLY 2000s)

Pneumatic Building Control (1960s)

Wireless Building Control (2000s)

Digital Building Control (1980s)


… as does it for energy …

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

FIREWOOD (BC-1900)

COAL (1760-1950)

ELECTRICITY (1800+)

OIL (late 1800s-2030)

NATURAL GAS (1900)

PV (2000)

TELEGRAPH (1832)

PONY EXPRESS (1850)

TELEPHONE (1876)

TELEVISION (1950)







…but more information will enable decreasing energy consumption

1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

FIREWOOD (BC-1900)

COAL (1760-1950)

ELECTRICITY (1800+)

OIL (late 1800s-2030)

NATURAL GAS (1900)

PV (2000)

0

Net Energy Consumption/Production

TELEGRAPH (1832)

PONY EXPRESS (1850)

TELEPHONE (1876)

TELEVISION (1950)







Most building systems are NOT networked

The performance of most buildings is NOT actively monitored, let alone optimized

Most buildings do NOT have centralized control

Most building automation systems are NOT integrated

Data sufficiency and context a major challenge

Strong resistance to fully automated building performance optimization

8

The Current Reality: Numerous practical gaps

Sources: Building Robotics, CrowdComfort


Need to keep in mind other factors beyond energy!

9

Sources: Cler et al. (1997); Sheehey (2009)/CMU

1%1%

14%

84%

Office Building Expenses (approx.)

Energy

Repair &Maintenance

Rent

Salaries


Optimization of whole-building energy and energy cost performance

Continuous evaluation of building systems’ performance to automatically detect and diagnose subpar building operations (ongoing commissioning)

Readily integrate new devices and data sources (highly scalable)

Large majority of circa 2050 buildings in U.S. already built

Provision of superior comfort tailored to the needs of individual people – give people what they want!

Support of the electric grid as PV penetration dramatically increases

10

Building Energy Management Solutions of the Future: Automated and People-centric

Sources: Building Robotics, CrowdComfort


RESIDENTIAL INSTALLED COST

U.S. DOE TARGET

COMMERCIAL INSTALLED COSTMODULE COST

11

Pervasive PV – the time is near!

$0.68/W ≈$3.50/W

≈$1.50/W $1.25/W

≈$2.15/WCURRENT COST

Sources: DOE, GTM/SEIA


Today: Limited demand response, frequency regulation, locational marginal pricing

Future: Dynamic building load management in response to the dynamic state of the grid

Reduce building operating costs by monetizing additional grid support functions

Increase the amount of renewable energy that can be deployed on a feeder

Particularly for high-penetration PV scenarios – absorb mid-day PV production surplus

Integration with energy storage greatly increases potential

Increase building resilience by prioritizing building operations, extended islanded operation

12

Integrated Building Load Management to Enhance Grid Performance


Challenge: PV Intermittency = Grid Power Quality Issues

Source: Curtright and Apt (2008).


Challenge: Daily Mismatch of PV Production and Electricity Demand Curves = High ramp rates + potential spillage

0

50

100

150

200

04/2101:00:00

04/2201:00:00

04/2301:00:00

04/2401:00:00

04/2501:00:00

04/2601:00:00

04/2701:00:00

Electricity:Facility[kW](Hourly)

PV Production [kWh] • “Big box” retail

• Chicago, IL

• PV ~2/3 of annual kWh

Sources: OpenEI.org, TMY3 Weather Data, Fraunhofer calculations.


Net-Zero Energy Building: Would need to over-produce electricity in late spring –how to

store for several months??

If electrification of space heating occurs: New large winter loads

All thermal energy from electric ~+30% annual electricity consumption in Boston

15

Challenge: Seasonality of PV Generation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Mo

nth

ly P

rod

uct

ion

[kW

h]

Month

Monthly PV Generation, 4kW array, Boston

Source: NREL/PVWatts, City of Boston.


Highest value of buildings data for smart cities? And vice versa?

Privacy, security, costs of disclosure, real-world limitations, etc.

Impact of practical building controls limitations on grid support potential?

Mechanical and control systems, wide range of behaviors/lifestyles/acceptance

Optimal market design to incent and monetize grid support / renewables integration?

In light of real-world limitations, transaction costs, increasing renewables, policy scenarios

Practical role of energy storage at multiple scales?

Impact of future grid load shapes over time? Loads flat to decreasing, “peakier”

16

Potential Research Topics – Buildings Integration with Cities

Sources: Building Robotics, National Grid


Contact

Kurt Roth, Director, Building Energy Technologies

[email protected]

617 575-7256

17

mailto:[email protected]


U.S. Building Energy Consumption in 2015: Primary Energy

Sources: DOE/EIA

2%

3%

3%

4%

5%

7%

10%

13%

13%

17%

23%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Cooking

Wet Clean

Computers

Ventilation

Electronics

Refrigeration

Water Heating

Space Cooling

Lighting

Other

Space Heating

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Documents

Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities · © Fraunhofer USA 2015 Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities Kurt Roth, Ph.D. Fraunofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems