Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Supply

7/28/2019 Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Supply

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Part 1

Small Wind Systems Tutorial

Village Power Conference Workshop


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The Rural Electrification Problem

x ~ 2 Billion People in theWorld without ElectricService (And Growing!)

x Full Electrification withGrid-Extension is NotEconomically Feasible

x Diesel Stations WorkPoorly for Low Loads and

are Very Sensitive toQuality of Maintenance


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x Renewable energy and electronics technologies havematured significantly over the last two decades

x Decentralized systems are starting to make an impact

x China: 150,000 small wind turbines installed

x Mexico: 50,000 PV home systems

x Nepal: 700 micro-hydro systems installedx Decentralized systems offer the prospect of lowering

"cost of service" closer to "ability to pay", improving theeconomic viability (ie, lower subsidies required)

x Numerous renewable energy system configurationsavailable to match resources, applications, and level ofservice requirements


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High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance

Products from 400 W Products from 400 W 50 kW50 kW

TechnicallyTechnicallySophisticatedSophisticated

Only 2-3 Moving PartsOnly 2-3 Moving Parts

Passive ControlsPassive Controls

Rugged and ReliableRugged and Reliable

Very Low MaintenanceVery Low MaintenanceRequirementsRequirements

10 kW 50kW

400 W

900 W

(Not to scale)


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A Least-Cost Option for Small Power

" With reasonable assumptions concerning discount rates,capacity factors, and fuel costs, micro-hydro and windturbines can have the lowest life cycle costs in locationswhere the resource is sufficient."

Fueling Development: Energy Technologies for

Developing Countries, April,1992

U.S. Office of Technology Assessment

CostofEnergy,$/kWh

$0.00

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

$1.00

$1.20

$1.40

Micro-

Hydro

Wind Diesel Grid

Exten-

tion

PV

Typical Costs of Energy at 10 kW Capacity


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MechanicalWindpump

x Drinking water for people andlivestock

x Using underground water solvescommon health problems

x Creating a village water tapeliminates need to carry water

from distant sourcesx Energy requirement is

proportional to populationserved and pumping height

x Typical size: 1 kW : 200 peoplex Water storage: 3 - 7 days

WindElectric

Pumps


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Community Water Supply: Niama, Morocco

x Equipment: Two Sites: (2)10 kW WindTurbines; 18 & 24 m Towers; 15 & 26Stage Submersible Pumps

x Performance: 70 m3 & 30m3 of Waterper Day

x Cost: ~$100,000, Including Tech. Assist.and Training, US-AID Funded

x Installation: February, 1990

x Results: Supplies 4,000 People with220% More Water Than Original Diesel

Pumps. Population Decline has beenReversed.


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Ice-Makers

Wind Turbine

Tower

Pump &System

Controller

Centrifugal Pump

Submersible Pump

Optional Back-up

Diesel

Irrigation Pumping

x Uses of energy that specificallyincrease income: irrigation, agro-

processing, ice-making, etc.x Excellent foundation for

electrification: increases incomeand chances for cost recovery

x

Economic incentive forsustainability

x Requires more energy thandrinking water or pre-electrification, so small wind

systems are an attractivetechnology choice

x Typical size: 1 kW : 10 people


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Small Plot Irrigation: Oesao, Timor, Indonesia

x Equipment: 1.5 kW Wind

Turbine with 18m Tower; 10Stage Pump

x Performance: ~ 150 m3 ofWater per Day

x Cost: ~$11,000x Installation: July, 1992

x Results: ~ 25 AdditionalSystems Installed, JICA & US-

AID Funding


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SolarHomeSystem

A5G9 A4J6 F8 V7H2 J5 M3H9 A8B2 B9 B5H1 B6 X7C9 L8J3 N6

BatteryCharging

Station

x Provides lighting and entertainment:services that are highly valued

x Replaces existing householdexpenditures for kerosene, candles,and dry-cell batteries

x All direct current (DC), no grid

x Lighting done with high efficiencyflorescent bulbs

x Very small installed capacity: 25 -120 Watts / household

x Solar home systems are becomingcommon

x Wind home systems and windbattery charging stations areemerging


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Battery Charging Station: Tomenas, Timor, Indonesia

x Equipment: 7.5 kW BWC WindTurbine with 30m Tower

x Performance: Charges batteries for~40 homes, plus powers productiveuses (freezers, shop tools)

x Cost: ~$60,000

x Installation: 1997

x Results: Sustainable electrificationwhich costs each family ~$2.40 permonth. One of ~15 similar projects

under WIND project

x Contact: Peter Williams, WinrockIntl, Tel: 703-525-9430


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WindCharge

Controller

Battery Bank

DCLoads

DCSourceCenter PV Charge

Controller

x Provide facility power(school, clinic, etc.) ormultiple home electrification

x AC output from inverter

x Wind & solar resourcescomplement each other

seasonallyx Often there is no back-up

generator

x Sometimes replaces orsupplements portablegenerators

x Typical Size: 1.5 kW, forschool


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BWC PowerCenter 500W 120VAC, 60Hz Inverter

(230VAC, 50Hz Optional)

5.3kWh Battery Bank

(220Ah, 24VDC)

BWC XL.1 Wind Turbine

9m (30 ft) TiltUp

Tower Kit

200W PV with

tower-mounted

racks

Based on advanced tech-nology small wind turbine

Install: 2 people, 3 hours, noconcrete or special tools

3 - 7 AC kWh perday

UPS shippable

~ $4,000 forcompletesystem(~ $2,800w/o Solar)

1 kW Wind1 kW Wind0.2 kW Solar0.2 kW Solar30 Tilt Tower30 Tilt Tower5.3 kWh Battery5.3 kWh Battery0.5 kW Inverter0.5 kW Inverter


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Village Power: Mini-Grid ElectrificationVillage Power: Mini-Grid Electrification

ACLoadsWind/PV/Diesel

Hybrid System

x Provides grid quality AC power

x Reliable power delivery due tobattery storage and back-up

generationx Allows use of standard AC

appliances, including refrigerators

x Modular architecture allowsmultiple turbines and othergenerating sources, such as solar

x Typical size: 10 kW : 20 homes

x Provides 24 hour per day powerwith diesel run time reduced to as

little as 10%x Renewables typically supply 60 -

85% of the energy


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Wind/Diesel Favored Over Diesel-Only

x Collaboration Between

CNE, RegionalGovernments, NREL, andNRECA

x 1997: Region IX Pilot

Projectsx 2000: Region X Pilot

Projects

x 2000-2002: Regional

Implementation:Isla de Chiloe

~ Thirty 3-40 kWWind/DieselSystems

1997

2000


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San Juanico, Baja California Sur

x Equipment: (10) BWC 7.5 kWWind Turbines with 37 m Towers; 17kW PV; 420 kWh Battery, 70 kWInverter

x Performance: ~ 500 kWh / Day;Winds Average ~ 5 m/s

x Cost: ~ $1,000,000

x Installation: March, 1999

x Results: USIJI Joint Implemen-tation Project. Participants are CFE,BCS State, Arizona Public Service,US-DOE, & US-AID/Mexico.

Analyses by NREL

x Contact: Dr. Peter Johnston, APS,Tel: 602-250-3020


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Wind/Diesel System

x AC-Bus architecture

x Retrofits to existing dieselmini-grid systems

x Mostly use AC type,induction generator windturbines of larger sizes

x Sophisticated controls anddump loads allow high windpenetration

x Typical Size: 50 kW 500 kW


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Kotzebue, Alaska

x Equipment: (10) AOC 50 kW WindTurbines with 24 m Towers

x Performance: ~ 3,200 kWh / Day;Winds Average ~ 5.4 m/s

x Cost: ~ $1,600,000 (Highinstallation costs due to harshconditions)

x Installation: 1997 (3) & 2000 (7)

x Results: Wind produces 1200MWh / Year, ~ 6% of Village Load.System being expanded.

x Contact: Brad Reeve, KotzebueElectric, Tel: 907-442-3491


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The New Way to Electrify Villages

Wind Turbine

Tower

WindCharge

Controller

Battery Bank

120/240 VACLoads

DCLoads

DCSourceCenter PV Charge

Controller

PV Array (Optional)

DC - ACInverter

System ControlsNot Shown

EngineGenerator

(Optional)

x Lower costs than grid extensionin many cases

x Autonomous system poweroften more reliable than gridpower

x Much higher service level than

6 hours of diesel each nightx Very modular

x Standardized packages

x Battery watering is the major

operational burdenx Full automation relatively easy


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Wind Turbines and Diesels are Complimentary:

Characteristic Wind DieselCapital Cost High Low

Operating Cost Low High

Logistics Burden Low High

Maintenance Reqmts Low HighAvailable On-Demand No Yes

Together, They Provide aTogether, They Provide a

More Reliable and Cost-More Reliable and Cost-Effective Power SystemEffective Power SystemThan is Possible WithThan is Possible WithEither Wind or DieselEither Wind or Diesel

AloneAlone


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x Wind and Solar Often have SeasonallyComplimentary Resources

400

350

300

250

200

150

100Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Hoursofsunshineoraverage

Hoursofsunshineoraverage

w

indpower(Wa

tts/m

w

indpower(Wa

tts/m22))

Hours ofsunshine/month

Average windpower/month

Data from SE Iowa


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x ~ 75% of the World has sufficient wind for smallwind turbines

x ~ 100% of the World has either sufficient wind orsufficient solar, or both

Wind and Solar Hybrids canWind and Solar Hybrids canProvide Effective PowerProvide Effective PowerGeneration for Small SystemsGeneration for Small Systems

Virtually Everywhere !Virtually Everywhere !


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Worlds Largest Market for Small Wind

x 150,000 Existing Systems

x Wind/PV Hybrid Home Systems SETC / World Bank Project:30,000 New Hybrid Systems

x SDPC BrightnessEngineering Village Power

Program ~ 35,000 5-10 kWWind/Diesel Systems

x Foreign Cooperation toImprove Technology Hua De(donor-aid) & Xiangtan Bergey

Windpower Ltd (private sectorJV)


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x PV Solar Home Systems are Not a Silver Bulletfor Rural Electrification Consumers Often WantMore Than ~ 200 Wh/Day, Direct Current

x For Low Load Applications (< 10 kWh/day),Wind/PV Hybrid Systems are Very Attractive

x For Larger Applications, Wind/Diesel Hybridsare Very Attractive

x Bilateral and Multilateral Finance and Market

Stimulation Programs Should be Best Service atLeast Cost Currently Too Much TechnologyBias towards Solar

Documents

Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Supply